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Timeline of the gunpowder age
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<h2 id="pre-gunpowder-formula">Pre-gunpowder formula</h2> <p>Major developments: Earliest stage of gunpowder development. Mentions of gunpowder ingredients and their uses in conjunction with each other. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>142</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Taoist/Bk79rd9J">Taoist</a> text known as the <i><a href="/facts/Cantong_qi/7735fMtk">Cantong qi</a></i>, or the <i>Book of the Kinship of Three</i>, by Wei Boyang, who lived in the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Han_dynasty/hanfxS9D">Eastern Han dynasty</a>, mentions a combination of three powders that fly and dance violently.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>318</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The ingredients of gunpowder are recorded in the <i><a href="/facts/Baopuzi/TzYvE85G">Baopuzi</a></i>, also known as <i>The Master Who Embraces Simplicity</i>, by Taoist philosopher <a href="/facts/Ge_Hong/W562qy7a">Ge Hong</a>, who lived in the <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(266%25E2%2580%2593420)/prdhqA8X">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a>. It describes experiments to create gold with heated saltpeter, pine resin, and <a href="/facts/Charcoal/tpYGBHTn">charcoal</a> among other carbon materials, resulting in a purple powder and arsenic vapours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>492</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Tao Hongjing, a Taoist alchemist, notes that <a href="/facts/Saltpeter/vVeaDn51">saltpeter</a> burns with a purple flame.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>756</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The Taoist Mao Kua reports in his <i>Pinglongren</i> (Recognition of the Recumbent Dragon) that by heating <a href="/facts/Saltpeter/vVeaDn51">saltpeter</a>, the <a href="/facts/Yin_and_yang/b0YQXM7U">yin</a> of the air can be obtained, which combines with <a href="/facts/Sulphur/IK0amTfM">sulphur</a>, <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a>, and metals other than gold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="9th-century">9th century</h2> <p>Major developments: Earliest definite references to a gunpowder formula and awareness of its danger. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>808</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The Taoist priest Qing Xuzi mentions the gunpowder formula in his <i>Taishang Shengzu Jindan Mijue</i>, describing six parts sulfur to six parts saltpeter to one part birthwort herb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>858</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The Taoist text <i><a href="/facts/Zhenyuan_Miaodao_Yaolue/wMNkXarC">Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe</a></i> (Classified Essentials of the Mysterious Way of the True Origin of Things) contains a warning on the dangers of gunpowder: "Some have heated together sulfur, realgar (arsenic disulphide), and saltpeter with honey; smoke [and flames] result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house burned down."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="10th-century">10th century</h2> <p>Major developments: Gunpowder is utilized in Chinese warfare and an assortment of gunpowder weapons appear. <a href="/facts/Fire_arrow/RaCSRbp1">Fire arrows</a> utilizing gunpowder as an incendiary appear in the early 900s and possibly rocket arrows as well by the end of the century. The gunpowder <a href="/facts/Slow_match/5pEIcrW1">slow match</a> is used for igniting <a href="/facts/Flame_thrower/rQ6djWsx">flame throwers</a>. The ancestor of firearms, the <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">fire lance</a>, also appears, but its usage in the 10th century is uncertain and no textual evidence for it exists during this period. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>904</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Fire_arrow/RaCSRbp1">Fire arrows</a> utilizing gunpowder are used by <a href="/facts/Wu_(Ten_Kingdoms)/N26oUjJb">Southern Wu</a> troops during the siege of <a href="/facts/Nanchang/5plbX53z">Yuzhang</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>919</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">gunpowder</a> <a href="/facts/Slow_match/5pEIcrW1">slow match</a> appears in China (for igniting flamethrowers).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>950</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">Fire lances</a> appear in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>969</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Gunpowder propelled <a href="/facts/Fire_arrow/RaCSRbp1">fire arrows</a>, rocket arrows, are invented by Yue Yifang and Feng Jisheng.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>975</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The state of <a href="/facts/Wuyue/0dfTHmcy">Wuyue</a> sends a group of soldiers skilled in the use of <a href="/facts/Fire_arrows/RaCSRbp1">fire arrows</a> to the Song dynasty, which uses fire arrows and incendiary bombs in the same year to destroy the fleet of <a href="/facts/Southern_Tang/YCDuBVk6">Southern Tang</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>994</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Liao_dynasty/aLMKfWr7">Liao dynasty</a> attacks the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song dynasty</a> and lays siege to Zitong with 100,000 troops, but fails due to the defenders' use of fire arrows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1000</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Tang Fu demonstrates gunpowder pots and caltrops to the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> court and is rewarded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="11th-century">11th century</h2> <p>Major developments: The chemical formula for gunpowder is recorded in the <i><a href="/facts/Wujing_Zongyao/SVYMpfF6">Wujing Zongyao</a></i> by 1044. Bombs appear in the early 11th century. Gunpowder becomes more common in the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song dynasty</a> and production of gunpowder weapons is systematized. The Song court restricts trade of gunpowder ingredients with the <a href="/facts/Liao_dynasty/aLMKfWr7">Liao</a> and <a href="/facts/Western_Xia/KjwJctSc">Western Xia</a> dynasties. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>1002</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Shi Pu demonstrates fireballs utilizing gunpowder to the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> court and blueprints are created for promulgation throughout the realm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1044</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The chemical formula for gunpowder appears in the military manual <i><a href="/facts/Wujing_Zongyao/SVYMpfF6">Wujing Zongyao</a></i>, also known as the <i>Complete Essentials for the Military Classics</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>"Thunderclap bombs" are mentioned in the <i><a href="/facts/Wujing_Zongyao/SVYMpfF6">Wujing Zongyao</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>A "triple-bed-crossbow" firing <a href="/facts/Fire_arrows/RaCSRbp1">fire arrows</a> is mentioned in the <i><a href="/facts/Wujing_Zongyao/SVYMpfF6">Wujing Zongyao</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1067</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Private trade of gunpowder ingredients is banned in the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1075</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>Vietnam's <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25BD_dynasty/R6BKxCcV">Lý dynasty</a> used <a href="/facts/Fire_arrows/RaCSRbp1">fire arrows</a> and against the Song dynasty during the <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25BD%25E2%2580%2593Song_War/XfKAbAam">Lý–Song War</a> (1075–1077).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1076</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Trade of gunpowder ingredients with the <a href="/facts/Liao_dynasty/aLMKfWr7">Liao</a> and <a href="/facts/Western_Xia/KjwJctSc">Western Xia</a> dynasties is outlawed by the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> court.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1083</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Three hundred thousand <a href="/facts/Fire_arrow/RaCSRbp1">fire arrows</a> are produced by the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> court and delivered to two garrisons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="12th-century">12th century</h2> <p>Major developments: Gunpowder <a href="/facts/Fireworks/sPEQcu3h">fireworks</a> are mentioned. Ships are equipped with trebuchets for hurling bombs. Earliest recorded usage of gunpowder artillery in ship to ship combat, first mention of the <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">fire lance</a> in battle, and the earliest possible depiction of a <a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannon</a> appears. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>1110</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> army puts on a firework display for the emperor including a spectacle which opened with "a noise like thunder" and explosives that light up the night. Considered by some to be the first mention of gunpowder fireworks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1126</td><td>February</td><td>China</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Jingkang_Incident/MexYR1fy">Jingkang Incident</a></i>: Thunderclap bomb as well as <a href="/facts/Fire_arrow/RaCSRbp1">fire arrows</a> and fire bombs are used by <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> troops during the siege of <a href="/facts/Kaifeng/PR335kbE">Kaifeng</a> by the <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(1115%25E2%2580%25931234)/yv1tvwzk">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1127</td><td>December</td><td>China</td><td>"Molten metal bombs", suspected to contain gunpowder, are employed by <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> troops when the <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(1115%25E2%2580%25931234)/yv1tvwzk">Jin</a> army returns with <a href="/facts/Fire_arrow/RaCSRbp1">fire arrows</a> and gunpowder bombs made by captured <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> artisans. <a href="/facts/Kaifeng/PR335kbE">Kaifeng</a> is taken.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1128</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The earliest extant depiction of a <a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannon</a> appears among the <a href="/facts/Dazu_Rock_Carvings/LUwe3mmG">Dazu Rock Carvings</a>, one of which is a human figure holding a gourd shaped <a href="/facts/Hand_cannon/5rGD3tEL">hand cannon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1129</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Gunpowder weapons are applied to naval warfare as <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> warships are outfitted with trebuchets and supplies of gunpowder bombs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1132</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Siege_of_De%2527an/fwc6QUcq">Siege of De'an</a></i>: <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">Fire lances</a> are used by <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> troops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>Gunpowder is referred to specifically for its military applications for the first time and is known as "fire bomb medicine" rather than "fire medicine".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>Firecrackers using gunpowder are mentioned for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1159</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Fire_arrow/RaCSRbp1">Fire arrows</a> are employed by a <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> fleet in sinking a <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(1115%25E2%2580%25931234)/yv1tvwzk">Jin</a> fleet off the shore of <a href="/facts/Shandong/7IyuMEdW">Shandong</a> peninsula.