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<h2 id="fossil-trackways">Fossil trackways</h2> <p>Many fossil trackways were made by <a href="/facts/Dinosauria/JRdMqBnq">dinosaurs</a>, early <a href="/facts/Tetrapod/vWpAxzAW">tetrapods</a>, and other <a href="/facts/Quadruped/KMVYdsYf">quadrupeds</a> and <a href="/facts/Biped/tvLMG77t">bipeds</a> on land. Marine organisms also made many ancient trackways (such as the trails of <a href="/facts/Trilobite/Tk8ppaKc">trilobites</a> and <a href="/facts/Eurypterid/w1GHNTAB">eurypterids</a> like <i><a href="/facts/Hibbertopterus/LbBsfRMQ">Hibbertopterus</a></i>). </p><p>Some basic fossil trackway types: </p> <ol><li>footprints</li> <li>tail drags</li> <li>belly drag marks – (e.g., tetrapods)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>chain of trace platforms – (example: <i><a href="/facts/Yorgia/GlGp3PKr">Yorgia</a></i>)</li> <li>body imprint – (Monuron trackway, insect)</li></ol> <p>The majority of fossil trackways are <a href="/facts/Foot/gnX2RTz7">foot</a> impressions on land, or subsurface water, but other types of creatures will leave distinctive impressions. Examples of creatures supported, or partially supported, in a <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a> environment are known. The fossil "<a href="/facts/Millipede/zqL7dyMl">millipede</a>-type" genus <i><a href="/facts/Arthropleura/mSd3C8ef">Arthropleura</a></i> left its multi-legged/feet trackways on land. </p> <h3>Hominid trackways</h3> <h4>Africa</h4> <h5>Tanzania</h5> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Laetoli/zV0pWbqN">Laetoli</a></p> <p>Some of the earliest trackways for human ancestors have been discovered in <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Laetoli/zV0pWbqN">Laetoli</a> trackway is famous for the <a href="/facts/Hominin/SflaMavS">hominin</a> footprints preserved in <a href="/facts/Volcanic_ash/c3cqgBfV">volcanic ash</a>. After the footprints were made in powdery ash, soft rain cemented the ash layer into <a href="/facts/Tuff/PhhRoLdJ">tuff</a>, preserving the prints.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The hominid prints were produced by three individuals, one walking in the footprints of the other, making the original tracks difficult to discover. As the tracks lead in the same direction, they might have been produced by a group – but there is nothing else to support the common reconstruction of a nuclear family visiting the waterhole together. </p> <h5>South Africa</h5> <p>In <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>, two ancient trackways have been found containing footprints, one at Langebaan and one at Nahoon. Both trackways occur in calcareous eolianites or hardened sand dunes. At Nahoon, trackways of at least five species of vertebrates, including three hominid footprints, are preserved as casts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The prints at <a href="/facts/Langebaan/CK3nVvdz">Langebaan</a> are the oldest human footprints, dated to approximately 117,000 years old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h4>Australia</h4> <h5>New South Wales</h5> <p>Twenty six human fossil trackways have been found in the Willandra Lakes area adjacent to Lake Garnpung, consisting of 563 human footprints from 19,000 to 20,000 years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Early Tetrapod</h3> <p>The earliest land creatures (actually land-marine coastal-riverine-marshland) left some of the first terrestrial trackways. They range from tetrapods to proto-reptilians and others. </p><p>A possible first connection of a trackway with the vertebrate that left it was published by Drs. Sebastian Voigt and David Berman and Amy Henrici in the 12 September 2007 issue of <i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology/PcHQyxzD">Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</a></i>. The paleontologists who made the connection were aided by unusually detailed trackways left in fine-grained <a href="/facts/Permian/CYgLgu5u">Lower Permian</a> mud of the Tambach Formation in central Germany, together with exceptionally complete fossilised skeletons in the same 290-million-year-old strata. They matched the two most common trackways