Tutankhamun

<h2 id="family">Family</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree/YhpjxVpR">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree</a>

Tutankhamun was born in the reign of <a href="/facts/Akhenaten/huu7JVtN">Akhenaten</a>, during the <a href="/facts/Amarna_Period/jfuG91UN">Amarna Period</a> of the late <a href="/facts/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt/aT7N6fPT">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a>. His original name was Tutankhaten or Tutankhuaten, meaning "living image of <a href="/facts/Aten/5V3PyCp1">Aten</a>",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> reflecting the shift in <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egyptian_religion/BFq9Blsw">ancient Egyptian religion</a> known as <a href="/facts/Atenism/A64uMdFq">Atenism</a> which characterized Akhenaten's reign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>

<h3>Parentage</h3>
His parentage is debated as they are not attested in surviving inscriptions. He was certainly a prince, as a fragmentary inscription from <a href="/facts/Hermopolis/9fJ8wxVJ">Hermopolis</a> refers to "Tutankhuaten" as a "king's son".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> He is generally thought to have been the son of Akhenaten<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> or his successor <a href="/facts/Smenkhkare/JBxJQtFk">Smenkhkare</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Inscriptions from Tutankhamun's reign treat him as a son of Akhenaten's father, <a href="/facts/Amenhotep_III/fJckzGAz">Amenhotep III</a>, but that is only possible if Akhenaten's 17-year reign included a long co-regency with his father,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> a possibility that many Egyptologists once supported but is now being abandoned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> His mother has been variously suggested to be Akhenaten's chief wife <a href="/facts/Nefertiti/fgAWVJXY">Nefertiti</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Amenhotep III's daughter <a href="/facts/Beketaten/EIIBNDlh">Beketaten</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> or Akhenaten's daughters <a href="/facts/Meritaten/No0dFlkP">Meritaten</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> or <a href="/facts/Meketaten/5XTaQgKy">Meketaten</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Tutankhamun was <a href="/facts/Wet_nurse/flWsTUpf">wet nursed</a> by a woman named <a href="/facts/Maia_(nurse)/mFQ2KuwI">Maia</a>, known from her tomb at Saqqara.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
DNA testing identified his father as the mummy from tomb <a href="/facts/KV55/QjvKwNRW">KV55</a>, thought to be <a href="/facts/Akhenaten/huu7JVtN">Akhenaten</a>, and his mother as "<a href="/facts/The_Younger_Lady/T0tW0jSq">The Younger Lady</a>", an anonymous mummy cached in tomb <a href="/facts/KV35/fMENawzr">KV35</a>. His parents were full siblings, both being children of Amenhotep III and his chief wife <a href="/facts/Tiye/ndEVcvmL">Tiye</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The identity of The Younger Lady is unknown but she cannot be Nefertiti, as she was not known to be a sister of Akhenaten.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> However, researchers such as <a href="/facts/Marc_Gabolde/se007J2V">Marc Gabolde</a> and <a href="/facts/Aidan_Dodson/NmLbaC4e">Aidan Dodson</a> claim that Nefertiti was indeed Tutankhamun's mother. In this interpretation of the DNA results, the genetic closeness is not due to a brother-sister pairing but the result of three generations of <a href="/facts/First-cousin_marriage/P0KTy1F7">first-cousin marriage</a>, making Nefertiti a first cousin of Akhenaten.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> The validity and reliability of the genetic data from mummified remains has been questioned due to possible degradation due to decay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

<h3>Children</h3>
When Tutankhaten became king, he married <a href="/facts/Ankhesenamun/KWQpA5fU">Ankhesenpaaten</a>, one of Akhenaten's daughters, who later changed her name to Ankhesenamun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> He fathered <a href="/facts/317a_and_317b_mummies/8WtotCxm">two daughters</a> who died at or soon after birth and were buried with him in his tomb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> <a href="/facts/X-ray_computed_tomography/NusPJ2S8">Computed tomography</a> studies published in 2011 revealed that one daughter was born prematurely at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other at full-term, 9 months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> DNA testing has suggested the anonymous mummy <a href="/facts/KV21/4NkP8m5N">KV21A</a> is their mother but the data is not statistically significant enough to allow her to be securely identified as his only known wife, Ankhesenamun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Tutankhamun's death marked the end of the royal bloodline of the Eighteenth Dynasty.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h3>Genealogy and population affinities</h3>
A genetic study, published in 2020, revealed Tutankhamun had the haplogroups <a href="/facts/YDNA/nBDd0Vlg">YDNA</a> <a href="/facts/Haplogroup_R1b/fAuhNQX7">R1b</a>, which originated in western Asia and which today makes up 50–60% of the genetic pool of modern Europeans, and <a href="/facts/MtDNA/goC0ex0X">mtDNA</a> <a href="/facts/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)/Jg1hffEe">K</a>, which originated in the Near East. He shares this Y-haplogroup with his father, the KV55 mummy (Akhenaten), and grandfather, Amenhotep III, and his mtDNA haplogroup with his mother, The Younger Lady, his grandmother, <a href="/facts/Tiye/ndEVcvmL">Tiye</a>, and his great-grandmother, <a href="/facts/Thuya/Pl1nEWQp">Thuya</a>. The profiles for Tutankhamun and Amenhotep III were incomplete and the analysis produced differing probability figures despite having concordant allele results. Because the relationships of these two mummies with the KV55 mummy had previously been confirmed in an earlier study, the haplogroup prediction of both mummies could be derived from the full profile of the KV55 data<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>
In 2022, S.O.Y. Keita analysed 8 <a href="/facts/STR_analysis/3MGSu7Lf">Short Tandem loci</a> (STR) data originally published by Hawass et al. in studies from 2010 and 2012. The first of these studies had investigated familial relationships among 11 royal mummies of the New Kingdom, which included Tutankhamun and Amenhotep III, as well as potential inherited disorders and infectious diseases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The second of these studies had investigated the Y-haplogroups and genetic kinship of Ramesses III and an unknown man buried along with him in the royal cache at Deir el Bahari.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Keita analysed the STR data from these studies using an algorithm that only has three choices: Eurasians, sub-Saharan Africans, and East Asians. Using these three options, Keita concluded that the majority of the samples had a population "affinity with '<a href="/facts/Sub-Sahara/p4u389aa">sub-Saharan</a>' Africans in one affinity analysis". However, Keita cautioned that this does not mean that the royal mummies "lacked other affiliations", which he argued had been obscured in typological thinking. Keita further added that different "data and algorithms might give different results", reflecting the complexity of biological heritage and the associated interpretation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h2 id="reign">Reign</h2>