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1161</td><td>26–27 November</td><td>China</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Caishi/53sTt4DM">Battle of Caishi</a></i>: Thunderclap bombs are employed by <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> treadmill boats in sinking a <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(1115%25E2%2580%25931234)/yv1tvwzk">Jin</a> fleet on the <a href="/facts/Yangtze/f9A2h4rQ">Yangtze</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1163</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">Fire lances</a> are attached to war carts, known as "at-your-desire-war-carts", for defending <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> mobile trebuchets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="13th-century">13th century</h2> <p>Major developments: <a href="/facts/Bomb/GoH38wo1">Bomb shells</a> gain an iron casing. <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">Fire lances</a> are equipped with projectiles and reusable iron barrels. <a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">Rockets</a> are used in warfare. "Fire emitting tubes" are produced in the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song dynasty</a> by the mid-13th century and <a href="/facts/Hand_cannon/5rGD3tEL">hand cannons</a> are recorded to have been used in battle by the <a href="/facts/Yuan_dynasty/mQl0o0XN">Yuan dynasty</a> in 1287. The earliest extant cannons appear in <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>. The <a href="/facts/Mongols/fb4zx1s8">Mongols</a> spread gunpowder weaponry to <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>, <a href="/facts/Southeast_Asia/VafwT517">Southeast Asia</a>, and possibly the <a href="/facts/Middle_East/8CD6pLWv">Middle East</a> as well as <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>. Europe and <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> both acquire gunpowder by the end of the century, but only in the Middle East are gunpowder weapons mentioned in any detail. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>1207</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Thunderclap bombs are employed by <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> forces in a sneak attack on a <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(1115%25E2%2580%25931234)/yv1tvwzk">Jin</a> camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1221</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Iron casing bombs are employed by <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(1115%25E2%2580%25931234)/yv1tvwzk">Jin</a> troops in the siege of <a href="/facts/Qi_Prefecture_(Hubei)/QoMywRoV">Qi Prefecture (Hubei)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1227</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Wuwei_Bronze_Cannon/mM7BFqhR">Wuwei Bronze Cannon</a>, excavated in 1980, is dated to the <a href="/facts/Western_Xia/KjwJctSc">Western Xia</a> (1038–1227) period. It is currently the oldest possible extant cannon, however like the <a href="/facts/Heilongjiang_hand_cannon/wM0aVTCX">Heilongjiang hand cannon</a> it contains no inscription and dating is based on contextual evidence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1230</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Co-viative projectiles are added to <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">fire lances</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1231</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>"<a href="/facts/Thunder_crash_bomb/LBWpQzIq">Thunder crash bombs</a>" are employed by <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(1115%25E2%2580%25931234)/yv1tvwzk">Jin</a> troops in destroying a <a href="/facts/Mongol/fb4zx1s8">Mongol</a> warship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1232</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Reusable <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">fire lance</a> barrels made of durable paper are employed by <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(1115%25E2%2580%25931234)/yv1tvwzk">Jin</a> troops during the Mongol siege of <a href="/facts/Kaifeng/PR335kbE">Kaifeng</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>"Flying <a href="/facts/Fire-lance/aKjj1YaR">fire-lances</a>" with re-usable barrels are used in the defense of <a href="/facts/Bianjing/PR335kbE">Bianjing</a> against <a href="/facts/Mongols/fb4zx1s8">Mongols</a>. Some interpret these to be rockets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1237</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Large bombs requiring several hundred men to hurl using trebuchets are employed by <a href="/facts/Mongols/fb4zx1s8">Mongols</a> in the siege of Anfeng (modern <a href="/facts/Shouxian/2xugfVCg">Shouxian</a>, Anhui).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1240</td><td></td><td>Middle East</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Middle_East/8CD6pLWv">Middle East</a> acquires knowledge of <a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">gunpowder</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1245</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">Rockets</a> are used during a military exercise conducted by the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> navy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1257</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Three hundred thirty-three "fire emitting tubes" are produced in a <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> arsenal in Jiankang Prefecture (<a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a>, Jiangsu).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1258</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>In India, gunpowder is used in pyrotechnics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1259</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <i><a href="/facts/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)/9S5Tojlc">History of Song</a></i> describes a "fire-emitting lance" employing a pellet wad projectile which occludes the barrel. Some consider this to be the first bullet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>The city of <a href="/facts/Qingzhou%2c_Guangdong/b2dV3qEj">Qingzhou</a> produces one to two thousand iron cased bomb shells a month and sends them in deliveries of ten to twenty thousand at a time to <a href="/facts/Xiangyang/Rmbu8lIC">Xiangyang</a> and Yingzhou.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1264</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>A display of miniature <a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">rockets</a> frightens the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> empress.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1267</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe gunpowder in the form of a firecracker is mentioned in textual sources by <a href="/facts/Roger_Bacon/p1kvowog">Roger Bacon</a>, in his <i><a href="/facts/Opus_Majus/M3DVIL9R">Opus Majus</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1272</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Xiangyang/lkmGpksQ">Battle of Xiangyang</a></i>: <a href="/facts/Fire_lances/aKjj1YaR">Fire lances</a> are used by a <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> riverine relief force to repel boarders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1276</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Reusable <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">fire lance</a> barrels made of metal are employed by the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Fire_lances/aKjj1YaR">Fire lances</a> are used by <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> cavalry in combating <a href="/facts/Mongols/fb4zx1s8">Mongols</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1277</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>A suicide bombing occurs in China when <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song</a> garrisons set off a large <a href="/facts/Bomb/GoH38wo1">bomb</a>, killing themselves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">1280</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>"Eruptors," cannons firing co-viative projectiles, are employed in the <a href="/facts/Yuan_dynasty/mQl0o0XN">Yuan dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>A major accidental explosion occurs in China when a <a href="/facts/Yuan_dynasty/mQl0o0XN">Yuan</a> gunpowder storehouse at <a href="/facts/Weiyang_District%2c_Yangzhou/jIBdAdYQ">Weiyang</a>, <a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a> catches fire and explodes, killing 100 guards and hurling building materials over 5 km away.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Middle East</td><td>The Middle East acquires <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">fire lances</a> and <a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">rockets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Hasan_al-Rammah/nYqX69U7">Hasan al-Rammah</a> writes, in Arabic, recipes for gunpowder, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> He also provides a description and illustration of the world's first <a href="/facts/Torpedo/RLLPpktk">torpedo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>Europe acquires the <a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">gunpowder</a> formula.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1281</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>Bombs are employed by <a href="/facts/Mongols/fb4zx1s8">Mongols</a> in the <a href="/facts/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan/1GSXRWdU">Mongol invasions of Japan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1287</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Hand_cannon/5rGD3tEL">Hand cannons</a> are employed by the troops of <a href="/facts/Yuan_dynasty/mQl0o0XN">Yuan</a> <a href="/facts/Jurchen_people/mhV1xEAe">Jurchen</a> commander Li Ting in putting down a rebellion by <a href="/facts/Mongol/fb4zx1s8">Mongol</a> prince <a href="/facts/Nayan_(Mongol_Prince)/6yBc2rJK">Nayan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1288</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Heilongjiang_hand_cannon/wM0aVTCX">Heilongjiang hand cannon</a> is dated to this year based on contextual evidence and its proximity to the rebellion by <a href="/facts/Mongol/fb4zx1s8">Mongol</a> prince <a href="/facts/Nayan_(Mongol_Prince)/6yBc2rJK">Nayan</a>, although it contains no inscription.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1293</td><td></td><td>Southeast Asia</td><td>Mongol troops of Yuan dynasty carried Chinese cannons to <a href="/facts/Mongol_invasion_of_Java/PokwSlC5">Java in 1293</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1298</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Xanadu_Gun/V77wK7UV">Xanadu Gun</a>, the oldest confirmed extant <a href="/facts/Hand_cannon/5rGD3tEL">hand cannon</a>, is dated to this year based on its inscription and contextual evidence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1299</td><td></td><td>Middle East</td><td><a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">Fire lances</a> are used in battles between the <a href="/facts/Mongols/fb4zx1s8">Mongols</a> and <a href="/facts/Muslims/W2ukq4pg">Muslims</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1300</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>In India <a href="/facts/Mongol/fb4zx1s8">Mongol</a> mercenaries deploy <a href="/facts/Fire_arrow/RaCSRbp1">fire arrows</a> during a siege.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="14th-century">14th century</h2> <p>Major developments: Chinese gunpowder weaponry continues to advance with the development of one-piece cast iron cannons, accompanying carriages, and the addition of <a href="/facts/Land_mine/D5AkxUF9">land mines</a>, <a href="/facts/Naval_mine/jo9uVY9U">naval mines</a> and <a href="/facts/Rocket_launcher/uutVgxAz">rocket launchers</a>. Earliest recorded instance of <a href="/facts/Volley_fire/w6krAwc7">volley fire</a> with gunpowder weaponry, by the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a>. The rest of the world catches up quickly and most of <a href="/facts/Eurasia/KlLI9GDM">Eurasia</a> acquires gunpowder weapons by the second half of the 14th century. Cannon development in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a> progresses rapidly and by 1374, cannons in Europe are able to breach a city wall for the first time. <a href="/facts/Breechloader/bCzCKg7n">Breech loading cannons</a> appear in Europe. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>1307</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The Armenian monk Hetoum writes about a powerful weapon having been invented in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1325</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Bronze "thousand-ball thunder-cannons" on four wheeled carriages appear in the <a href="/facts/Yuan_dynasty/mQl0o0XN">Yuan dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1326</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe the depiction of a <a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannon</a> appears.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1330</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In <a href="/facts/Andalusia/nkw5oWrL">Andalusia</a> cannons are mentioned in textual sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>Europe's oldest extant firearm, the Loshult gun, is dated to this year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1331</td><td></td><td>Iberia</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Nasrid_dynasty/aV8n4BBk">Nasrid</a> army besieging <a href="/facts/Elche/479QDEf0">Elche</a> makes use of "iron pellets shot with fire."