with the two most common fossils, two reptile-like herbivores known as <i><a href="/facts/Diadectes/qsNrgo3t">Diadectes absitus</a></i> (with the trackway pseudonym <i>Ichniotherium cottae</i>) and <i><a href="/facts/Orobates/78ur1qwd">Orobates pabsti</a></i> (with the trackway pseudonym of <i>Orobates pabsti</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>The Permo-<a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carboniferous</a> of <a href="/facts/Prince_Edward_Island/lgY4nUa2">Prince Edward Island</a>, Canada contains trackways of tetrapods and stem-reptiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Macrofloral and <a href="/facts/Palynology/BYNoHNtq">palynological</a> information help date them. </p><p>Ireland hosts late Middle <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a> tetrapod trackways at three sites on <a href="/facts/Valentia_Island/6r5wAzyM">Valentia Island</a> within the Valentia Slate Formation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>The earliest fossil trackway of primitive tetrapods in Australia occurs in the <a href="/facts/Genoa%2c_Victoria/L7MkXUCX">Genoa River Gorge</a>, Victoria, dating from the <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a> 350 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Dinosaur trackways</h3> <p>Dinosaurs lived on the continents before <a href="/facts/Grass/q2CRK8q0">grasses</a> evolved (the "Age of the Grasses" evolved with the "Age of the Mammals"); the dinosaurs lived in the <a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a>, <a href="/facts/Jurassic/o5Cy4KzX">Jurassic</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cretaceous/nwKtFtKx">Cretaceous</a> and left many trackways, both from plant-eaters and the meat-eaters, in various layers of mud and sand. </p><p>With scientific analysis, dinosaur specialists are now analyzing tracks for the <i>walking-speeds</i>, or <i>sprint</i>-<i>running speeds</i> for all categories of dinosaurs, even to the large plant eaters, but especially the faster 3-toed meat hunters. <i>Evidence of</i> <i>herding</i>, as well as <i>pack hunting</i> are also being investigated. </p> <h4>Brazil</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Valley_of_the_Dinosaurs%2c_Para%25C3%25ADba/jELtkJy2">Valley of the Dinosaurs, Paraíba</a>, Brazil</li></ul> <h4>Africa</h4> <h5>Namibia</h5> <p>In north-central Namibia there is a dinosaur trackway in sandstone on what is now the private farm <a href="/facts/Otjihaenamparero/05X3av6l">Otjihaenamparero</a>. Larger footprints are of a <a href="/facts/Ceratosauria/1tK9tzVV">ceratosauria</a> and smaller ones of <a href="/facts/Coelophysis/jKgnr3Gu">syntarsus</a>. The prints are believed to be around 190 million years old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h5>Zimbabwe</h5> <p>In the Lower Zimbabwe Rift Valley there is a trackway in 140 Ma rose-coloured <a href="/facts/Sandstone/RP8B6fqL">sandstone</a> of Chewore Area. The small footprint size, with both <a href="/facts/Manus_(zoology)/DyjxA1Wz">manus</a> and <a href="/facts/Pes_(zoology)/oYP8hMlE">pes</a>, implies that it is a trackway of a juvenile, a probable <a href="/facts/Carnosaur/yau5DVL8">carnosaur</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h4>North America</h4> <p>The western regions of North America, especially the western border of the <a href="/facts/Western_Interior_Seaway/I4AKChV9">Western Interior Seaway</a>, are common for dinosaur trackways. <a href="/facts/Wyoming/kuKmWryL">Wyoming</a> has dinosaur trackways from the Late Cretaceous, 65 ma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> (A model example of this 3-toed Wyoming trackway was made for presentation.