Tutankhamun became <a href="/facts/Pharaoh/y0WMWYHK">pharaoh</a> between eight and nine years of age<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> following the short reigns of Akhenaten's successors Smenkhkare and <a href="/facts/Neferneferuaten/l89aA4nQ">Neferneferuaten</a>. It is uncertain whether Smenkhkare's reign outlasted Akhenaten's; the female ruler Neferneferuaten is now thought to have become co-regent shortly before Akhenaten's death and to have reigned for some time after it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> On acceding the throne, Tutankhamun took the <a href="/facts/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)/nvlFuxg1">throne name</a> Nebkheperure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> He reigned for about nine years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
During Tutankhamun's reign the position of <a href="/facts/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)/uNJpIJLf">Vizier</a> was split between <a href="/facts/Upper_Egypt/D5NeTQhE">Upper</a> and <a href="/facts/Lower_Egypt/Lfdnhy7B">Lower Egypt</a>. The principal vizier for Upper Egypt was <a href="/facts/Usermontu_(vizier)/aDb2pQWb">Usermontu</a>. Another figure named Pentju was also vizier but it is unclear of which lands. It is not entirely known if Ay, Tutankhamun's successor, actually held this position. A gold foil fragment from KV58 seems to indicate, but not certainly, that Ay was referred to as a Priest of <a href="/facts/Maat/8DgfvU8e">Maat</a> along with an epithet of "vizier, doer of maat." The epithet does not fit the usual description used by the regular vizier but might indicate an informal title. It might be that Ay used the title of vizier in an unprecedented manner.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
An Egyptian priest named <a href="/facts/Manetho/3TLqgvWT">Manetho</a> wrote a comprehensive history of ancient Egypt where he refers to a king named Orus, who ruled for 36 years and had a daughter named Acencheres who reigned twelve years and her brother Rathotis who ruled for only nine years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> The Amarna rulers are central in the list but which name corresponds with which historic figure is not agreed upon by researchers. Orus and Acencheres have been identified with Horemheb and Akhenaten and Rathotis with Tutankhamun. The names are also associated with <a href="/facts/Smenkhkare/JBxJQtFk">Smenkhkare</a>, <a href="/facts/Amenhotep_III/fJckzGAz">Amenhotep III</a>, Ay and the others in differing order.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>
In order for the pharaoh, who held divine office, to be linked to the people and the gods, special epithets were created for them at their accession to the throne. The <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary/2lLrtx58">ancient Egyptian titulary</a> also served to demonstrate one's qualities and link them to the terrestrial realm. The five names were developed over the centuries beginning with the <a href="/facts/Horus_name/Gzwt2WTx">Horus name</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Tutankhamun's<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> original <a href="/facts/Nomen_(Ancient_Egypt)/Nu5PF4XL">nomen</a>, Tutankhaten,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> did not have a <a href="/facts/Nebty_name/7JAkvmDm">Nebty name</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> or a <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary/2lLrtx58">Gold Falcon name</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> associated with it<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> as nothing has been found with the full five-name protocol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>

<h3>Religiopolitical countermand</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Atenism/A64uMdFq">Atenism</a>

At the beginning of Tutankhaten's reign, the royal court was still located at Amarna, and evidence from his tomb shows that the Aten was still acknowledged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> But several pieces of evidence suggest that his court was trying to reconcile Atenism with the traditional religion,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> and activity at Amarna decreased during the first four years of his reign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>
These years saw dramatic reversals of Akhenaten's policies, which, given the king's young age, must have been instigated by his advisors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> In the third year of Tutankhaten's reign, his name was changed to "Tutankhamun", and that of his queen to "Ankhesenamun".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> The Restoration Stela, which probably dates to Year 4 of Tutankhamun's reign, characterizes the Amarna Period as a time of disaster, saying "temples and the estates of the gods and goddesses from <a href="/facts/Elephantine/c2NhKogu">Elephantine</a> to the marshes of the <a href="/facts/Nile_Delta/ItjnDeVk">Delta</a> had fallen into ruin… If you asked a god for advice, he would not attend; and if one spoke to a goddess likewise she would not attend."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> The stela proclaims the rebuilding of the traditional cults;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> priests and other members of temple staffs were restored to their former positions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
Around this time, the royal court abandoned Amarna.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> Memphis became the main seat of royal administration,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> continuing a trend that dated back to Akhenaten's predecessors, toward administering the country from that central location rather than the more outlying site of Thebes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> With Amun restored as Egypt's preeminent deity, Thebes once again became its greatest center of religious activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>
Tutankhamun enriched and endowed the priestly orders of two important cults, initiated a restoration process for old monuments that were damaged during the <a href="/facts/Amarna_Period/jfuG91UN">Amarna Period</a>, and reburied his father's remains in the <a href="/facts/Valley_of_the_Kings/HSRFL5hP">Valley of the Kings</a>.
Given his age, the king probably had advisers which presumably included <a href="/facts/Ay_(pharaoh)/H6vArT0p">Ay</a> (who succeeded Tutankhamun) and General <a href="/facts/Horemheb/aX6AaKnY">Horemheb</a>, Ay's possible son in law and successor. Horemheb records that the king appointed him "lord of the land" as hereditary prince to maintain law. He also noted his ability to calm the young king when his temper flared.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>

