Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Advanced Electric Propulsion System
open-in-new
<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p>Solar-electric propulsion has been shown to be reliable and efficient, and allows a significant mass reduction of spacecraft. High-power solar electric propulsion is a key technology that has been prioritized because of its significant exploration benefits in cis-lunar space and crewed missions to Mars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The AEPS Hall thruster system was originally developed since 2015 by <a href="/facts/NASA_Glenn_Research_Center/H3cpgMVT">NASA Glenn Research Center</a> and the <a href="/facts/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory/zPXnxRBf">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> to be used on the now canceled <a href="/facts/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission/G71Wbk1R">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a>. Work on the thruster did not stop following the mission cancellation in April 2017 because there is demand of such thrusters for a range of NASA, defense and commercial missions in deep space.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Since May 2016,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> further work on AEPS has been transitioned to <a href="/facts/Aerojet_Rocketdyne/hN0hGfHI">Aerojet Rocketdyne</a> that is currently designing and testing the engineering-model hardware.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> This is a contract worth $65 million, where Aerojet Rocketdyne developed, qualified and will deliver five 12.5 kW Hall thruster subsystems, including thrusters, PPUs and xenon flow controllers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="design">Design</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>AEPS</th><th>Performance<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td>Max. power consumption</td><td>40 kW</td></tr><tr><td>Max. operating current</td><td>≤ 25 A</td></tr><tr><td>Voltage</td><td>Input: 95 V – 140VOutput: 300 V – 600 V</td></tr><tr><td>Max. <a href="/facts/Specific_impulse/JKGgw2I4">specific impulse</a> (<i>Isp</i>)</td><td>2,900 s</td></tr><tr><td>Max. <a href="/facts/Thrust/EM04CqV7">thrust</a></td><td>600 <a href="/facts/Newton_(unit)/Ral9XgNl">mN</a> /engine</td></tr><tr><td>Theoretical total <a href="/facts/Thrust/EM04CqV7">thrust</a></td><td>2.356 <a href="/facts/Newton_(unit)/Ral9XgNl">N</a></td></tr><tr><td>Actual <a href="/facts/Thrust/EM04CqV7">thrust</a> @ 40 kW</td><td>1.77 <a href="/facts/Newton_(unit)/Ral9XgNl">N</a></td></tr><tr><td>Distance range from Sun</td><td>0.8 to 1.7 <a href="/facts/Astronomical_unit/gjsbu5xU">AU</a></td></tr><tr><td>System mass</td><td>100 kg × 4 engines</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xenon/9E3XR69R">Xenon</a> propellant mass(Lunar Gateway)</td><td>5,000 kg</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>AEPS is based on the 12.5 kW development model thruster called 'Hall Effect Rocket with Magnetic Shielding' (HERMeS). The AEPS solar electric engine makes use of the <a href="/facts/Hall-effect_thruster/XmNYxLc4">Hall-effect thruster</a> in which the <a href="/facts/Propellant/K88ymXRy">propellant</a> is ionized and accelerated by an <a href="/facts/Electric_field/tt4MooBs">electric field</a> to produce <a href="/facts/Thrust/EM04CqV7">thrust</a>. To generate 12.5 kW at the thruster actually takes a total of 13.3 kW including power needed for the control electronics. Four identical AEPS engines (thruster and control electronics) would theoretically need 4 × 13.3 kW = 53.2 kW, more than the 50 kW generated by <a href="/facts/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft/js1dxpcr">solar panels</a> of the PPE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> It is stated that the AEPS array is intended only to use 40 kW of the 50 kW, so the maximum thrust would be limited to around 1.77 <a href="/facts/Newton_(unit)/Ral9XgNl">N</a>. </p><p>The engineering model is undergoing various vibration tests, thruster dynamic and thermal environment tests in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> AEPS is expected to accumulate about 5,000 h by the end of the contract and the design aims to achieve a flight model that offers a half-life of at least 23,000 hours<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> and a full life of about 50,000 hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>The three main components of the AEPS propulsion engine are: a Hall-effect thruster, Power Processor Unit (PPU), and the Xenon Flow Controller (XFC). The thrusters are throttleable over an input power range of 6.67 – 40 kW with input voltages ranging from 95 to 140 V.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The estimated <a href="/facts/Xenon/9E3XR69R">xenon</a> propellant mass for the Lunar Gateway would be 5,000 kg.