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Ornithothoraces
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<h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>In 1994, Chiappe and Calvo established a <a href="/facts/Phylogenetic_nomenclature/VSzWng0P">phylogenetic</a> definition of the group. They defend Ornithothoraces as a node-based <a href="/facts/Clade/XefyYmWn">clade</a>, the common ancestor of <i><a href="/facts/Iberomesornis/REtfKW4p">Iberomesornis romerali</a></i> and modern birds, and all of its other descendants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> In 1998, <a href="/facts/Paul_Sereno/fl7hhbAw">Paul Sereno</a> defined Ornithothoraces in the same way, but used <i><a href="/facts/Sinornis/9SDtcfrQ">Sinornis santensis</a></i> instead of <i>Iberomesornis romerali</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>The cladogram below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis by Wang <i>et al.</i>, 2016:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Ornithothoraces</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>†<a href="/facts/Enantiornithes/kuC8WyFS">Enantiornithes</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Protopteryx/NsI4AwQI">Protopteryx</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Pengornithidae/eW4haMpb">Pengornithidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Eoenantiornis/e4fBER4k">Eoenantiornis</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Bohaiornithidae/ELFfDA5n">Bohaiornithidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i>Fortunguavis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Longipterygidae/THPUhjeM">Longipterygidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Eocathayornis/nXLIf9gG">Eocathayornis</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Cathayornis/DlWolMex">Cathayornis</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Vescornis/c01guMtf">Vescornis</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Neuquenornis/RcgDJtF7">Neuquenornis</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Gobipteryx/4BghQvQw">Gobipteryx</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Eoalulavis/yWQN3DEY">Eoalulavis</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Qiliania/3dcE4Lgc">Qiliania</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Concornis/8T1AUqCM">Concornis</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Euornithes/5p7leC61">Euornithes</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Archaeorhynchus/qRtW27ww">Archaeorhynchus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ornithuromorpha/5p7leC61">Ornithuromorpha</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Patagopteryx/qq7g27l0">Patagopteryx</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Vorona/Lp2wRyUE">Vorona</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Schizooura/KIz2Ylbg">Schizooura</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Hongshanornithidae/jlxaVfPq">Hongshanornithidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Jianchangornis/tqk092IV">Jianchangornis</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Songlingornithidae/UTBuGup1">Songlingornithidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Gansus/rLYQ3xew">Gansus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Apsaravis/aq9fD11t">Apsaravis</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Ornithurae/Nrhj6J0d">Ornithurae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Zheng, Xiaoting; Wang, Xiaoli; O'Connor, Jingmai; Zhou, Zhonghe (9 October 2012). "Insight into the early evolution of the avian sternum from juvenile enantiornithines". Nature Communications. 3 (1): 1116. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3.1116Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms2104. PMID 23047674. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms2104" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms2104</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Wang, M.; Zheng, X.; o’Connor, J. K.; Lloyd, G. T.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2015). "The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China". Nature Communications. 6: 6987. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6987W. doi:10.1038/ncomms7987. PMC 5426517. PMID 25942493. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5426517" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5426517</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2011 Appendix. <a href="http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Chiappe, Luis; Calvo, J.O. (1994). "Nequenornis volans, a new Late Cretaceous bird (Enantiornithes:Avisauridae) from Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 (2): 230–246. Bibcode:1994JVPal..14..230C. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011554. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Sereno, Paul (1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 210: 41–83. doi:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Wang, Min; Wang, Xiaoli; Wang, Yan; Zhou, Zhonghe (25 January 2016). "A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 19700. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619700W. doi:10.1038/srep19700. PMC 4726217. PMID 26806355. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4726217" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4726217</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>