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1333</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>Earliest extant cannon arrow projectile is dated to this year. Now kept in the <a href="/facts/Eltz_Castle/SBGYN5sh">Eltz Castle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1338</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>An <a href="/facts/Organ_gun/QXwDqVeH">organ gun</a> and three pounds of gunpowder are recorded to have been in the possession of a raiding party that sacked <a href="/facts/Southampton/LbJP1fIt">Southampton</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1339</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The word "<a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannon</a>", derived from the Greek <i>kanun</i> and Latin <i>canna</i>, meaning "tube," is used for the first time in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>The word "gun" is used to describe a <a href="/facts/Firearm/GuHx4aGE">firearm</a> in English for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1340</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>A "watermelon bomb" containing miniature rockets known as "ground rats" is employed by <a href="/facts/Liu_Bowen/NKKEIaEC">Liu Bowen</a> against rebels and pirates in <a href="/facts/Zhejiang/TQtpFHdJ">Zhejiang</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1344</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>Wooden cannons appear in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1346</td><td>26 August</td><td>West</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Cr%25C3%25A9cy/07a67rCv">Battle of Crécy</a></i>: <a href="/facts/Organ_gun/QXwDqVeH">Organ guns</a> are used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>The term "<a href="/facts/Bombard_(weapon)/JfpbsnQb">bombard</a>" is used to refer to guns of any kind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">1350</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Cast_iron/lASt55k2">Cast iron</a> technology becomes reliable enough to make one-piece iron cannons in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>Flint and wheel mechanisms are employed in igniting <a href="/facts/Land_mine/D5AkxUF9">land mines</a> and <a href="/facts/Naval_mine/jo9uVY9U">naval mines</a> in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>In China <a href="/facts/Organ_gun/QXwDqVeH">organ guns</a> appear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>Two wheeled gun carriages appear in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>India</td><td><a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> acquires rockets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1352</td><td></td><td>Southeast Asia</td><td>Cannons are mentioned to have been used by the <a href="/facts/Ayutthaya_Kingdom/j1vbEsRB">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> in their invasion of the <a href="/facts/Khmer_Empire/G2YlkSek">Khmer Empire</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1358</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Defending garrisons fire cannons en masse at the siege of <a href="/facts/Shaoxing/wwAh4GLX">Shaoxing</a> and defeat a <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1360</td><td></td><td>Middle East</td><td>In the middle east metal-barrel guns start appearing in textual sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Southeast Asia</td><td><a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">Gunpowder</a> barrels aboard a <a href="/facts/Khmer_Empire/G2YlkSek">Khmer</a> ship explode.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1363</td><td>30 August – 4 October</td><td>China</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang/VtC6xqBr">Battle of Lake Poyang</a></i>: Cannons are used in ship combat and a new weapon called the "No Alternative" also appears. It consists of a reed mat bundled together with gunpowder and iron pellets hung on a pole from the foremast of a ship. When an enemy ship is within range, the fuse is lit, and the bundle falls onto the enemy ship spitting iron pellets and burning their men and sails.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1364</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Breech-loading_weapon/bCzCKg7n">Breech loading</a> cannons start appearing in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1366</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Two thousand four hundred large and small cannons are deployed by the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> army at the siege of <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>India</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Vijayanagara_Empire/aVcSqnBj">Vijayanagara Empire</a> acquires <a href="/facts/Firearm/GuHx4aGE">firearms</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1368</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Hu_dun_pao/NpKG1uUh">Crouching-tiger cannons</a> are employed by the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1370</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Gunpowder is corned to strengthen the explosive power of <a href="/facts/Land_mine/D5AkxUF9">land mines</a> in the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">Cannon</a> projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition in the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1372</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">Cannons</a> made specifically for naval usage appear in the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1373</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The term "hand gun", also known as <i>handgonne</i>, <i>gunnies</i>, <i>vasam scolpi</i>, <i>pot</i>, <i>capita</i>, and <i>testes</i>, appears in European texts for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1374</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td><a href="/facts/Goryeo/0nUJccJR">Goryeo</a> starts producing <a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">gunpowder</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">Cannons</a> breach a city wall for the first time in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">1375</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>"<a href="/facts/Basilisk_(cannon)/fqxQoAGe">Basilisk</a>" cannons appear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>A 900 kg <a href="/facts/Large-calibre_artillery/StTKB7ut">large-calibre gun</a> is produced in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Worldwide</td><td><a href="/facts/Flash_pan/dDc43C8b">Flash pans</a> are added to <a href="/facts/Hand_cannon/5rGD3tEL">hand cannons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>European gunsmiths begin testing barrels for structural integrity, improving quality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1377</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td><a href="/facts/Goryeo/0nUJccJR">Goryeo</a> starts producing <a href="/facts/Cannons/IH7VkIpm">cannons</a> and <a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">rockets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1380</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>"Wasp nest" <a href="/facts/Rocket_launcher/uutVgxAz">rocket launchers</a> are manufactured for the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>24 June</td><td>West</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Chioggia/YbL6G38T">Battle of Chioggia</a></i>: In Europe <a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">rockets</a> are used in battle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>Europeans develop the means to produce <a href="/facts/Saltpeter/vVeaDn51">saltpeter</a> for themselves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1382</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>European sailing ships are equipped with <a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3 May</td><td>West</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Beverhoutsveld/7casxYrM">Battle of Beverhoutsveld</a></i>: The first military conflict in Europe where <a href="/facts/Cannons/IH7VkIpm">cannons</a> play a decisive role.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1388</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Ming_intervention_in_Mong_Mao_(1397%25E2%2580%25931398)/8zPL5yEx">Ming–Mong Mao War</a></i>: <a href="/facts/Volley_fire/w6krAwc7">Volley fire</a> is implemented with <a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannons</a> by the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> artillery corps in the anti-insurrection war waged against the <a href="/facts/Mong_Mao/5D9LXIja">Mong Mao</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>Saltpeter plantations start appearing in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1390</td><td></td><td>Southeast Asia</td><td><a href="/facts/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BA%25A1i_Vi%25E1%25BB%2587t/ksz5RByd">Đại Việt</a> soldiers kill the king of <a href="/facts/Champa/HLWa7c9y">Champa</a>, Che Bong Nga, using <a href="/facts/Hand_cannon/5rGD3tEL">hand cannons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1396</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe mounted <a href="/facts/Knights/q6oIppem">knights</a> start employing <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">fire lances</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1398</td><td>17 December</td><td>India</td><td><a href="/facts/Delhi_Sultanate/19oLzpBF">Delhi Sultanate</a> uses bombs against <a href="/facts/Tamerlane/pkQEWrRH">Tamerlane</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1399</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>'s oldest extant firearm is dated to this year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="15th-century">15th century</h2> <p>Major developments: <a href="/facts/Large-calibre_artillery/StTKB7ut">Large-calibre artillery</a> weighing several thousand kg are produced in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a> during the early 15th century and spread to the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a>. Modifiable two wheeled gun carts known as <a href="/facts/Limbers_and_caissons/mpIa4znV">limbers and caissons</a> appear, greatly improving the mobility of artillery. The <a href="/facts/Matchlock/2ppK74kP">matchlock</a> <a href="/facts/Arquebus/pfeToDsN">arquebus</a>, the first firearm with a trigger mechanism, appears in Europe by 1475. <a href="/facts/Rifle/H3mJx7U4">Rifled</a> barrels also appear in the late 15th century. The term <a href="/facts/Musket/YmnMv1F2">musket</a> is used for the first time in 1499. <a href="/facts/Rocket_launcher/uutVgxAz">Rocket launchers</a> are used in battle by the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a> and the <a href="/facts/History_of_Korea/LYQ0aumw">Korean</a> kingdom of <a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a> develops a mobile rocket launcher vehicle called the <a href="/facts/Hwacha/KAKT5W8f">hwacha</a>. Chinese style bombs are used in <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a> by 1468 at the latest. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1400</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe the <a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">gunpowder</a> <a href="/facts/Slow_match/5pEIcrW1">slow match</a> appears.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Li_Jinglong/EQubXo61">Li Jinglong</a> uses <a href="/facts/Rocket_launcher/uutVgxAz">rocket launchers</a> against the army of the <a href="/facts/Yongle_Emperor/5dRoyxpU">Yongle Emperor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Springald/Wsb2dSJS">Springalds</a> are entirely replaced by gunpowder weapons<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1405</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>Europe acquires bombs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1407</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Ironwood/Trfmd8Hl">Ironwood</a> wadding is added to <a href="/facts/Ming/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> cannons, increasing their effectiveness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1409</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>Battle carts armed with <a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannons</a> firing iron fletched darts are produced in <a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1410</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td><a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a> ships are equipped with cannons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>"Culverins" are mentioned for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>"<a href="/facts/Saker_(cannon)/q4tscl0m">Saker</a>" cannons appear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1411</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>A "serpentine" lever is added to the stocks of <a href="/facts/Hand_cannon/5rGD3tEL">hand cannons</a> in Europe to hold matches. The resulting firearm, the hook gun, becomes known as the <a href="/facts/Arquebus/pfeToDsN">arquebus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1412</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Shell_(projectile)/a51oDRdu">Shells</a> are used as ammunition in the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1413</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td><a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a> <a href="/facts/Mortar_(weapon)/2vs8xEBx">mortars</a> capable of firing 500 meter iron shots and 600 meter stone shots are mentioned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Southeast Asia</td><td>The customs of firing cannons and pole gun is mentioned as part of <a href="/facts/Javanese_people/35mcwIsB">Javanese</a> marriage ceremony.