In his third <a href="/facts/Regnal_year/oWsH35A9">regnal year</a> Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign. He ended the worship of the god Aten and restored the god <a href="/facts/Amun/e9HKGJJj">Amun</a> to supremacy. The ban on the cult of Amun was lifted and traditional privileges were restored to its priesthood. The capital was moved back to <a href="/facts/Thebes%2c_Egypt/SkdRYU22">Thebes</a> and the city of <a href="/facts/Akhetaten/InuDpBlV">Akhetaten</a> was abandoned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> As part of the restoration of the traditional cults, the king initiated building projects, in particular at <a href="/facts/Karnak/WereaCCV">Karnak</a> in Thebes, where he laid out the <a href="/facts/Sphinx/N3e9oV33">sphinx</a> avenue leading to the temple of <a href="/facts/Mut/PqwD0VHB">Mut</a>. The sphinxes were originally made for Akhenaten and Nefertiti; they were given new ram heads and small statues of the king.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> At Luxor temple he completed the decoration of the entrance colonnade of Amenhotep III.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> Tutankhamun made several endowments that enriched and added to the priestly numbers of the cults of Amun and <a href="/facts/Ptah/kbJojur9">Ptah</a>. He commissioned new statues of the deities from the best metals and stone and had new processional <a href="/facts/Barque/np4CEhBy">barques</a> made of the finest <a href="/facts/Cedar_of_Lebanon/cq6dWAWW">cedar from Lebanon</a> and had them embellished with gold and silver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>
A building called the Temple-of-Nebkheperure-Beloved-of-Amun-Who-Puts-Thebes-in-Order, which may be identical to a building called Temple-of-Nebkheperre-in-Thebes, a possible mortuary temple, used recycled <a href="/facts/Talatat/966uVCSn">talatat</a> from Akhenaten's east Karnak Aten temples indicating that the dismantling of these temples was already underway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> Many of Tutankhamun's construction projects were uncompleted at the time of his death and were completed by or usurped by his successors, especially Horemheb. The sphinx avenue was completed by his successor Ay and the whole was usurped by Horemheb. The Restoration Stele was usurped by Horemheb; pieces of the Temple-of-Nebkheperure-in-Thebes were recycled into Horemheb's own building projects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>

<h4>During-life deification</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_pharaohs_deified_during_lifetime/uupPCNUm">List of pharaohs deified during lifetime</a>
In ancient Egypt, pharaohs were venerated after their deaths through <a href="/facts/Mortuary_cult/Q7kDJ4eB">mortuary cults</a> and associated temples as <a href="/facts/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities/sxxCxK4M">deities</a>. This form of <a href="/facts/Apotheosis/67vWy7Uv">apotheosis</a> was typically reserved for deceased pharaohs, but Tutankhamun was one of the few pharaohs who was worshiped in this manner during his lifetime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> Temples of his cult were built as far away as in <a href="/facts/Kawa%2c_Egypt/tmbuRbeN">Kawa</a> and <a href="/facts/Faras/hcxU3sep">Faras</a> in <a href="/facts/Nubia/Hmc5JIHK">Nubia</a>. The title of the sister of the <a href="/facts/Viceroy_of_Kush/EN17dnnJ">Viceroy of Kush</a> included a reference to the deified king, indicative of the universality of his cult.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>

The <a href="/facts/Amenhotep_called_Huy/IXoTckaj">Stela of Huy</a> from Karnak Temple is also evidential of the <a href="/facts/List_of_pharaohs_deified_during_lifetime/uupPCNUm">lifetime deification of pharaoh Tutankhamun</a>. It contains a hymn directed to the deified form of Tutankhamun. Below is an English translation

<blockquote>
Give praises the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul/wU03bJh5">ka</a> of <a href="/facts/Amun/e9HKGJJj">Amun</a>, lord of Karnak homage to Amun, by whom swear the Two Lands
and ... to the royal ka of Tutankhamun:
that they may give a happy lifetime and a body, joyful, every day, to the ka of the royal son of Kush, the overseer of the countries of the south, Huy

</blockquote>
The hymn clearly regards Tutankhamun with equivalent divinity as the god <a href="/facts/Amun/e9HKGJJj">Amun</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a>

<h3>Military campaigns</h3>

The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten. Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms had been neglected, and Tutankhamun sought to restore them, in particular with the <a href="/facts/Mitanni/0RJetPUC">Mitanni</a>. Evidence of his success is suggested by the gifts from various countries found in his tomb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> Despite his efforts for improved relations, battles with <a href="/facts/Nubians/0aLIBCzj">Nubians</a> and <a href="/facts/Asiatics/Eeg20DwM">Asiatics</a> were recorded in his mortuary temple at Thebes, both victories for Egypt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> Also, as far as is known, Tutankhamun's military reign was undefeated, and is one of several other undefeated reigns in ancient Egypt's history.

<h4>Battle participation</h4>
The extent to which Tutankhamun participated in battles is an open question and has yet to reach consensus among researchers. On one hand, his tomb contained extensive military armament, such as bows, <a href="/facts/Khopesh/syN4hGVu">khopesh swords</a>, daggers, wristguards, maces, shields and a club, suggesting he had extensive weaponry training. Some imagery, while likely figurative, does depict Tutankhamun as directly participatory in warfare, such as the graphic battle depictions on the painted treasure chest in his tomb. Other artifacts, such as the Nine Bows footstool, walking sticks and sandals depicting enemies, and a gold leaf picture of him during chariot archery against enemies, also suggest that he was actively engaged in Egypt's international conflict.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> Egyptologist <a href="/facts/Bob_Brier/WfDSgL6C">Bob Brier</a> has argued leaning towards Tutankhamun being an actively participating warrior in his later years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>
On the other hand, given Tutankhamun's youth and hypothesized physical disabilities, like a speculated cane handicap, some historians are skeptical that he participated in these battles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> Yet some experts, such as biomedical egyptologist Sofia Aziz and other researchers have taken the position that the speculations of Tutankhamun's physical frailty are overestimated, arguing that mummy damage has led to misdiagnosis. Instead, they argue that the more rigorous, scientific view is that he was physically active, and perhaps militarily participatory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> Egyptologist <a href="/facts/Charlotte_Booth/pTbh1dcL">Charlotte Booth</a> states that Tutankhamun participated in at least two battles (one Nubian battle, and one Asiatic battle), nevertheless noting that other researchers suggest that he may have only accompanied the army to the battlefield for <a href="/facts/Moral_support/zQh93oB4">moral support</a>, as opposed to actively participating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>