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <p>In the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Dinosaur/JRdMqBnq">dinosaur</a> footprints and trackways are found in the <a href="/facts/Glen_Rose_Formation/0hAQpuSW">Glen Rose Formation</a>, the most famous of these being the <a href="/facts/Paluxy_River/M71tpdYH">Paluxy River</a> site in <a href="/facts/Dinosaur_Valley_State_Park/o0HHjEu9">Dinosaur Valley State Park</a>. These were the first <a href="/facts/Sauropoda/8Iqh2yEJ">sauropoda</a> footprints scientifically documented, and were designated a US <a href="/facts/National_Natural_Landmark/Vb9c9q5l">National Natural Landmark</a> in 1969. Some are as large as about 3 feet across. The prints are thought to have been preserved originally in a <a href="/facts/Tidal_flat/ooJkAwGf">tidal flat</a> or a <a href="/facts/Lagoon/IBp4ez2D">lagoon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> There are tracks from two types of dinosaur. The first type of tracks are from a <a href="/facts/Sauropoda/8Iqh2yEJ">sauropod</a> and were made by an animal of 30 to 50 feet in length, perhaps a <a href="/facts/Brachiosaurid/oF1A3GsE">brachiosaurid</a> such as <i><a href="/facts/Pleurocoelus/suvyAlV9">Pleurocoelus</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> and the second tracks by a <a href="/facts/Theropoda/KUzy1Ef7">theropoda</a>, an animal of 20 to 30 feet in length, perhaps an <i><a href="/facts/Acrocanthosaurus/kF1SuQ0S">Acrocanthosaurus</a></i>. A variety of scenarios was proposed to explain the tracks, but most likely represent twelve sauropods "probably as a herd, followed somewhat later by three theropods that may or may not have been stalking – but that certainly were not attacking."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Other examples include: </p> <ul><li>Dinosaur tracks, near <a href="/facts/Moab%2c_Utah/s4jlUDcF">Moab, Utah</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dinosaur_Footprints_Reservation/71Wz28AY">Dinosaur Footprints Reservation</a> in <a href="/facts/Holyoke%2c_Massachusetts/Xq6zTLwS">Holyoke, Massachusetts</a>, US</li> <li><a href="/facts/Red_Gulch_Dinosaur_Tracksite/oLfEEjcp">Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite</a>, Wyoming</li> <li><a href="/facts/Prehistoric_Trackways_National_Monument/0sXlk0pE">Prehistoric Trackways National Monument</a> near <a href="/facts/Las_Cruces%2c_New_Mexico/0lGd629J">Las Cruces, New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Connecticut_River_Valley_trackways/ByTNNA1U">Connecticut River Valley trackways</a>, in New England</li> <li><a href="/facts/Clayton_Lake_State_Park/2Ngwuknl">Clayton Lake State Park</a> dinosaur trackway near <a href="/facts/Clayton%2c_New_Mexico/NPIh8BkV">Clayton, New Mexico</a></li> <li>West Gold Hill Dinosaur Track in <a href="/facts/Uncompahgre_National_Forest/2t0ul2r4">Uncompahgre National Forest</a> near <a href="/facts/Ouray%2c_Colorado/GR6W7zGz">Ouray, Colorado</a></li></ul> <h4>Asia</h4> <h5>China</h5> <p>The Gansu dinosaur trackway located in the Liujiazia National Dinosaur Geopark in Yanguoxia, China contains hundreds of tracks including 245 dinosaur, 350 theropod, 364 sauropod and 628 ornithopod tracks among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h5>Thailand</h5> <p>The <a href="/facts/Phu_Pha_Man_National_Park/6G4Kz04W">Phu Pha Man National Park</a> in <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a> contains one of the oldest dinosaur tracks to have been discovered in <a href="/facts/Asia/4IToYrrQ">Asia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Discovered in January 2024, paleontologists from the <a href="/facts/Department_of_Mineral_Resources_(Thailand)/nMjt2AzE">Department of Mineral Resources</a> have dated the tracks to around 225–220 million years old (the late Triassic period).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The track contains traces of a variety of dinosaurs including theropods, sauropods, and archosaurs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h4>Australia</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Lark_Quarry_Dinosaur_Trackways/JxFugamm">Lark Quarry Trackway</a> in <a href="/facts/Queensland/lXBlIeY3">Queensland</a> contains three-toed tracks made by a herd of <a href="/facts/Ornithopoda/HpWlQsXI">ornithopod</a> dinosaurs crossing a river. It was once believed they respresented a large predator chasing a mixed flock of small ornithopods and theropods, but this was contested in 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h4>Europe</h4> <h5>Portugal</h5> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lagosteiros_Natural_Monument/k6V1NVHH">Lagosteiros Natural Monument</a>, in <a href="/facts/Sesimbra/905VBz1l">Sesimbra</a>, with <a href="/facts/Theropod/KUzy1Ef7">theropod</a> and <a href="/facts/Ornithopod/HpWlQsXI">ornithopod</a> tracks from the <a href="/facts/Early_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Early Cretaceous</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aire_Range_Dinosaur_Tracks_Natural_Monument/bk3sPc1p">Aire Range Dinosaur Tracks Natural Monument</a> near <a href="/facts/Torres_Novas/s0GHY0u4">Torres Novas</a>. In 1994 about 20 <a href="/facts/Sauropod/8Iqh2yEJ">sauropod</a> trackways from the <a href="/facts/Middle_Jurassic/3XQSmQgU">Middle Jurassic</a> were discovered in the <i>Pedreira do Galinha</i> quarry.