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a>: 245 </td></tr><tr><td>1415</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>10,000 guns are deployed throughout <a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1419</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>During the <a href="/facts/Lantern_Festival/yxnnhWsV">Lantern Festival</a>, the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> imperial palace puts on a display of pyrotechnics involving rockets running along wires which light up lanterns, illuminating the palace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1420</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe <a href="/facts/War_wagons/NSykLaFW">war wagons</a> are used as mobile firearm platforms during the <a href="/facts/Hussite_Wars/pmqw46Mr">Hussite Wars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1420</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>Iron shot replaces stone as the standard ammunition in <a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1421</td><td></td><td>Southeast Asia</td><td>A Chinese pole cannon found in Java is dated from this year, bearing the name of <a href="/facts/Yongle_Emperor/5dRoyxpU">Yongle Emperor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1425</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe gunpowder corning is practiced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1429</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Mounted infantry carrying <a href="/facts/Hand_cannon/5rGD3tEL">hand cannons</a> are employed by the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1431</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>A 12,000 kg wrought iron <a href="/facts/Large-calibre_artillery/StTKB7ut">large-calibre gun</a> capable of firing 300 kg projectiles, called <a href="/facts/Dulle_Griet/v6ad0ycs">Dulle Griet</a>, is produced in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>European <a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannon</a> projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1437</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe <a href="/facts/Shell_(projectile)/a51oDRdu">shells</a> are used as ammunition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>A master gunner in Europe is forced to make a pilgrimage to Rome after scaring his fellow soldiers, who accused him of satanic devilry, with an astounding rate of fire of three rounds in one day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1447</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td><a href="/facts/Sejong_the_Great/emQwGwhk">Sejong the Great</a> of <a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a> decrees that all fire-squads should carry standardized firearms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1450</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>European walls become lower and thicker in response to cannons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Trunnions/1ekarPWf">Trunnions</a> appear in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>15 April</td><td>West</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Formigny/5jmPmq10">Battle of Formigny</a></i>: Marks the rapid decline of the English longbow as they prove to be inferior to cannons in both range and rate of fire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1451</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>A type of multiple arrow rocket launcher known as the "Munjong <a href="/facts/Hwacha/KAKT5W8f">Hwacha</a>" is produced in <a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1453</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>Modifiable two wheeled gun carts known as <a href="/facts/Limbers_and_caissons/mpIa4znV">limbers</a> appear, greatly improving cannon maneuverability and mobility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1456</td><td></td><td>India</td><td><a href="/facts/Malwa_Sultanate/krlGSEl6">Malwa Sultanate</a> uses cannons as siege weapons to demolish ramparts: In <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> cannons become widespread.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1460</td><td>3 August</td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/James_II_of_Scotland/mj4eBcVp">James II of Scotland</a> is killed by one of his own guns, which exploded while he was standing close to it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>"Mortars" are mentioned for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1464</td><td></td><td>Middle East</td><td>A 16,800 kg cast bronze <a href="/facts/Large-calibre_artillery/StTKB7ut">large-calibre gun</a> known as the <a href="/facts/Great_Turkish_Bombard/ukzxDCfx">Great Turkish Bombard</a> is created in the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1468</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>A Chinese "thunderbomb" made of paper and bamboo wrapping two pounds of gunpowder and iron filings is mentioned to have been in use in <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>; Chinese style bombs are used as <a href="/facts/Trebuchet/1MtgjeVV">trebuchet</a> shots until at least 1500<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1470</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Shoulder_stock/PgD8ochN">shoulder stock</a> is added to <a href="/facts/Hand_cannons/5rGD3tEL">hand cannons</a> in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1471</td><td></td><td>Southeast Asia</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Cham%25E2%2580%2593Annamese_War/Nor0CJVh">Cham–Annamese War</a></i>: <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25AA_dynasty/987C5NLQ">Lê dynasty</a> troops use cannons to blast a breach in <a href="/facts/Vijaya_(Champa)/nEJVDKpw">Vijaya</a>'s fortifications prior to capturing the city<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1472</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>In India <a href="/facts/Land_mines/D5AkxUF9">land mines</a> appear; <a href="/facts/Bahmani_Sultanate/mY9vVIl9">Bahmani Sultanate</a> utilizes them in siege warfare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1475</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Matchlock/2ppK74kP">matchlock</a> mechanism is added to the <a href="/facts/Arquebus/pfeToDsN">arquebus</a>, making it the first <a href="/facts/Firearm/GuHx4aGE">firearm</a> with a <a href="/facts/Trigger_(firearms)/e95STa6G">trigger</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1479</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>A four layer <a href="/facts/Artillery_tower/uhF9mnUB">artillery tower</a> is built at Querfurth in <a href="/facts/Saxony/PrKscwCP">Saxony</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1480</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>Guns reach their classic form in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>"<a href="/facts/Falconet_(cannon)/TWpz3IvX">Falconets</a>" are mentioned for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>"<a href="/facts/Minion_(cannon)/vrJG8Nkk">Minion</a>" cannons appear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1486</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>European oar ships start carrying <a href="/facts/Cannon/IH7VkIpm">cannons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1488</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Henry_VII_of_England/dhSlzq5b">Henry VII of England</a>'s ships, the <i>Regent</i> and <i>Sovereign</i>, are among the first to carry enough cannons to deliver a 'ship killing' blow at a distance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1498</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>Specialized hunting firearms with <a href="/facts/Rifled/63UWYEdX">rifled</a> barrels appear in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1499</td><td>25 August</td><td>West</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Zonchio/b7Dmoef7">Battle of Zonchio</a></i>: <a href="/facts/Breech-loading_weapon/bCzCKg7n">Breech-loading</a> iron cannons are used in naval warfare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>The term <a href="/facts/Musket/YmnMv1F2">musket</a> or <i>moschetto</i> is used for the first time in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="16th-century">16th century</h2> <p>Major developments: <a href="/facts/Matchlock/2ppK74kP">Matchlock</a> firearms spread throughout <a href="/facts/Eurasia/KlLI9GDM">Eurasia</a>, reaching <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> and <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a> by the mid-16th century. The <a href="/facts/Volley_fire/w6krAwc7">volley fire</a> technique is implemented using matchlock firearms by the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottomans</a>, <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a>, and <a href="/facts/Dutch_Republic/PlxBXbKF">Dutch Republic</a> by the end of the century. The <a href="/facts/Arquebus/pfeToDsN">arquebus</a> is replaced by its heavier variant called the <a href="/facts/Musket/YmnMv1F2">musket</a> to combat heavily armoured troops. "Musket" becomes the dominant term for all shoulder arms fireweapons until the mid-19th century. The <a href="/facts/Wheellock/cHgsoFmY">wheellock</a> and <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlock</a> trigger mechanisms are invented. <a href="/facts/Pistol/pQgRhGBM">Pistols</a> and <a href="/facts/Revolver/Kxsr0fpq">revolvers</a> both appear during this period. Ottoman troops attach <a href="/facts/Bayonet/YMU1F4IT">bayonets</a> to their firearms. Both Europe and China develop handheld breech loading firearms. The <a href="/facts/Star_fort/MoUL6X9S">star fort</a> spreads across Europe in response to increasing effectiveness of siege artillery. The Ming dynasty uses gunpowder for <a href="/facts/Hydraulic_engineering/atT6tL89">hydraulic engineering</a>. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1500</td><td></td><td>India</td><td><a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> acquires <a href="/facts/Matchlocks/2ppK74kP">matchlocks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>The term "<a href="/facts/Artillery/GLpMYG9o">artillery</a>" solidifies as a general term for cannons, their ammunition, support equipment, and operating personnel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1503</td><td>28 April</td><td>West</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Cerignola/R0VVaAM6">Battle of Cerignola</a></i>: Marks the first military conflict where arquebusiers played a decisive role.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1505</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Wheellock/cHgsoFmY">wheellock</a> appears in Europe as an expensive alternative to the <a href="/facts/Matchlock/2ppK74kP">matchlock</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1508</td><td></td><td>India</td><td><a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> acquires Portuguese cannons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>The earliest extant <a href="/facts/Rifle/H3mJx7U4">rifles</a> are dated to this year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1510</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>Japan acquires cannons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td>Portuguese "Frankish" cannons are used on <a href="/facts/Guangdong/wvjsjdb1">Guangdong</a>'s coastline by Chinese pirates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1515</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>A man in (Germany) accidentally shoots a prostitute in the chin with a <a href="/facts/Pistol/pQgRhGBM">pistol</a>. Considered to be the earliest recorded firearm accident.