<h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2>
<h3>Health</h3>

Details about Tutankhamun's health and early death are heavily debated. The most recent study suggests Tutankhamun had <a href="/facts/Avascular_necrosis/g2VIzfhx">bone necrosis</a> and a possible clubfoot, which may have rendered him dependent on assistive canes. This theory is disputed, as neither the canes nor his sandals show the kinds of the wear expected. He also had other health issues, including <a href="/facts/Scoliosis/SKpqX5lo">scoliosis</a>, and had contracted several strains of <a href="/facts/Malaria/rN3g58CX">malaria</a>. He likely died of complications from a broken leg, possibly compounded by malaria.
Tutankhamun was slight of build, and roughly 167 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> CT investigations of Tutankhamun's skull revealed an excellent condition of his dentition. He had large front <a href="/facts/Incisor/GSvkE9Tg">incisors</a> and an overbite characteristic of the <a href="/facts/Thutmosid/aT7N6fPT">Thutmosid</a> royal line to which he belonged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> Analysis of the clothing found in his tomb, particularly the dimensions of his loincloths and belts indicates that he had a narrow waist and rounded hips.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> In attempts to explain both his unusual depiction in art and his early death it has been theorised that Tutankhamun had <a href="/facts/Gynecomastia/8VkLDnGD">gynecomastia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> <a href="/facts/Marfan_syndrome/Ph9p7vla">Marfan syndrome</a>, Wilson–Turner <a href="/facts/X-linked_intellectual_disability/wW7XKQbx">X-linked intellectual disability</a> syndrome, Fröhlich syndrome (<a href="/facts/Adiposogenital_dystrophy/m9Ee5pJQ">adiposogenital dystrophy</a>), <a href="/facts/Klinefelter_syndrome/lT7Gw3qp">Klinefelter syndrome</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> <a href="/facts/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome/tq0REA35">androgen insensitivity syndrome</a>, <a href="/facts/Aromatase_excess_syndrome/dTUS7uUx">aromatase excess syndrome</a> in conjunction with sagittal <a href="/facts/Craniosynostosis/23ChzE4s">craniosynostosis</a> syndrome, <a href="/facts/Antley%25E2%2580%2593Bixler_syndrome/S2e45Enm">Antley–Bixler syndrome</a> or one of its variants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> It has also been suggested that he had inherited <a href="/facts/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy/PgztEb3B">temporal lobe epilepsy</a> in a bid to explain the religiosity of his great-grandfather <a href="/facts/Thutmose_IV/GB8daF2y">Thutmose IV</a> and father Akhenaten and their early deaths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> However, caution has been urged in this diagnosis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>
In January 2005 <a href="/facts/Tutankhamun%2527s_mummy/Hk3YLARF">Tutankhamun's mummy</a> was <a href="/facts/CT_scan/NusPJ2S8">CT scanned</a>. The results showed that the young king had a partially <a href="/facts/Cleft_lip_and_palate/CoLE8Wbu">cleft hard palate</a> and possibly a mild case of <a href="/facts/Scoliosis/SKpqX5lo">scoliosis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> Additionally, he was diagnosed with a <a href="/facts/Flat_feet/PQG7zsU9">flat</a> right foot with <a href="/facts/Hypophalangism/AfMDWBdh">hypophalangism</a>, while his left foot was <a href="/facts/Clubfoot/rhmxPQvv">clubbed</a> and had <a href="/facts/Avascular_necrosis/g2VIzfhx">bone necrosis</a> of the second and third <a href="/facts/Metatarsal_bone/5sPXvop2">metatarsals</a> (<a href="/facts/Freiberg_disease/ee02tPc7">Freiberg disease</a> or <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25B6hler_disease/gUyI5NhV">Köhler disease II</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> However, the clubfoot diagnosis is disputed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> James Gamble instead suggests that the position is a result of Tutankhamun habitually walking on the outside of his foot due to the pain caused by Köhler disease II;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> this theory has been refuted by members of Hawass' team.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> The condition may have forced Tutankhamun to walk with the use of a cane, many of which were found in his tomb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> However, none of them show the wear expected of essential aids; the wear on his sandals, where present, is also even on both feet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> The presence of such a number of sticks is not unexpected, as canes were a symbol of status in ancient Egypt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> <a href="/facts/Genetic_testing/H21wH0ze">Genetic testing</a> through <a href="/facts/STR_analysis/3MGSu7Lf">STR analysis</a> rejected the hypothesis of <a href="/facts/Gynecomastia/8VkLDnGD">gynecomastia</a> and <a href="/facts/Craniosynostosis/23ChzE4s">craniosynostoses</a> (e.g., Antley–Bixler syndrome) or <a href="/facts/Marfan_syndrome/Ph9p7vla">Marfan syndrome</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> Genetic testing for STEVOR, AMA1, or MSP1 genes specific for <a href="/facts/Plasmodium_falciparum/V8xzgHh0">Plasmodium falciparum</a> revealed indications of <a href="/facts/Malaria/rN3g58CX">malaria</a> tropica in four mummies, including Tutankhamun's.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> This is currently the oldest known genetic proof of the ailment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> The team discovered DNA from several strains of the parasite, indicating that he was repeatedly infected with the most severe strain of malaria. His malaria infections may have caused a fatal immune response in the body or triggered <a href="/facts/Shock_(circulatory)/aIKGDS0e">circulatory shock</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> The CT scan also showed that he had experienced a compound left leg fracture. This injury being the result of modern damage was ruled out based on the ragged edges of the fracture; modern damage features sharp edges. Embalming substances were present within the fracture indicating that it was associated with an open wound; no signs of healing were present.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a>

<h3>Facial appearance</h3>

The appearance of ancient Egyptians, especially Tutankhamun, has remained an area of inquiry and debate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> Multiple attempts have been made to reconstruct a computerized image of Tutankhamun's face. In 1983, <a href="/facts/Forensic_artist/b22C9mPT">forensic artist</a> <a href="/facts/Betty_Pat_Gatliff/fnJAMVwL">Betty Pat Gatliff</a>, alongside <a href="/facts/Forensic_anthropologist/KKEvw2AD">forensic anthropologist</a> <a href="/facts/Clyde_Snow/w9WbfF7P">Clyde Snow</a>, developed a reconstruction image of Tutankhamun's face from a plaster cast of his skull.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>
In 2005, an extensively <a href="/facts/News/BrNUWM1c">media-covered</a> study by the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Council_of_Antiquities/zXIg21Qy">Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities</a> and <a href="/facts/National_Geographic/vnuhsmYg">National Geographic</a> employed three different research teams (Egyptian, French, and American) to develop a facial image using <a href="/facts/CT_scans/NusPJ2S8">CT scans</a> of his skull. The Egyptian and French teams were informed that their subject was Tutankhamun, while the American team was not informed who the subject was, thereby working blindly. Results were generally similar, although the reconstruction did not resemble <a href="/facts/Effigy/LNHFTn6J">effigy</a> artifacts of Tutankhamun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> The depiction sparked controversy, particularly for its skin color, which also did not resemble painted effigies of Tutankhamun, such as the <a href="/facts/Head_of_Nefertem/btrzWSMV">Head of Nefertem</a> artifact or the <a href="/facts/Mannequin/BtdHjehu">mannequin</a> artifact.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> Throughout the years, the image's light-skinned representation has ignited numerous <a href="/facts/Picketing/UrsuhHN5">picketing</a> protests outside multiple Tutankhamun exhibits that included the depiction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> Terry Garcia, executive vice president for mission programs for National Geographic in response to protests purported that Tutankhamun's exact skin tone is unknown and that they aimed for a middle skin tone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a>
In 2007, amidst more exhibition protests, anthropologist <a href="/facts/Nina_Jablonski/JYSEbTvs">Nina Jablonski</a> addressed what an educated guess of Tutankhamun's skin tone might be:

<blockquote>"Our best guess is that he was neither lily white nor ebony black. He was probably somewhere in between... When we look at the representation of the Egyptian royalty on the walls of tombs, we see a range of sort of moderate, <a href="/facts/Fitzpatrick_scale/h3p3JBgh">tan-colored skin</a> on the royalty. This probably is a fairly close approximation of what skin color these people actually had."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a></blockquote>
In 2008, Egyptologist <a href="/facts/Stuart_Tyson_Smith/8UzRTyXy">Stuart Tyson Smith</a> criticized the skin-tone choice of the 2005 study, stating that the light skin tone was indicative of a bias, elaborating that ancient Egyptians were generally of darker skin tone, especially in more southern regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> In 2022, bioarcheologist Andrew Nelson used CT scans and the 3D bioimaging software, Dragonfly, to create a virtual model of Tutankhamun's face. The result was distinct from prior reconstructions from skull CT scans. Nelson stated that the skull anatomy guided the project which made for a more realistic reconstruction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> Nelson's study did not overlay a skin tone on the facial reconstruction. In 2023, researchers developed a new version of Tutankhamun's face using further <a href="/facts/CT_scans/NusPJ2S8">CT scans</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> Results greatly resembled the results of the CT scan reconstruction performed in 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> The skin tone was also akin to the skin tone chosen in the 2005 study.
Depictions of Tutankhamun deemed <a href="/facts/Afrocentrism/fzQvvhgl">Afrocentristic</a> have repeatedly generated protest and tension. In 2023, an exhibit titled “Kemet: Egypt in Hip-Hop, Jazz, Soul and Funk” at the <a href="/facts/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden/omo18bCT">Dutch National Museum of Antiquities</a> in <a href="/facts/Leiden%2c_Netherlands/rs70mHlG">Leiden, Netherlands</a> depicted a statue of rapper Nas's (1999) <a href="/facts/I_Am..._(Nas_album)/6xjWp7Yy">I Am...</a> album cover, which portrays Nas's face in the Mask of Tutankhamun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a> Egyptian antiquities expert Abd al-Rahim Rihan accused the exhibit administrators of promoting Afrocentric <a href="/facts/Pseudohistory/1Ct5rvBc">pseudohistory</a> by displaying the Tutankhamun mask with black facial features, indirectly advocating the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy/8YGqN8Q1">black Egyptian hypothesis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> Similarly, Ahmed Belal, an Egyptian member of parliament, accused the exhibit administrators of “distorting Egyptian identity” and “attacking Egyptian heritage and civilization.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> The exhibit administrators denied the accusations, stating that the exhibit takes a neutral position on the race of ancient Egyptians. Daniel Soliman, the exhibition curator, who himself is half-Egyptian, stated that some Egyptians feel an exclusive possession to the pharaonic heritage, while the African diaspora's artistic envisioned of ancient Egypt has been ignored.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> Museum director Wim Weijland stated that the exhibition is about art, not racially classifying ancient Egyptians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a>
Egyptian journalist, <a href="/facts/Shahira_Amin/NbbRHgCE">Shahira Amin</a>, in a 2023 article titled "Egyptians aren’t racist. They’re frustrated with Western appropriation of their ancient history", wrote that "many Egyptians shun their Africanness, preferring to associate themselves with the Middle East and identify as Muslims and Arabs".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a>

<h2 id="death">Death</h2>
There are no surviving records of the circumstances of Tutankhamun's death; it has been the subject of considerable debate and major studies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a>
Hawass and his team postulate that his death was likely the result of the combination of his multiple weakening disorders, a leg fracture, perhaps as the result of a fall, and a severe malarial infection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> However, Timmann and Meyer have argued that <a href="/facts/Sickle_cell_anemia/93LT7ATq">sickle cell anemia</a> better fits the pathologies exhibited by the king,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> a suggestion the Egyptian team has called "interesting and plausible".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a>
Murder by a blow to the head was hypothesised as a result of the 1968 x-ray which showed two bone fragments inside the skull.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> This hypothesis was then disproved by further analysis of the x-rays and the CT scan. The inter-cranial bone fragments were determined to be the result of the modern unwrapping of the mummy as they are loose and not adherent to the embalming resin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> No evidence of bone thinning or calcified membranes, which could be indicative of a fatal blow to the head, were found.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> It has also been suggested that the young king was killed in a chariot accident due to a pattern of crushing injuries, including the fact that the front part of his chest wall and ribs are missing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> However, the missing ribs are unlikely to be a result of an injury sustained at the time of death; photographs taken at the conclusion of Carter's excavation in 1926 show that the chest wall of the king was intact, still wearing a beaded collar with falcon-headed terminals. The absence of both the collar and chest wall was noted in the 1968 x-ray<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> and further confirmed by the CT scan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> It is likely that the front part of his chest was removed by robbers during the theft of the beaded collar;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> the intricate beaded skullcap the king was pictured wearing in 1926 was also missing by 1968.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a>

<h2 id="succession">Succession</h2>

Since the two children of Tutankhamun were either stillborn or did not survive long after birth, and Tutankhamun was presumably the last of the royal male siblings, there was no immediate <a href="/facts/Heir_apparent/XMlhNjEY">heir apparent</a> to assume the throne. Records in Horemheb's tomb state that Tutankhamun appointed him "lord of the land" as <a href="/facts/Iry-pat/4C3eaxNu">Iry-pat</a> (heir designate), which is essentially the <a href="/facts/Heir_presumptive/NPLIlCGB">designated hereditary prince</a> to maintain law. However, some have argued that queen Ankhesenamun may have been able to transfer kinship to a husband, but would have preferred to not marry someone of lesser status than royal queen status. Horemheb was a militaryman of peasant birth and was, as the military commander-in-chief, technically a servant of queen Ankhesenamun. The vizier <a href="/facts/Ay_(pharaoh)/H6vArT0p">Ay</a>, while of some royal blood, was an established vizier, and also technically a servant of queen Ankhesenamun. Ankhesenamun's assumed spousal preferences may have ignited a series of disruptions in the fulfillment of what some have argued may have been king Tutankhamun's preference on throne heirship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a>