</li></ul> <h5>England</h5> <p>In a <a href="/facts/Bathonian/wDyT99az">Bathonian</a> <a href="/facts/Limestone/8ntvtFnR">limestone</a> quarry site at <a href="/facts/Ardley%2c_Oxfordshire/koD15NH6">Ardley, Oxfordshire</a> more than 40 sets of footprints, with some trackways reaching up to 180 metres in length, were discovered in 1997. These prints are largely only preserved in replicas and photographic records due to quarrying and subsequent restoration. Theropod tracks have been tentatively assigned to the <a href="/facts/Ichnogenus/edWeWT20">ichnogenus</a> <a href="/facts/Megalosauripus/XbboPDz6">Megalosauripus</a>, possibly from <a href="/facts/Megalosaurus/7Jtw1cYc">Megalosaurus</a>. The sauropod tracks could be grouped into <i>wide-gauge</i> trackways, associated with early <a href="/facts/Titanosauria/QzkgrcQR">titanosauria</a> or <a href="/facts/Brachiosauridae/oF1A3GsE">brachiosauridae</a>, and <i>narrow-gauge</i> ones, possibly from <a href="/facts/Cetiosaurus/lQe9Ec5B"> Cetiosaurus</a> or a basal <a href="/facts/Diplodocoid/E0LLLrM1">diplodocoid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> In 2024 at nearby Dewars Farm Quarry,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> five new extensive <a href="/facts/Middle_Jurassic/3XQSmQgU">Middle Jurassic</a> trackways dating back about 166 Ma were discovered, with evidence of more in the neighbourhood. The longest continuous trackway measured more than 150 metres. Four of the trackways were made by large <a href="/facts/Sauropods/8Iqh2yEJ">sauropods</a>, most likely again <i>Cetiosaurus</i>. The fifth one was identified as made by the carnivorous <a href="/facts/Theropod/KUzy1Ef7">theropod</a> <i>Megalosaurus</i>, based on its distinctive three-toed feet with claws. One area of the site shows the carnivore and herbivore tracks crossing over, suggesting the predator followed up on the steps of the sauropod.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Mammal trackways</h3> <p>Mammal trackways are among the least common trackways. Mammals were not often in mud, or riverine environments; they were more often in forestlands or grasslands. Thus the earlier tetrapods or proto-tetrapods would yield the most fossil trackways. The <a href="/facts/Walchia/kTzSjsld">Walchia</a> forest of <a href="/facts/Brule%2c_Nova_Scotia/Xzo6YMuT">Brule, Nova Scotia</a> has an example of an <a href="/facts/In_situ/YolKlaCC">in situ</a> Walchia forest, and tetrapod trackways that extended over some period of time through the forest area. </p> <h4>United States</h4> <ul><li>A 1.5km-long Late Pleistocene Age trackway of Human (child and adult) fossilized footprints, as well as <a href="/facts/Mammoth/k9MnxS2k">mammoth</a> and <a href="/facts/Giant_ground_sloth/JyNk5u1u">giant ground sloth</a> tracks have been found at <a href="/facts/White_Sands_National_Park/sf9ssVcz">White Sands National Park</a>. Near <a href="/facts/Alamogordo%2c_New_Mexico/U7nG8T8f">Alamogordo, New Mexico</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Australia</h4> <p>A recent <a href="/facts/Marsupial/zN5s4bMq">marsupial</a> trackway site in the Colac district of Australia (west of Colac) contains marsupial trackways as well as kangaroo and wallaby tracks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="gallery-of-images">Gallery of images</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trackways fossils. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trace fossils. <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Ichnites/y1jJ1oAD">Ichnites</a></i>, a type of ichnite</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_stratigraphic_units_with_dinosaur_tracks/LqVun6sp">List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur tracks</a></li> <li>Formations with ichnites</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_non-Dinosauria_fossil_trackway_articles/GyrV1LJK">List of non-Dinosauria fossil trackway articles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_fossil_sites/6gYhEPes">List of fossil sites</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/reprints/introduction.html">Texts on natural casts of dinosaur tracks found in Utah coal mines</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Fossil_Footprints">"Fossil Footprints" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/The_American_Cyclop%25C3%25A6dia/szBM6Gxy">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</li> <li><a href="http://ebeltz.net/pix/wypix/wyoming.html">Wyoming 3-toed trackways</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4069143,00.html">Zimbabwe juvenile dinosaur trackway</a></li> <li><a href="http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4712161/On-the-discovery-of-tetrapod.html">Redbeds of Prince Edward Island, Permo-Carboniferous</a></li></ul> <p>Dinosaur trackways: </p> <ul><li><a href="http://stevekluge.com/geoscience/images/trackwayd.jpg">Photo-High Res – (Outdoor photo)</a>; <a href="http://stevekluge.com/geoscience/images/default.html">Article</a> Photo from <a href="/facts/Dakota_Formation/h6mJJruP">Dakota Formation</a>, Colorado</li></ul> <p>Early Tetrapods: </p> <ul><li><a href="http://www.earthhistory.org.uk/recolonisation/first-amphibians/">Earth History, (tetrapod trackways, etc.)</a></li></ul> <p>Australia </p> <ul><li><a href="http://colacherald.com/2009/05/01/unrivalled-fossil-find/">Marsupial trackways, Colac district.</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Noahs Raven". Archived from the original on 2009-07-25. Retrieved 2010-02-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725042848/http://www.noahsraven.com/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090725042848/http://www.noahsraven.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Devlin, Hannah; agencies (2017-03-28). "World's largest dinosaur footprints discovered in Western Australia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-12-01. <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Devlin" target="_blank">/wiki/Hannah_Devlin</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Salisbury, Steven W.; Romilio, Anthony; Herne, Matthew C.; Tucker, Ryan T.; Nair, Jay P. (2016-12-12). "The Dinosaurian Ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (sup1): 1–152. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36S...1S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539. ISSN 0272-4634. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2016.1269539" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2016.1269539</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Romilio, Anthony; Dick, Roslyn; Skinner, Heather; Millar, Janice (2020-02-13). "Archival data provides insights into the ambiguous track-maker gait from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) Razorback beds, Queensland, Australia: evidence of theropod quadrupedalism?". Historical Biology. 33 (9): 1573–1579. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1720014. ISSN 0891-2963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Stössel, I, Williams, E.A. & Higgs, K.T. 2016. Ichnology and depositional environment of the Middle Devonian Valentia Island tetrapod trackways, south-west Ireland. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 462, 16–40 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Laetoli Footprint Trails". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. January 1978. Retrieved 2022-08-29. <a href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/footprints/laetoli-footprint-trails" target="_blank">http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/footprints/laetoli-footprint-trails</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Laetoli Footprint Trails". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. January 1978. 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