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Sobornoye Ulozheniye
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<h2 id="the-causes-of-promulgation">The causes of promulgation</h2> <p>As the <a href="/facts/Time_of_Troubles/Fsy8WErd">Time of Troubles</a> ended, a new dynastic government, the <a href="/facts/House_of_Romanov/bcQ0S7jM">Romanovs</a>, commenced active law-making. An intensive growth in the number of edicts ("ukases") since the <a href="/facts/Sudebnik_of_1550/QUatESR0">Sudebnik of 1550</a> can be seen from the following data: </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Years</td><td>edicts</td></tr><tr><td>1550–1600</td><td>83</td></tr><tr><td>1601–1610</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>1611–1620</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>1621–1630</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>1631–1640</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>1641–1648</td><td>63</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the period of 1550-1610, only 100 edicts were issued, but in the years 1611-1648 the number of edicts was 348. In total there were 448 edicts. This led to the situation in the Russian state that many edicts were not only obsolete, but sometimes contradicted each other. </p><p>This chaos was contributed to by the scattering of normative acts throughout different state institutes (traditionally new edicts were made on demand of some <i><a href="/facts/Prikaz/dgAquQ7D">prikaz</a></i>, and after their promulgation were attached to an edict book of this <i>prikaz</i>). There was also an absence of coordination in law application: a new article in this book was often known only to the statesmen of the given prikaz. Also, the casual character of legal rules was becoming inefficient. The legislators now sought to regulate legal rules, that is, to pass on to a normative interpretation of legal rules. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Salt_Riot/ncd0acbU">Salt Riot</a>, which broke out in Moscow in 1648, also contributed to the promulgation of the <i>Sobornoye Ulozheniye</i>, one of the demands of the rioters being to call the <i><a href="/facts/Zemsky_Sobor/vPgR9PHx">Zemsky Sobor</a></i> and to make a new legal code. The riot was suppressed, but as one of the concessions to the rioters, the <a href="/facts/Tsar/qTE59C0T">tsar</a> called the Zemsky Sobor, which continued to work until the promulgation of <i>Sobornoye Ulozheniye</i> in 1649. </p> <h2 id="lawmaking">Lawmaking</h2> <p>A special committee headed by Prince Nikita Odoyevsky was created to draft the new legal code. Members of the committee included Prince Semyon Prozorovsky, an <i><a href="/facts/Okolnichy/zs1uGyca">okolnichy</a></i> prince (one of highest ranks of boyars in old Russia), <a href="/facts/Fyodor_Volkonsky/7oxsRXFu">Fyodor Volkonsky</a>, as well as the scribes Gavrila Leontyev and Fyodor Griboyedov. At that time, the practical job of the <i>Zemsky Sobor</i> began. </p><p>The <i>Zemsky Sobor</i> was intended to consider the bill of the <i>Ulozheniye</i>. It had many members, including representatives of <a href="/facts/Posad/k8FcpHgg">posad</a> people communities. The <i>Zemsky Sobor</i> consisted of two houses. The tsar, the <a href="/facts/Boyar_Duma/P4rT0zvG">Boyar Duma</a> and Consecrated Sobor comprised one house, and elected people of different ranks took part in sessions of another house. </p><p><a href="/facts/Deputy_(legislator)/wYugekx6">Deputies</a> of the <a href="/facts/Nobility/WLPIA8GT">nobility</a> and <i><a href="/facts/Posad/k8FcpHgg">posad</a></i> people had a major impact on the adoption of many of the norms of the <i>Ulozheniye</i>. On 29 January 1649, the drafting and editing of the <i>Ulozheniye</i> concluded. The original of this historical document is a <a href="/facts/Scroll/dcCV0rNQ">scroll</a> consisting of 959 narrow columns. At the end of the document are 315 signatures of Sobor members. The signatures of the scribes are located at the margins of the columns. Centuries later, during the reign of <a href="/facts/Catherine_II_of_Russia/FTVM1heM">Catherine II</a>, a silver ark was created to store this original scroll. At the present time, the original of the <i>Sobornoye Ulozheniye</i> is housed in the <a href="/facts/Kremlin_Armoury/fagKmHb2">Kremlin Armoury</a>. </p><p>Later, a copy of the scroll was transcribed in book format. From this book, the <i>Ulozheniye</i> was reprinted twice in 1649, with 1200 copies made each time. The <i>Sobornoye Ulozheniye</i> of 1649 is considered a new stage in the development of Russian jurisprudence. </p><p>All Sobor members endorsed handwritten copies of the <i>Ulozheniye</i> with their signatures, and these copies were then distributed to all state offices (<a href="/facts/Prikaz/dgAquQ7D">prikazes</a>) in <a href="/facts/Moscow/XUU6VkdY">Moscow</a> as a guide for policy and law. </p><p>Elected people sent their own amendments and additions to the <a href="/facts/Duma/P4rT0zvG">Duma</a> as <i>petitions of <a href="/facts/Zemstvo/7KDzvXjl">Zemstvo</a></i>. Some of these were enacted in cooperation with the elected officials, the Duma and the Tsar. </p><p><a href="/facts/Vasily_Klyuchevsky/p55azrAH">Vasily Klyuchevsky</a> singles out several technical stages at process of lawmaking of the <i>Ulozheniye</i>: </p> <ol><li>Codification — (work with sources, editing) by the committee headed by Prince Odoevskii.</li> <li>Conference — bringing up petition for discussion.</li> <li>Revision — revision and editing of bills by Duma and Tsar.</li> <li>Legislative decision — a common decision about one or another article of the <i>Ulozheniye</i>.</li> <li>Hand signing — signing of code of laws unanimously by members of the Sobor.</li></ol> <p>The <i>Sobornoye Ulozheniye</i> represents the first attempt by Russian legislators to form system of norms and classify them by <a href="/facts/List_of_areas_of_law/lu0Gtqa0">areas of law</a>. Significant attention was given to <a href="/facts/Procedural_law/cGcjQaXR">procedural law</a>. </p> <h2 id="sources-of-the-ulozheniye">Sources of the <i>Ulozheniye</i></h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Sources_of_law/JGMhF4zN">sources</a> of the <i>Sobornoye Ulozheniye</i> originated both from Russian and international <a href="/facts/Law/luzxWkg0">law</a>. </p> <ol><li>Books of orders of prikazes - from the moment of the appearance of a prikaz, the current law in the corresponding area of law was fixed in accordance with that prikaz</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sudebnik_of_1497/5pJj6hoR">Sudebnik of 1497</a> and <a href="/facts/Sudebnik_of_1550/QUatESR0">Sudebnik by Ivan IV</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Statutes_of_Lithuania/sLQVpdkt">Statutes of Lithuania</a> (1588) had been used as model (pattern) of <a href="/facts/Legal_technicality/3eI7Mwt1">legal technicality</a></li> <li>Petitions</li></ol> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050212121838/http://www.dur.ac.uk/~dml0www/1649code.html">Excerpts from The Code of Law of 1649</a></li> <li><a href="https://pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/1649-Ulj.htm">Full code of law of 1649 by Richard Hellie in English</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Also transliterated as Sobornoe Ulozhenie. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Freeze, Gregory L. (2009). Russia: A History. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-0-19-956041-7. <a href="978-0-19-956041-7" target="_blank">978-0-19-956041-7</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>