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1516</td><td></td><td>Southeast Asia</td><td><a href="/facts/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BA%25A1i_Vi%25E1%25BB%2587t/ksz5RByd">Đại Việt</a> and <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25AA_dynasty/987C5NLQ">Lê dynasty</a> produce <a href="/facts/Matchlocks/2ppK74kP">matchlocks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1521</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>A larger <a href="/facts/Arquebus/pfeToDsN">arquebus</a> capable of penetrating plate armor known as the <a href="/facts/Musket/YmnMv1F2">musket</a> appears in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1523</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a> produces <a href="/facts/Breech-loading_swivel_gun/aKCVfuHK">breech-loading swivel guns</a> based on Portuguese designs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1526</td><td>21 April</td><td>India</td><td><a href="/facts/Mughal_Empire/yRg2kAy5">Mughal</a> Emperor <a href="/facts/Babur/2PnFxN3z">Babur</a> use firearms against Sultan <a href="/facts/Ibrahim_Lodi/BzJ2lmrN">Ibrahim Lodi</a>, therefore winning the <a href="/facts/First_Battle_of_Panipat/WbvSPEu6">First Battle of Panipat</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>29 August</td><td>West</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Moh%25C3%25A1cs/fVS6YV1x">Battle of Mohács</a></i>: <a href="/facts/Volley_fire/w6krAwc7">Volley fire</a> is implemented with <a href="/facts/Matchlocks/2ppK74kP">matchlocks</a> by <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> <a href="/facts/Janissaries/oAgdrtpw">Janissaries</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1527</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>"Ordnance" is used to describe artillery for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1530</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Star_fort/MoUL6X9S">star fort</a> becomes the dominant type of defensive structure in Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>Earliest dated "<a href="/facts/Carbine/CVNgf8j2">carbine</a>" made in <a href="/facts/Augsburg/5aceyku1">Augsburg</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1533</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Hongyipao/P8zBKLrk">Composite metal cannons</a> are produced in the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1537</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>Handheld <a href="/facts/Breech-loading_weapon/bCzCKg7n">breech-loading</a> firearms start appearing in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Niccol%25C3%25B2_Fontana_Tartaglia/BsB0Kupr">Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia</a> applies mathematical applications to artillery trajectories in his <i>Nova Scientia</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1540</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Cast_iron/lASt55k2">Cast iron</a> cannons in Europe become reliable enough to arm sailing ships with two full broadsides.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Southeast Asia</td><td>In Southeast Asia <a href="/facts/Matchlocks/2ppK74kP">matchlocks</a> start seeing widespread use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>Cavalry in Europe start abandoning the lance and adopt the <a href="/facts/Wheellock/cHgsoFmY">wheellock</a> <a href="/facts/Pistol/pQgRhGBM">pistol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1541</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">Gunpowder</a> is used for <a href="/facts/Hydraulic_engineering/atT6tL89">hydraulic engineering</a> in the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1543</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>Japan acquires knowledge of <a href="/facts/Matchlocks/2ppK74kP">matchlocks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1544</td><td>27 January</td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>In Japan Tanegashima Tokitaka employs <a href="/facts/Matchlock/2ppK74kP">matchlocks</a> in the invasion of <a href="/facts/Yakushima/ztPkUxu3">Yakushima</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>Wooden cannons are used for the last time in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Charles_V%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/QdqkWAeq">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> attempts to standardize gun types.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1545</td><td></td><td>India</td><td><a href="/facts/Gujarat/HwmVfMwr">Gujarat</a> experiments with composite metal cannons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Niccol%25C3%25B2_Fontana_Tartaglia/BsB0Kupr">Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia</a> invents the gunner's quadrant, an instrument which calculates trajectory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1548</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> army starts fielding <a href="/facts/Matchlocks/2ppK74kP">matchlocks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1550</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The large <a href="/facts/Arquebus/pfeToDsN">arquebus</a> known as the <a href="/facts/Musket/YmnMv1F2">musket</a> becomes obsolete due to lack of armor, but continues as the most widely used term for similar <a href="/facts/Firearm/GuHx4aGE">firearms</a> in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Snaphance/JIseBucj">snaphance</a> <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlock</a> mechanism appears in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>The 'flask trail' carriage replaces solid stock trail carriages in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1560</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Qi_Jiguang/reX5XkwQ">Qi Jiguang</a> publishes his <i><a href="/facts/Jixiao_Xinshu/SbMCjUeQ">Jixiao Xinshu</a></i> describing the <a href="/facts/Musket/YmnMv1F2">musket</a> <a href="/facts/Volley_fire/w6krAwc7">volley fire</a> technique and his experience training the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> army in its use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1561</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a> starts producing handheld <a href="/facts/Breech-loading_weapon/bCzCKg7n">breech-loading</a> firearms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1563</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td><a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a> starts producing <a href="/facts/Breech-loading_swivel_gun/aKCVfuHK">breech-loading swivel guns</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1568</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>Calivers are mentioned for the first time in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1573</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe explosive <a href="/facts/Land_mine/D5AkxUF9">mines</a> are implemented by Samuel Zimmermann of <a href="/facts/Augsburg/5aceyku1">Augsburg</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1574</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe designs for <a href="/facts/Naval_mine/jo9uVY9U">naval mines</a> are completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1575</td><td>28 June</td><td>Sinosphere</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Nagashino/VXW67AI3">Battle of Nagashino</a></i>: In Japan <a href="/facts/Oda_Nobunaga/0tuHyMR8">Oda Nobunaga</a>'s <a href="/facts/Tanegashima_(Japanese_matchlock)/sgc0TjKm">tanegashima</a> troops employ <a href="/facts/Volley_fire/w6krAwc7">volley fire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Trigger_guard/7gRk6E28">Trigger guards</a> start appearing on European <a href="/facts/Firearm/GuHx4aGE">firearms</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1580</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Revolver/Kxsr0fpq">Revolvers</a> appear in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1594</td><td>8 December</td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/William_Louis%2c_Count_of_Nassau-Dillenburg/7yq5JJWs">William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg</a> describes the countermarch <a href="/facts/Volley_fire/w6krAwc7">volley fire</a> technique in a letter to his cousin <a href="/facts/Maurice%2c_Prince_of_Orange/bT4ayhVB">Maurice, Prince of Orange</a>, and starts training the Dutch army in volley fire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1598</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> cavalry experiments with firing a three-barreled <a href="/facts/Matchlock/2ppK74kP">matchlock</a> before using it as a shield while they attack with a saber using their other hand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Middle East</td><td>The first mention of a <a href="/facts/Bayonet/YMU1F4IT">bayonet</a> occurs in the <i>Shenqipu</i> describing a knife attached to an <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> musket.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1600</td><td></td><td>Middle East</td><td><a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> cavalry starts carrying <a href="/facts/Pistol/pQgRhGBM">pistols</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>The term "<a href="/facts/Howitzer/yVpgqIlk">howitzer</a>" comes to refer to the weapon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="17th-century">17th century</h2> <p>Major developments: <a href="/facts/Bayonet/YMU1F4IT">Bayonets</a> spread across <a href="/facts/Eurasia/KlLI9GDM">Eurasia</a>. A <a href="/facts/Paper_cartridge/ewFkecDc">paper cartridge</a> is introduced by <a href="/facts/Gustavus_Adolphus/BAVDerpY">Gustavus Adolphus</a>. <a href="/facts/Rifles/H3mJx7U4">Rifles</a> are used for war by <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a>. A <a href="/facts/Ship_of_the_line/Mbx7b7tR">ship of the line</a> carrying 60 to 120 cannons appears in Europe. <a href="/facts/Samuel_Pepys/hDTU7fjk">Samuel Pepys</a>' diary mentions a machine gun like pistol. The "true" <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlock</a> replaces the <a href="/facts/Snaphance/JIseBucj">snaphance</a> flintlock in Europe by the end of the 17th century. Both <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> and <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a> reject the flintlock and the <a href="/facts/Mughal_Empire/yRg2kAy5">Mughal Empire</a> only uses it in limited quantities. Gunpowder is used for <a href="/facts/Mining/g6uDIFab">mining</a> in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>1606</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> muskets are attached with plug <a href="/facts/Bayonet/YMU1F4IT">bayonets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1607</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td><a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a> <a href="/facts/Musketeers/NnXf5EUz">musketeers</a> are trained in the <a href="/facts/Volley_fire/w6krAwc7">volley fire</a> technique.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1611</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Paper_cartridge/ewFkecDc">Paper cartridges</a> are introduced by <a href="/facts/Gustavus_Adolphus/BAVDerpY">Gustavus Adolphus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Rifle/H3mJx7U4">Rifles</a> are used in warfare by <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1613</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>In Japan <a href="/facts/Date_Masamune/stuF4mtY">Date Masamune</a> orders the construction of the <a href="/facts/Date_Maru/a1XPSWtd">Date Maru</a>, a ship built in the style of a Spanish <a href="/facts/Galleon/aSI6Qvrp">galleon</a>, capable of carrying large cannons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1619</td><td>14–18 April</td><td>Sinosphere</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Sarhu/DCMJPDBb">Battle of Sarhu</a></i>: <a href="/facts/Later_Jin_(1616%25E2%2580%25931636)/uj7aTcDy">Later Jin</a> cavalry defeats <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> and <a href="/facts/Joseon/Vv7SVEfL">Joseon</a> <a href="/facts/Musketeers/NnXf5EUz">musketeers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1620</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> foundries start producing <a href="/facts/Hongyipao/P8zBKLrk">Hongyipao</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1627</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">Gunpowder</a> is used for mining in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1629</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Holland/RGCPgWk6">Holland</a> experiments with composite metal cannons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1632</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> defensive planners build some <a href="/facts/Star_fort/MoUL6X9S">star forts</a> but they don't catch on in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1633</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> dockyards start construction of multidecked <a href="/facts/Broadside_(naval)/QkWDKNel">broadside</a> <a href="/facts/Sailing_ships/uJ61Kmxs">sailing ships</a> capable of holding large cannons under the supervision of <a href="/facts/Zheng_Zhilong/REfrP48V">Zheng Zhilong</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1635</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Telescope/BDwYahhR">Telescopes</a> are used for aiming artillery in the <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1636</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Dutch_people/QhHtJ2WK">Dutch</a> attempt to trade <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlock</a> firearms with the Japanese but the new firing mechanism doesn't catch on in Japan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1637</td><td></td><td>Sinosphere</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Shimabara_Rebellion/bYtFvebv">Shimabara Rebellion</a></i>: In Japan the last major military engagement involving <a href="/facts/Musket/YmnMv1F2">muskets</a>, before firearm suppression policies are enacted, is conducted against an uprising of peasant-farmers and landless <a href="/facts/Samurai/5NSPbSuI">samurai</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1642</td><td>20 January</td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Li_Zicheng/sIbT6h6W">Li Zicheng</a>'s rebels manage to create a two <i>zhang</i> breach in <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> fortifications using cannons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1643</td><td>26 