<h3>Reign of vizier Ay</h3>
Seeking to resolve her spousal dilemma, Ankhesenamun may have inadvertently generated a predicament involving the Hittite king <a href="/facts/Suppiluliuma_I/3TlIlt4W">Suppiluliuma I</a> and his son, prince <a href="/facts/Zannanza/o7PcuSyp">Zannanza</a>, known as the <a href="/facts/%25C5%25A0uppiluliuma_I/3TlIlt4W">Zannanza affair</a>, although Ankhesenamun's identification as the Egyptian queen in question is not definite. Meanwhile, Tutankhamun's vizier may have maneuvered in the midst of Tutankhamun's death to intercept the throne, circumventing Horemheb's heirship, possibly marrying Ankhesenamun towards the onset of this Hittite-Egyptian negotiation period, unbeknownst to Hittites. The fact that Ay is depicted presiding over Tutankhamun's funeral, which is customary for the successor pharaoh, and the fact that Horemheb appears to have been absent at Tutankhamun's funeral aligns with this.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a>
The pharaoh Ay's reign was short and his death again appears to have left a vacancy in the throne with no royal bloodline heir because Ay is presumed to have not had children with queen Ankhesenamun. Toward the end of Ay's reign, Ay named his son, military <a href="/facts/Generalissimo/jq50eH5W">generalissimo</a> <a href="/facts/Nakhtmin/rW8cWMLl">Nakhtmin</a>, to be successor to the throne. However, Nakhtmin died before he could become pharaoh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a>

<h3>Horemheb Iry-pat fulfillment</h3>
Horemheb succeeded the throne as pharaoh after Ay's death. As pharaoh, Horemheb saw to it that the restoration of the traditional ancient Egyptian religion that Tutankhamun was previously spearheading was completed, restabilizing the nation. Notably, during the standard <a href="/facts/Damnatio_memoriae/Y94fVfyk">damnatio memoriae</a> process that each new Egyptian pharaoh undertakes, Horemheb defaced Ay's tomb, but left Tutankhamun's untouched, presumably out of respect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a>
In due course, Horemheb had selected then civilian military officer, <a href="/facts/Ramesses_I/MDdphJ6o">Ramesses I</a>, as heir to the throne. Ramesses I's grandson, <a href="/facts/Ramesses_II/xfRGwfTu">Ramesses II</a>, would go on to found the Ramesside dynasty and become the greatest pharaoh of ancient Egypt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> This initiated a new royal bloodline, replacing the royal bloodline that ended with the death of Tutankhamun.

<h2 id="tomb">Tomb</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Tomb_of_Tutankhamun/yrjwxEv3">Tomb of Tutankhamun</a>

Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb that was unusually small considering his status. His death may have occurred unexpectedly, before the completion of a grander royal tomb, causing <a href="/facts/Tutankhamun%2527s_mummy/Hk3YLARF">his mummy</a> to be buried in a tomb intended for someone else. This would preserve the observance of the customary 70 days between death and burial.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> His tomb was robbed at least twice in antiquity, but based on the items taken (including perishable oils and perfumes) and the evidence of restoration of the tomb after the intrusions, these robberies likely took place within several months at most of the initial burial. The location of the tomb was lost because it had come to be buried by debris from subsequent tombs, and workers' houses were built over the tomb entrance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a>

<h3>Rediscovery</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Discovery_of_the_tomb_of_Tutankhamun/U9CQz1gU">Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun</a>

The concession rights for excavating the Valley of the Kings was held by <a href="/facts/Theodore_M._Davis/DIbFzfxK">Theodore Davis</a> from 1905 until 1914. In that time, he had unearthed ten tombs including the nearly intact but non-royal tomb of <a href="/facts/Tiye/ndEVcvmL">Queen Tiye's</a> parents, <a href="/facts/Yuya/6dEU7RDR">Yuya</a> and <a href="/facts/Thuya/Pl1nEWQp">Thuya</a>. As he continued working there in the later years, he uncovered nothing of major significance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> Davis did find several objects in <a href="/facts/KV58/7cmNwarA">KV58</a> referring to Tutankhamun, which included knobs and handles bearing his name most significantly the embalming cache of the king (<a href="/facts/KV54/BxXVhXuB">KV54</a>). He believed this to be the pharaoh's lost tomb and published his findings as such with the line; "I fear the Valley of the Tombs is exhausted".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> In 1907, <a href="/facts/Howard_Carter/Ee4z4GuM">Howard Carter</a> was invited by William Garstin and <a href="/facts/Gaston_Maspero/0A0NKoB2">Gaston Maspero</a> to excavate for <a href="/facts/George_Herbert%2c_5th_Earl_of_Carnarvon/GLL5rG1e">George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon</a> in the Valley. The Earl of Carnarvon and Carter had hoped this would lead to their gaining the concession when Davis gave it up but had to be satisfied with excavations in different parts of the <a href="/facts/Theban_Necropolis/gcBs1s1o">Theban Necropolis</a> for seven more years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a>
After a systematic search beginning in 1915, Carter discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> An ancient stroke of luck allowed the tomb to survive to modern times. The tomb's entrance was buried by mounds of debris from the cutting of <a href="/facts/KV9/o7d90tFI">KV9</a> over 150 years after Tutankhamun's burial; ancient workmen's huts were also built on the site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> This area remained unexcavated until 1922 due to its proximity to KV9, as excavations would impede tourist access to that tomb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> Carter commenced excavations in early November 1922, before the height of the tourist season.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> The first step of the tomb's entrance staircase was uncovered on 4 November 1922. According to Carter's account the workmen discovered the step while digging beneath the remains of the huts; other accounts attribute the discovery to a boy digging outside the assigned work area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a>
By February 1923 the antechamber had been cleared of everything but two sentinel statues. A day and time were selected to unseal the tomb with about twenty appointed witnesses that included Lord Carnarvon, several Egyptian officials, museum representatives and the staff of the Government Press Bureau. On 17 February 1923 at just after two o'clock, the seal was broken.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a>
Letters published in 2022 of correspondence between <a href="/facts/Rex_Engelbach/zCotyMD8">Rex Engelbach</a> and <a href="/facts/Alan_Gardiner/U2mbEGyS">Alan Gardiner</a>, reveal that Howard Carter had stolen objects from the tomb, such as a 'whm amulet', before the tomb was officially opened. Rex Engelbach said in a letter to Gardiner about a 'whm amulet' gifted to Gardiner from Carter that "The whm amulet you showed me has been undoubtedly stolen from the tomb of Tutankhamun."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a>