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The Preliminary Design Review took place in August 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> It was concluded that "The Power Processing Unit successfully demonstrated stable operation of the propulsion system and responded appropriately to all of our planned contingency scenarios."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="tests">Tests</h2> <p>In July 2017, AEPS was tested at Glenn Research Center.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The tests used a Power Processing Unit (PPU), which could also be used for other advanced spacecraft propulsion technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> In August 2018, Aerojet Rocketdyne completed the early systems integration test in a vacuum chamber, leading to the design finalization and verification phase.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> In November 2019, Aerojet Rocketdyne demonstrated the AEPS thruster at full power for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>In July 2023, NASA and Aerojet Rocketdyne began qualification testing on AEPS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/NASA_Solar_Technology_Application_Readiness/EeSNwkvI">NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness</a> – Space propulsion system, electrostatic gridded ion thruster</li> <li><a href="/facts/VASIMR/G4uxtmR7">VASIMR</a> variable impulse electric plasma engine</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Artemis Programs: NASA Should Document and Communicate Plans to Address Gateway's Mass Risk". GAO. July 31, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-106878" target="_blank">https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-106878</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>NASA issues study contracts for Deep Space Gateway element. Jeff Foust, Space News. 3 November 2017. <a href="http://spacenews.com/nasa-issues-study-contracts-for-deep-space-gateway-element/" target="_blank">http://spacenews.com/nasa-issues-study-contracts-for-deep-space-gateway-element/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Chris Gebhardt (April 6, 2017). "NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars". NASA Spaceflight. Retrieved April 9, 2017. <a href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars" target="_blank">https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Jeff Foust (June 14, 2017). "NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission". Space News. Retrieved September 9, 2017. <a href="http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/" target="_blank">http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Aerojet Rocketdyne Signs Contract to Develop Advanced Electric Propulsion System for NASA. Aerojet Rocketdyne. Press release, 28 April 2016. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="http://rocket.com/article/aerojet-rocketdyne-signs-contract-develop-advanced-electric-propulsion-system-nasa" target="_blank">http://rocket.com/article/aerojet-rocketdyne-signs-contract-develop-advanced-electric-propulsion-system-nasa</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>NASA Works to Improve Solar Electric Propulsion for Deep Space Exploration. NASA News. April 19, 2016. Accessed 27 July 2018. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-works-to-improve-solar-electric-propulsion-for-deep-space-exploration" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-works-to-improve-solar-electric-propulsion-for-deep-space-exploration</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Aerojet Rocketdyne Successfully Tests Advanced Electric Propulsion System to Further Nation's Space Technology Capabilities. Aerojet Rocketdyne. 6 July 2017. <a href="https://www.rocket.com/article/aerojet-rocketdyne-successfully-tests-advanced-electric-propulsion-system-further-nations-space" target="_blank">https://www.rocket.com/article/aerojet-rocketdyne-successfully-tests-advanced-electric-propulsion-system-further-nations-space</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Status of Advanced Electric Propulsion Systems for Exploration Missions. R. Joseph Cassady, Sam Wiley, Jerry Jackson. Aerojet Rocketdyne. 16 November 2018. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328997773_Status_of_Advanced_Electric_Propulsion_Systems_for_Exploration_Missions" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328997773_Status_of_Advanced_Electric_Propulsion_Systems_for_Exploration_Missions</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Aerojet Rocketdyne Signs Contract to Develop Advanced Electric Propulsion System for NASA. Aerojet Rocketdyne. Press release, 28 April 2016. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="http://rocket.com/article/aerojet-rocketdyne-signs-contract-develop-advanced-electric-propulsion-system-nasa" target="_blank">http://rocket.com/article/aerojet-rocketdyne-signs-contract-develop-advanced-electric-propulsion-system-nasa</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Overview of the Development and Mission Application of the Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS). (PDF). Daniel A. Herman, Todd A. Tofil, Walter Santiago, Hani Kamhawi, James E. Polk, John S. Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Frank Q. Picha, Jerry Jackson and May Allen. NASA; NASA/TM—2018-219761. 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, October 8–12, 2017. Accessed: 27 July 2018. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180001297.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>13kW Advanced Electric Propulsion Flight System Development and Qualification. (PDF). Jerry Jackson, May Allen, Roger Myers, Erich Soendker, Benjamin Welander, Artie Tolentino, Chris Sheehan, Joseph Cardin, John Steven Snyder, Richard R. Hofer, Todd Tofil1, Dan Herman, Sam Hablitze and Chyrl Yeatts. The 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, USA. October 8 – 12, 2017. <a href="https://iepc2017.org/sites/default/files/speaker-papers/iepc-2017-223_aeps_development_and_qualification.pdf" target="_blank">https://iepc2017.org/sites/default/files/speaker-papers/iepc-2017-223_aeps_development_and_qualification.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Advanced Electric Propulsion System successfully tested at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Jason Rhian, Spaceflight Insider. 8 July 2017. <a href="http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-centers/glenn-research-center/advanced-electric-propulsion-system-successfully-tested-nasa-glenn-research-center/" target="_blank">http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-centers/glenn-research-center/advanced-electric-propulsion-system-successfully-tested-nasa-glenn-research-center/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Advanced Electric Propulsion System successfully tested at NASA's Glenn Research Center - SpaceFlight Insider". www.spaceflightinsider.com. July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2018. <a href="http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-centers/glenn-research-center/advanced-electric-propulsion-system-successfully-tested-nasa-glenn-research-center/" target="_blank">http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-centers/glenn-research-center/advanced-electric-propulsion-system-successfully-tested-nasa-glenn-research-center/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Advanced Electric Propulsion System successfully tested at NASA's Glenn Research Center - SpaceFlight Insider". www.spaceflightinsider.com. July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2018. <a href="http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-centers/glenn-research-center/advanced-electric-propulsion-system-successfully-tested-nasa-glenn-research-center/" target="_blank">http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-centers/glenn-research-center/advanced-electric-propulsion-system-successfully-tested-nasa-glenn-research-center/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Successful testing gives NASA's Advanced Electric Propulsion System a boost. David Szondy, New Atlas. 29 August 2018. <a href="https://newatlas.com/nasa-advanced-electric-propulsion-system-test/56127/" target="_blank">https://newatlas.com/nasa-advanced-electric-propulsion-system-test/56127/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Aerojet Rocketdyne demonstrates advanced electric propulsion capabilities. Space Daily. 29 August 2018. <a href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Aerojet_Rocketdyne_demonstrates_advanced_electric_propulsion_capabilities_999.html" target="_blank">http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Aerojet_Rocketdyne_demonstrates_advanced_electric_propulsion_capabilities_999.html</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"Advanced Electric Propulsion Thruster for NASA's Gateway Achieves Full Power Demonstration – Parabolic Arc". November 9, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2019. <a href="http://parabolicarc.com/2019/11/09/advanced-electric-propulsion-thruster-for-nasas-gateway-achieves-full-power-demonstration/" target="_blank">http://parabolicarc.com/2019/11/09/advanced-electric-propulsion-thruster-for-nasas-gateway-achieves-full-power-demonstration/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>NASA, Aerojet Rocketdyne Put Gateway Thruster System to the Test. NASA. July 12, 2023. Accessed 12 July 2023. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/glenn/2023/nasa-aerojet-rocketdyne-put-gateway-thruster-system-to-the-test" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/feature/glenn/2023/nasa-aerojet-rocketdyne-put-gateway-thruster-system-to-the-test</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>