July</td><td>West</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Storming_of_Bristol/LG1nI1la">Storming of Bristol</a></i>: In Europe <a href="/facts/Fire_lance/aKjj1YaR">fire lances</a> are used for the last time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1650</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Ship_of_the_line/Mbx7b7tR">Ship of the line</a> carrying 60 to 120 cannons in broadside batteries appear in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1662</td><td>3 July</td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Samuel_Pepys/hDTU7fjk">Samuel Pepys</a>' diary mentions a mechanic who claimed to be able to make a machine-gun like pistol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1671</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>European forces attach <a href="/facts/Bayonet/YMU1F4IT">bayonets</a> to their firearms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1680</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Snaphance/JIseBucj">snaphance</a> goes out of fashion in favor of the "true" <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlock</a> in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1694</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>India acquires <a href="/facts/Flintlocks/DQ2jMARj">flintlocks</a>; <a href="/facts/Mughal_Empire/yRg2kAy5">Mughal Empire</a> uses them in limited quantities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252"><sup>252</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="18th-century">18th century</h2> <p>Major developments: <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">Flintlocks</a> completely displace <a href="/facts/Matchlock/2ppK74kP">matchlock</a> firearms in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a> both on land and at sea. <a href="/facts/Sir_William_Congreve%2c_1st_Baronet/vCyB85Rh">Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet</a> discovers "cylinder powder", gunpowder produced using charcoal in iron cylinders, which is twice as powerful as traditional gunpowder and less likely to spoil. He also invents block trail carriages, the most advanced artillery transport of the time. <a href="/facts/James_Puckle/34DxC1C3">James Puckle</a> invents a breechloader flintlock capable of firing 63 shots in seven minutes. The <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Mysore/7Yeur3m4">Kingdom of Mysore</a> deploys iron cased rockets known as <a href="/facts/Mysorean_rockets/1cs69vCw">Mysorean rockets</a>. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>1702</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe <a href="/facts/Telescope/BDwYahhR">telescopes</a> are used to aid in the aiming of artillery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253"><sup>253</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1715</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Jean_Maritz/zUSVYMVR">Jean Maritz</a> introduces the horizontal drilling technique for casting cannons, increasing their reliability and accuracy while reducing the amount of metal needed for the barrel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254"><sup>254</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1718</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/James_Puckle/34DxC1C3">James Puckle</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Puckle_gun/ybWDh3r4">Puckle gun</a>, a <a href="/facts/Breech-loading_weapon/bCzCKg7n">breech loading</a> <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlock</a> with a revolving set of chambers capable of firing 63 shots in seven minutes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255"><sup>255</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1720</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>France establishes Europe's first national artillery school.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256"><sup>256</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1725</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">Flintlock</a> firearms completely displace <a href="/facts/Matchlock/2ppK74kP">matchlocks</a> in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257"><sup>257</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1742</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Benjamin_Robins/ptNkpJ7g">Benjamin Robins</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Ballistic_pendulum/7yQLVNQn">ballistic pendulum</a>, which provides the first way to accurately measure the velocity of a bullet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258"><sup>258</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1750</td><td></td><td>Worldwide</td><td><a href="/facts/Firearm/GuHx4aGE">Firearms</a> overtake the <a href="/facts/Composite_bow/yMFjhBFN">composite bow</a> in cost, ease of use, range, and rate of fire, making mounted <a href="/facts/Horse_archer/DKgSGDT5">horse archers</a> completely obsolete.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259"><sup>259</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Detent/SH3X1NwY">detent</a> is added to <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlocks</a> to prevent the sear from catching in the half-cock notch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260"><sup>260</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1755</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Naval_guns/g5WabhqU">Naval guns</a> are outfitted with <a href="/facts/Flintlocks/DQ2jMARj">flintlocks</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261"><sup>261</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1759</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>"<a href="/facts/Carronades/DTEPaYaA">Carronades</a>" appear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262"><sup>262</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1770</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Roller_bearing/MvBGSG2X">roller bearing</a> is added to <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlocks</a> to reduce friction and produce more sparks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263"><sup>263</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1780</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>A waterproof pan is added to <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlocks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264"><sup>264</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1783</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Sir_William_Congreve%2c_1st_Baronet/vCyB85Rh">Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet</a> improves gunpowder production by constructing dedicated testing ranges, new <a href="/facts/Saltpeter/vVeaDn51">saltpeter</a> refineries, and special proving houses. He also discovers "cylinder powder", gunpowder produced using <a href="/facts/Charcoal/tpYGBHTn">charcoal</a> sealed in iron cylinders, which is twice as powerful as traditional gunpowder and less likely to spoil, giving <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain/5yBEtQIt">British</a> gunpowder a reputation as best in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265"><sup>265</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1790</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>England begins fielding block trail carriages, invented by <a href="/facts/Sir_William_Congreve%2c_1st_Baronet/vCyB85Rh">Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet</a>, the most advanced artillery transport of the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266"><sup>266</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1799</td><td>22 April</td><td>India</td><td>Iron-cased <a href="/facts/Mysorean_rockets/1cs69vCw">Mysorean rockets</a> are deployed by the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Mysore/7Yeur3m4">Kingdom of Mysore</a> against the <a href="/facts/East_India_Company/jpfw533d">East India Company</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267"><sup>267</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="19th-century">19th century</h2> <p>Major developments: <a href="/facts/Sir_William_Congreve%2c_2nd_Baronet/TVXl3yQp">Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet</a> develops the <a href="/facts/Congreve_rockets/8YmG5IG4">Congreve rockets</a> based on <a href="/facts/Mysorean_rockets/1cs69vCw">Mysorean rockets</a> and British forces successfully deploy them against <a href="/facts/Copenhagen/58Tl28IX">Copenhagen</a>. <a href="/facts/Joshua_Shaw/TC78tHmq">Joshua Shaw</a> invents <a href="/facts/Percussion_caps/kvj5E8ac">percussion caps</a> which replace the <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlock</a> trigger mechanism. <a href="/facts/Claude-%25C3%2589tienne_Mini%25C3%25A9/UUa6VxRJ">Claude-Étienne Minié</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Mini%25C3%25A9_ball/c7bYIvLh">Minié ball</a>, making <a href="/facts/Rifles/H3mJx7U4">rifles</a> a viable military firearm, ending the era of <a href="/facts/Smoothbore/T6z0unC3">smoothbore</a> <a href="/facts/Muskets/YmnMv1F2">muskets</a>. Subsequently rifles are deployed in the <a href="/facts/Crimean_War/v163wdr8">Crimean War</a> with resounding success. <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Tyler_Henry/H1lACVjj">Benjamin Tyler Henry</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Henry_rifle/u6EkrHwL">Henry rifle</a>, the first reliable repeating rifle. <a href="/facts/Richard_Jordan_Gatling/SNd2NHNa">Richard Jordan Gatling</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Gatling_gun/JD7Shf7S">Gatling gun</a>, capable of firing 200 cartridges in a minute. <a href="/facts/Hiram_Maxim/b35ANzMa">Hiram Maxim</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Maxim_gun/AxEg4LHp">Maxim gun</a>, the first single-barreled machine gun. Both <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> and <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a> start using cast iron molds for casting cannons. <a href="/facts/Alfred_Nobel/D7zGMnJQ">Alfred Nobel</a> invents <a href="/facts/Dynamite/WQ06BcGK">dynamite</a>, the first stable explosive stronger than gunpowder. <a href="/facts/Smokeless_powder/BQfV4rcN">Smokeless powder</a> is invented and replaces the traditional "black powder" in Europe by the end of the century. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>1803</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>England starts producing <a href="/facts/Shrapnel_shell/rmqpmUTm">shrapnel shells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268"><sup>268</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1804</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Sir_William_Congreve%2c_2nd_Baronet/TVXl3yQp">Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet</a> starts experimenting extensively with <a href="/facts/Rockets/b6j4keIl">rockets</a> based on <a href="/facts/Mysorean_rockets/1cs69vCw">Mysorean rockets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269"><sup>269</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1805</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Congreve_rocket/8YmG5IG4">Congreve rockets</a> are produced in Britain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270"><sup>270</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1807</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>British forces successfully deploy 40,000 <a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">rockets</a> and ignite devastating fires in <a href="/facts/Copenhagen/58Tl28IX">Copenhagen</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271"><sup>271</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1812</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Jean_Samuel_Pauly/wItYzEjf">Jean Samuel Pauly</a> invents a cartridge containing a <a href="/facts/Primer_(firearm)/AcMqsCQR">primer</a>, making it the first self-contained <a href="/facts/Cartridge_(firearms)/vjkWaDjM">cartridge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272"><sup>272</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Joseph_Manton/rTVztxo8">Joseph Manton</a> patents the gravitating lock, which prevents muzzle loaders from accidentally firing while the muzzle is held upward.