<h3>Contents</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Mask_of_Tutankhamun/x635FP0Y">Mask of Tutankhamun</a>

Tutankhamun's tomb is the only royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings found in near-intact condition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> There were 5,398 items found in the tomb, including a solid gold coffin, <a href="/facts/Mask_of_Tutankhamun/x635FP0Y">face mask</a>, thrones, archery bows, <a href="/facts/Tutankhamun%2527s_trumpets/aTxKQ372">trumpets</a>, a <a href="/facts/Lotus_chalice/p3Ucnml1">lotus chalice</a>, two <a href="/facts/Imiut_fetish/yvYXEoxw">Imiut fetishes</a>, <a href="/facts/Egyptian_Finger_and_Toe_stalls/4JL6UqSd">gold toe stalls</a>, furniture, food, wine, sandals, and fresh linen underwear. Howard Carter took 10 years to catalog the items.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a> Recent analysis suggests <a href="/facts/Tutankhamun%2527s_meteoric_iron_dagger/r60lgEB2">a dagger recovered from the tomb</a> had an iron blade made from a <a href="/facts/Meteorite/NsmHlBlX">meteorite</a>; study of artifacts of the time including other artifacts from Tutankhamun's tomb could provide valuable insights into metalworking technologies around the Mediterranean at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> Complete study of the iron artefacts from the tomb (besides the blade of a richly decorated golden dagger, small iron chisel blades set into wooden handles, an Eye of Horus amulet, and a miniature headrest) demonstrated that all were made of similar material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> Only in 2022, a complex technological and material study of the Tutankhamun's mask was published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> Many of Tutankhamun's burial goods show signs of being adapted for his use after being originally made for earlier owners, probably Smenkhkare or Neferneferuaten or both.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a>
On 4 November 2007, 85 years to the day after Carter's discovery, Tutankhamun's mummy was placed on display in his underground tomb at <a href="/facts/Luxor/MCPzpXAH">Luxor</a>, when the linen-wrapped mummy was removed from its golden sarcophagus to a climate-controlled glass box. The case was designed to prevent the heightened rate of decomposition caused by the humidity and warmth from tourists visiting the tomb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a> In 2009, the tomb was closed for restoration by the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Antiquities_(Egypt)/oBXnJyhQ">Ministry of Antiquities</a> and the Getty Conservation Institute. While the closure was originally planned for five years to restore the walls affected by humidity, the <a href="/facts/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011/gnr0mnJe">Egyptian revolution of 2011</a> set the project back. The tomb re-opened in February 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a>

<h3>Rumoured curse</h3>

For many years, rumors of a "<a href="/facts/Curse_of_the_pharaohs/eeU0J0Ak">curse of the pharaohs</a>" (probably fueled by newspapers seeking sales at the time of the discovery<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a>) persisted, emphasizing the early death of some of those who had entered the tomb. The most prominent was <a href="/facts/George_Herbert%2c_5th_Earl_of_Carnarvon/GLL5rG1e">George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon</a>, who died on 5 April 1923, five months after the discovery of the first step leading down to the tomb on 4 November 1922.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a>
The cause of Carnarvon's death was pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas (a streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a> The Earl had been in an automobile accident in 1901 making him very unhealthy and frail. His doctor recommended a warmer climate so in 1903 the Carnarvons traveled to Egypt where the Earl became interested in Egyptology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> Along with the stresses of the excavation, Carnarvon was already in a weakened state when an infection led to pneumonia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a>
A study showed that of the 58 people who were present when the tomb and <a href="/facts/Sarcophagus/7gt0eaA9">sarcophagus</a> were opened, only eight died within a dozen years;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> Howard Carter died of <a href="/facts/Lymphoma/418wcMEl">lymphoma</a> in 1939 at the age of 64.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> The last survivors included <a href="/facts/Lady_Evelyn_Herbert/IPzWMEeP">Lady Evelyn Herbert</a>, <a href="/facts/George_Herbert%2c_5th_Earl_of_Carnarvon/GLL5rG1e">Lord Carnarvon</a>'s daughter who was among the first people to enter the tomb after its discovery in November 1922, who lived for a further 57 years and died in 1980,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a> and American archaeologist <a href="/facts/J.O._Kinnaman/7sHb37Aw">J.O. Kinnaman</a> who died in 1961, 39 years after the event.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a>

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>

Tutankhamun's fame is primarily the result of his well-preserved tomb and the global exhibitions of his associated artifacts. As <a href="/facts/Jon_Manchip_White/uU4QLGfn">Jon Manchip White</a> writes, in his foreword to the 1977 edition of Carter's The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, "The pharaoh who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's Pharaohs has become in death the most renowned".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>
The discoveries in the tomb were prominent news in the 1920s. Tutankhamen came to be called by a modern <a href="/facts/Neologism/vlq6w82X">neologism</a>, "King Tut". Ancient Egyptian references became common in popular culture, including <a href="/facts/Tin_Pan_Alley/QbltdLVz">Tin Pan Alley</a> songs; the most popular of the latter was "Old King Tut" by <a href="/facts/Harry_Von_Tilzer/A8QMaALu">Harry Von Tilzer</a> from 1923,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> which was recorded by such prominent artists of the time as <a href="/facts/The_Happiness_Boys/0nvFxuPf">Jones & Hare</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> and <a href="/facts/Sophie_Tucker/zqCv3cwK">Sophie Tucker</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> "King Tut" became the name of products, businesses, and the <a href="/facts/United_States_presidential_pets/RgIdJ4og">pet dog</a> of U.S. President <a href="/facts/Herbert_Hoover/9vdabkqa">Herbert Hoover</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a> While <a href="/facts/The_Treasures_of_Tutankhamun/hME6KzUa">The Treasures of Tutankhamun</a> exhibit was touring the United States in 1978, comedian <a href="/facts/Steve_Martin/oIVUvuq3">Steve Martin</a> wrote a novelty song "<a href="/facts/King_Tut_(song)/2j65SfKP">King Tut</a>". Originally performed on <a href="/facts/Saturday_Night_Live/LM8etPx8">Saturday Night Live</a>, the song was released as a single and sold over a million copies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> In 2023, an extinct whale discovered in the <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a> deposits of Egypt was named <a href="/facts/Tutcetus/zvuVcFGC">Tutcetus</a>, after Tutankhamun, due to the small size and immature age of the type specimen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a>