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273"><sup>273</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1815</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Joshua_Shaw/TC78tHmq">Joshua Shaw</a> invents <a href="/facts/Percussion_cap/kvj5E8ac">percussion caps</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274"><sup>274</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1820</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>British guns are manufactured with bouched vents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275"><sup>275</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1825</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Percussion_cap/kvj5E8ac">percussion cap</a> mechanism starts replacing <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlocks</a> in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276"><sup>276</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1829</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">Rocket</a> programs in <a href="/facts/Continental_Europe/EXR4F23f">continental Europe</a> fizzle out as poor performance lead to their rejection until the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277"><sup>277</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1830</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Percussion_cap/kvj5E8ac">percussion cap</a> becomes the most widely accepted firing mechanism in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278"><sup>278</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1831</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/William_Bickford_(1774%25E2%2580%25931834)/9CL9N5hk">William Bickford</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Safety_fuse/2RCMqGws">safety fuse</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279"><sup>279</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1835</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Casimir_Lefaucheux/ILke9lGu">Casimir Lefaucheux</a> invents the first practical <a href="/facts/Breech-loading_weapon/bCzCKg7n">breech loading</a> firearm with a <a href="/facts/Cartridge_(firearms)/vjkWaDjM">cartridge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280"><sup>280</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1836</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Johann_Nicolaus_von_Dreyse/u8D0TfwG">Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Dreyse_needle_gun/UDXvm8n1">Dreyse needle gun</a>, a <a href="/facts/Breech-loading_weapon/bCzCKg7n">breech loading</a> rifle, increasing the rate of fire to six times that of muzzle loading weapons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281"><sup>281</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1837</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Edward_Alfred_Cowper/bR5g3pLG">Edward Alfred Cowper</a> uses gunpowder explosions as railway fog-signals to alert the locomotive crew of danger.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282"><sup>282</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1841</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Wei_Yuan/vK4p6JGm">Wei Yuan</a> recommends the incorporation of <a href="/facts/Flintlock/DQ2jMARj">flintlock</a> firearms into the <a href="/facts/Qing_dynasty/5j6r4p5m">Qing</a> army but <a href="/facts/Matchlock/2ppK74kP">matchlocks</a> continue to be used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283"><sup>283</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1845</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>Gong Zhenlin invents cast iron molds for the casting of iron cannons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284"><sup>284</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1849</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Claude-%25C3%2589tienne_Mini%25C3%25A9/UUa6VxRJ">Claude-Étienne Minié</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Mini%25C3%25A9_ball/c7bYIvLh">Minié ball</a> and makes the rifle a viable military firearm, ending the <a href="/facts/Smoothbore/T6z0unC3">smoothbore</a> <a href="/facts/Musket/YmnMv1F2">musket</a> era.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285"><sup>285</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1854</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>Rifles are deployed during the <a href="/facts/Crimean_War/v163wdr8">Crimean War</a> with resounding success, proving to be vastly superior to smoothbore muskets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286"><sup>286</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Volcanic_Repeating_Arms/oWa3Qfkr">Volcanic Repeating Arms</a> produces a rifle with a self-contained <a href="/facts/Cartridge_(firearms)/vjkWaDjM">cartridge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287"><sup>287</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1855</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Elswick_Ordnance_Company/BYK92B71">Elswick Ordnance Company</a> starts producing the <a href="/facts/Armstrong_Gun/AfHrv03M">Armstrong Gun</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288"><sup>288</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Edward_Boxer/avTXqWeE">Edward Boxer</a> uses <a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">rockets</a> for throwing life-lines to shipwrecked sailors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289"><sup>289</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1860</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Benjamin_Tyler_Henry/H1lACVjj">Benjamin Tyler Henry</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Henry_rifle/u6EkrHwL">Henry rifle</a>, the first reliable <a href="/facts/Repeating_rifle/BBq6ngot">repeating rifle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290"><sup>290</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1861</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Richard_Jordan_Gatling/SNd2NHNa">Richard Jordan Gatling</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Gatling_gun/JD7Shf7S">Gatling gun</a>, capable of firing 200 gunpowder cartridges in a minute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291"><sup>291</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1862</td><td></td><td>China</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Qing_dynasty/5j6r4p5m">Qing dynasty</a> starts production of <a href="/facts/Percussion_caps/kvj5E8ac">percussion caps</a> for <a href="/facts/Rifle/H3mJx7U4">rifles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292"><sup>292</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Li_Xiucheng/nT4pVs7U">Li Xiucheng</a> of the <a href="/facts/Taiping_rebellion/2jcD49yd">Taiping</a> army equips his army with foreign rifles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293"><sup>293</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1863</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Alfred_Nobel/D7zGMnJQ">Alfred Nobel</a> invents <a href="/facts/Dynamite/WQ06BcGK">dynamite</a>, the first stable explosive stronger than gunpowder.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294"><sup>294</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1864</td><td></td><td>China</td><td><a href="/facts/Li_Hongzhang/vYLYLtjp">Li Hongzhang</a> of the <a href="/facts/Qing_dynasty/5j6r4p5m">Qing dynasty</a> equips his army with 15,000 foreign rifles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295"><sup>295</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1873</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Winchester_Repeating_Arms_Company/1Q9CoMkM">Winchester Repeating Arms Company</a> introduces the Model 1873 <a href="/facts/Winchester_rifle/e5cjnLE0">Winchester rifle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296"><sup>296</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>West</td><td>In Europe cast iron molds are utilized in casting cannons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297"><sup>297</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1877</td><td>20 July – 10 December</td><td>West</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Siege_of_Plevna/XP7eB3n7">Siege of Plevna</a></i>: The first time metallic cartridge <a href="/facts/Repeating_rifle/BBq6ngot">repeating rifles</a> have a large impact in battle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298"><sup>298</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1880</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Smokeless_powder/BQfV4rcN">Smokeless powder</a> is invented and starts replacing <a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">gunpowder</a>, also known as black powder.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299"><sup>299</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1884</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/Hiram_Maxim/b35ANzMa">Hiram Maxim</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Maxim_gun/AxEg4LHp">Maxim gun</a>, the first single-barreled machine gun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300"><sup>300</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1886</td><td></td><td>West</td><td>A safer and more stable form of <a href="/facts/Smokeless_powder/BQfV4rcN">smokeless powder</a> is invented in France.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301"><sup>301</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1890</td><td></td><td>West</td><td><a href="/facts/European_countries/5cdVpyFM">European countries</a> transition to <a href="/facts/Smokeless_powder/BQfV4rcN">smokeless powder</a>, which is referred to as "<a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">gunpowder</a>", whereas the old mixture is known as "<a href="/facts/Black_powder/AEcB6HCR">black powder</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302"><sup>302</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="20th-century">20th century</h2> <p>Major developments: <a href="/facts/Smokeless_powder/BQfV4rcN">Smokeless powder</a> replaces traditional "black powder" across the globe, ending the gunpowder age. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Date</th><th>Region</th><th>Event</th></tr><tr><td>1902</td><td></td><td>Worldwide</td><td><a href="/facts/Smokeless_powder/BQfV4rcN">Smokeless powder</a> is adopted nearly everywhere in the world and "<a href="/facts/Black_powder/AEcB6HCR">black powder</a>" is relegated to hobbyist usage, ending the Gunpowder Age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303"><sup>303</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_gunpowder_age_in_Japan/l9FTSXIf">Timeline of the gunpowder age in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_gunpowder_age_in_Korea/l9FTSXIf">Timeline of the gunpowder age in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_gunpowder_age_in_South_Asia/l9FTSXIf">Timeline of the gunpowder age in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_gunpowder_age_in_Southeast_Asia/l9FTSXIf">Timeline of the gunpowder age in Southeast Asia</a></li></ul> <h2 id="citations">Citations</h2> <ul><li>Adle, Chahryar (2003), <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century</i></li> <li>Ágoston, Gábor (2008), <i>Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-60391-1</li> <li>Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010), <i>High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics</i>, Wiley-VCH</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tonio_Andrade/mWMR5pdQ">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2016), <i>The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-13597-7</li> <li>Arnold, Thomas (2001), <i>The Renaissance at War</i>, Cassell & Co, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-304-35270-5</li> <li>Benton, Captain James G. (1862). <i>A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery</i> (2 ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-57747-079-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li> <li>Brown, G. I. (1998), <a href="https://archive.org/details/bigbanghistoryof00brow"><i>The Big Bang: A History of Explosives</i></a>, Sutton Publishing, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7509-1878-0</li> <li>Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), <a href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/technology_and_culture/v049/49.3.bachrach.html">"Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History"</a>, <i>Technology and Culture</i>, 49 (3), Aldershot: Ashgate: 785–786, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.0.0051">10.1353/tech.0.0051</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7546-5259-9, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111173101">111173101</a></li> <li>Chase, Kenneth (2003), <i>Firearms: A Global History to 1700</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-82274-2</li> <li>Cocroft, Wayne (2000), <a href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/dangerous-energy/"><i>Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture</i></a>, Swindon: English Heritage, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85074-718-0</li> <li>Cowley, Robert (1993), <i>Experience of War</i>, Laurel</li> <li>Cressy, David (2013), <i>Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder</i>, Oxford University Press</li> <li>Crosby, Alfred W. (2002), <i>Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-79158-8</li> <li>Curtis, W. S. (2014), <i>Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective</i>, WeldenOwen</li> <li>Earl, Brian (1978), <i>Cornish Explosives</i>, Cornwall: The <a href="/facts/Trevithick_Society/rfA8EYVz">Trevithick Society</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-904040-13-5</li> <li>Easton, S. C. (1952), <i>Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes</i>, Basil Blackwell</li> <li>Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999), <a href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-43519-6</li> <li>Grant, R.G. (2011), <i>Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare</i>, DK Publishing</li> <li>Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the <a href="/facts/Geological_Society_of_America/N3AQ5drX">Geological Society of America</a> on 25 March 2004.</li> <li>Harding, Richard (1999), <i>Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650–1830</i>, UCL Press Limited</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ahmad_Y_Hassan/cYFVl5Sd">al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.</a> (2001), <a href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%202.htm">"Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources"</a>, <a href="http://www.history-science-technology.com"><i>History of Science and Technology in Islam</i></a></li> <li>Hobson, John M. (2004), <i>The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation</i>, Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Johnson, Norman Gardner. <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198577/explosive">"Explosive"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Chicago.</li> <li>Kelly, Jack (2004), <a href="https://archive.org/details/gunpowderalchemy00jack"><i>Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World</i></a>, Basic Books, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-465-03718-6</li> <li>Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols", <i>Journal of Asian History</i>, 30: 41–5</li> <li>Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), <i>Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India</i>, Oxford University Press</li> <li>Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008), <i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval India</i>, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8108-5503-8</li> <li>Kinard, Jeff (2007), <i>Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact</i></li> <li>Konstam, Angus (2002), <i>Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590</i>, Osprey Publisher Ltd.</li> <li>Liang, Jieming (2006), <i>Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity</i>, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 981-05-5380-3</li> <li>Lidin, Olaf G. (2002), <i>Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan</i>, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 8791114128</li> <li>Lorge, Peter (2005), <i>Warfare in China to 1600</i>, Routledge</li> <li>Lorge, Peter A. (2008), <i>The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-60954-8</li> <li>Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard", <i>Technology and Culture</i>, 29 (3): 594–605, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3105275">10.2307/3105275</a>, <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275">3105275</a></li> <li>McLachlan, Sean (2010), <i>Medieval Handgonnes</i></li> <li>McNeill, William Hardy (1992), <i>The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community</i>, University of Chicago Press</li> <li>Morillo, Stephen (2008), <i>War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500</i>, McGraw-Hill, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-07-052584-9</li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1980), <i>Science & Civilisation in China</i>, vol. 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-08573-X</li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Needham/lC1qJAuI">Needham, Joseph</a> (1986), <i>Science & Civilisation in China</i>, vol. V:7: <i>The Gunpowder Epic</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-30358-3</li> <li>Nicolle, David (1990), <i>The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane</i></li> <li>Nolan, Cathal J. (2006), <i>The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K</i>, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-313-33733-0</li> <li>Norris, John (2003), <i>Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600</i>, Marlborough: The Crowood Press</li> <li>Padmanabhan, Thanu (2019), <i>The Dawn of Science: Glimpses from History for the Curious Mind</i>, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019dsgh.book.....P">2019dsgh.book.....P</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/J._R._Partington/buCRdvax">Partington, J. R.</a> (1960), <i>A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder</i>, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons</li> <li>Partington, J. R. (1999), <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part"><i>A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder</i></a>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8018-5954-9</li> <li>Patrick, John Merton (1961), <i>Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries</i>, Utah State University Press</li> <li>Pauly, Roger (2004), <i>Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group</li> <li>Perrin, Noel (1979), <a href="https://archive.org/details/givingupgun00noel"><i>Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879</i></a>, Boston: David R. Godine, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-87923-773-2</li> <li>Petzal, David E. (2014), <i>The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition)</i>, WeldonOwen</li> <li>Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016), <i>The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850)</i>, Notion Press</li> <li>Purton, Peter (2010), <i>A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500</i>, Boydell Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84383-449-6</li> <li>Reid, Anthony (1993), <a href="https://archive.org/details/southeast-asia-in-the-age-of-commerce-1450-1680.-volume-2"><i>Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450-1680. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis</i></a>, New Haven and London: Yale University Press</li> <li>Robins, Benjamin (1742), <i>New Principles of Gunnery</i></li> <li>Romane, Julian (2020), <i>The First & Second Italian Wars 1494-1504</i></li> <li>Rose, Susan (2002), <i>Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500</i>, Routledge</li> <li>Roy, Kaushik (2015), <i>Warfare in Pre-British India</i>, Routledge</li> <li>Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", <i>Technikgeschichte</i> 44 (2): 153–173 (153–157)</li> <li>Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", <i>Technikgeschichte</i> 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228)</li> <li>Swope, Kenneth M. (2013), <i>The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (Asian States and Empires)</i>, Routledge</li> <li>Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006), <i>Viêt Nam Borderless Histories</i>, University of Wisconsin Press.</li> <li>Turnbull, Stephen (2003), <i>Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612–1639</i>, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-84176-478-7</li> <li>Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967), <i>Chemistry and Technology of Explosives</i>, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press</li> <li>Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008), <i>The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas</i>, Brill Academic Pub, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-16821-3</li> <li>Wagner, John A. (2006), <i>The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War</i>, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-313-32736-X</li> <li>Watson, Peter (2006), <i>Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud</i>, Harper Perennial (2006), <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-06-093564-2</li> <li>Willbanks, James H. (2004), <i>Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact</i>, ABC-CLIO, Inc.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Padmanabhan 2019, p. 59. - Padmanabhan, Thanu (2019), The Dawn of Science: Glimpses from History for the Curious Mind, Bibcode:2019dsgh.book.....P <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019dsgh.book.....P" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019dsgh.book.....P</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Romane 2020, p. 220. - Romane, Julian (2020), The First & Second Italian Wars 1494-1504 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Liang 2006, p. 74. - Liang, Jieming (2006), Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, ISBN 981-05-5380-3 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Needham 1986, pp. 113–114. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Needham 1986, p. 97. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Partington 1960, p. 286. - Partington, J. R. (1960), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lorge 2008, p. 32. - Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Lorge 2008, p. 32. - Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>天佑初，王茂章征安仁义于润州，洎城陷，中十余创，以功迁左先锋都尉。从攻豫章，（郑）璠以所部发机「飞火」，烧龙沙门，率壮士突火先登入城，焦灼被体，以功授检校司徒。(Rough Translation: During the beginning of Tianyou Era (904–907), Zheng Fan followed Wang Maozhang in a campaign against Runzhou, which was guarded by rebel An Renyi. He was severely injured in the process and as the result he was promoted to Junior General of Left Vanguard. At the campaign of Yuchang, he ordered his troops to shoot off a machine to let fire fly and burn the Longsha Gate, after which he led his troops over the fire and entered the city. His body was scorched, for which he was appointed Prime Minister Inspectorate.) Records of Nine Kingdoms ch. 2 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Andrade 2016, p. 31. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Needham 1986, p. 85. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Andrade 2016, p. 35. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Liang 2006. - Liang, Jieming (2006), Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, ISBN 981-05-5380-3 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Needham 1986, p. 148. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Needham 1986, p. 148. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Andrade 2016, p. 32. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Andrade 2016, p. 32. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Needham 1986, pp. 118–124. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Ebrey 1999, p. 138. - Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43519-6 <a href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Andrade 2016, p. 41. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Needham 1986, p. 154. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. 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(2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc. <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:281"><p>Willbanks 2004, p. 15. - Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc. <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:282"><p>Needham 1986, p. 544. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:283"><p>Needham 1986, p. 465. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:284"><p>Needham 1986, p. 412. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:285"><p>Willbanks 2004, p. 12. - Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc. <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:286"><p>Willbanks 2004, p. 12. - Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc. <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:287"><p>Willbanks 2004, p. 14. - Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc. <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:288"><p>Needham 1986, p. 334. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:288" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:289"><p>Needham 1986, p. 544. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:290"><p>Willbanks 2004, p. 17. - Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc. <a href="#fnref:290" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:291"><p>Chase 2003, p. 202. - Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82274-2 <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:292"><p>Needham 1986, p. 467. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:293"><p>Needham 1986, p. 466. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:293" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:294"><p>Needham 1986, p. 537. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:295"><p>Needham 1986, p. 466. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:296"><p>Willbanks 2004, p. 17. - Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc. <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:297"><p>Needham 1986, p. 412. - Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:298"><p>Willbanks 2004, p. 17. - Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc. <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:299"><p>Andrade 2016, p. 294. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:300"><p>Chase 2003, p. 202. - Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82274-2 <a href="#fnref:300" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:301"><p>Chase 2003, p. 202. - Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82274-2 <a href="#fnref:301" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:302"><p>Kelly 2004, p. 232. - Kelly, Jack (2004), Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-03718-6 <a href="https://archive.org/details/gunpowderalchemy00jack" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/gunpowderalchemy00jack</a> <a href="#fnref:302" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:303"><p>Andrade 2016, p. 294. - Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 <a href="#fnref:303" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>