<h3>International exhibitions</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Exhibitions_of_artifacts_from_the_tomb_of_Tutankhamun/hME6KzUa">Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun</a>

Tutankhamun's artifacts have traveled the world with unprecedented visitorship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a> The exhibitions began in 1962 when <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a> won its <a href="/facts/Independence_Day_(Algeria)/616UB54B">independence</a> from <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>. With the ending of that conflict, the <a href="/facts/Louvre_Museum/wtUVdNUF">Louvre Museum</a> in Paris was quickly able to arrange an exhibition of Tutankhamun's treasures through <a href="/facts/Christiane_Desroches_Noblecourt/gwmbru0v">Christiane Desroches Noblecourt</a>. The French Egyptologist was already in Egypt as part of a <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> appointment. The French exhibit drew 1.2 million visitors. Noblecourt had also convinced the Egyptian Minister of Culture to allow British photographer <a href="/facts/George_Rainbird/mP7vDw45">George Rainbird</a> to re-photograph the collection in color. The new color photos as well as the Louvre exhibition began a Tutankhamun revival.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a>
In 1965, the Tutankhamun exhibit traveled to <a href="/facts/Tokyo_National_Museum/G4YnawbE">Tokyo National Museum</a> in <a href="/facts/Tokyo%2c_Japan/LttKYU40">Tokyo, Japan</a> (21 August–10 October)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> where it garnered more visitors than the future New York exhibit in 1979. The exhibit next moved to the <a href="/facts/Kyoto_Municipal_Museum_of_Art/MGgQjA09">Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art</a> in Kyoto (15 October–28 November)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> with almost 1.75 million visitors, and then to the <a href="/facts/Fukuoka_Prefectural_Museum_of_Art/2qXgPnGc">Fukuoka Prefectural Cultural Hall</a> in Fukuoka (3 December–26 December).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> The blockbuster attraction exceeded all other exhibitions of Tutankhamun's treasures for the next 60 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a> <a href="/facts/The_Treasures_of_Tutankhamun/hME6KzUa">The Treasures of Tutankhamun</a> tour ran from 1972 to 1979. This exhibition was first shown in London at the <a href="/facts/British_Museum/mq5LadWV">British Museum</a> from 30 March until 30 September 1972. More than 1.6 million visitors saw the exhibition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> The exhibition moved on to many other countries, including the United States, Soviet Union, Japan, France, Canada, and West Germany. <a href="/facts/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art/mLfcKgHF">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> organized the U.S. exhibition, which ran from 17 November 1976 through 15 April 1979. More than eight million attended.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> The showing in the United States was part of a diplomatic effort begun by <a href="/facts/Henry_Kissinger/Rm47wrAY">Henry Kissinger</a> to further convince Americans of the value of Egypt as an ally. It traveled first to Washington D.C., then Chicago, New Orleans, Los Angeles, and Seattle, and finished in New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a>
In 2005, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, in partnership with Arts and Exhibitions International and the National Geographic Society, launched a tour of Tutankhamun treasures and other 18th Dynasty funerary objects, this time called <a href="/facts/Tutankhamun_and_the_Golden_Age_of_the_Pharaohs/hME6KzUa">Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs</a>. It featured the same exhibits as Tutankhamen: The Golden Hereafter in a slightly different format. It was expected to draw more than three million people but exceeded that with almost four million people attending just the first four tour stops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a> The exhibition started in Los Angeles, then moved to <a href="/facts/Fort_Lauderdale%2c_Florida/b7BkS7KM">Fort Lauderdale</a>, Chicago, <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a> and London before finally returning to Egypt in August 2008. An encore of the exhibition in the United States ran at the <a href="/facts/Dallas_Museum_of_Art/845erYYm">Dallas Museum of Art</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> After Dallas the exhibition moved to the <a href="/facts/De_Young_Museum/BsHNsH6g">de Young Museum</a> in San Francisco, followed by the <a href="/facts/Discovery_Times_Square_Exposition/g0WYVhAM">Discovery Times Square Exposition</a> in New York City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a>

The exhibition visited Australia for the first time, opening at the Melbourne Museum for its only Australian stop before Egypt's treasures returned to Cairo in December 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a>
The exhibition included 80 exhibits from the reigns of Tutankhamun's immediate predecessors in the 18th Dynasty, such as <a href="/facts/Hatshepsut/rNekT72F">Hatshepsut</a>, whose trade policies greatly increased the wealth of that dynasty and enabled the lavish wealth of Tutankhamun's burial artifacts, as well as 50 from Tutankhamun's tomb. The exhibition did not include the gold mask that was a feature of the 1972–1979 tour, as the Egyptian government has decided that damage which occurred to previous artifacts on tours precludes this one from joining them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a>
In 2018, it was announced that the largest collection of Tutankhamun artifacts, amounting to forty percent of the entire collection, would be leaving Egypt again in 2019 for an international tour entitled; "King Tut: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a> The 2019–2022 tour began with an exhibit called; "Tutankhamun, Pharaoh's Treasures," which launched in Los Angeles and then traveled to Paris. The exhibit featured at the <a href="/facts/Grande_Halle_de_la_Villette/lK1PXPVq">Grande Halle de la Villette</a> in Paris ran from March to September 2019. The exhibit featured one hundred and fifty gold coins, along with various pieces of jewelry, sculpture and carvings, as well as the gold mask of Tutankhamun. Promotion of the exhibit filled the streets of Paris with posters of the event. The exhibit moved to London in November 2019 and was scheduled to travel to Boston and Sydney when the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">COVID-19 pandemic</a> interrupted the tour. On 28 August 2020 the artifacts that made up the temporary exhibition returned to the <a href="/facts/Egyptian_Museum/2xg6CWxL">Egyptian Museum</a>, Cairo, and other institutions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a> The treasures will be permanently housed in the new <a href="/facts/Grand_Egyptian_Museum/IYs4WGld">Grand Egyptian Museum</a> in Cairo, expected to open between October 2023 and February 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a>

<h2 id="family-tree">Family tree</h2>
<table><tbody><tr><th><ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul>Tutankhamun ascending family history</th></tr><tr><td>Based on genetic testing and archeological evidence<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Thutmose_IV/GB8daF2y">Thutmose IV</a> ♂</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mutemwiya/5RCTcrBu">Mutemwiya</a> ♀</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tjuyu/Pl1nEWQp">Tjuyu</a> ♀<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Yuya/6dEU7RDR">Yuya</a> ♂<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Amenhotep_III/fJckzGAz">Amenhotep III</a> ♂<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tiye/ndEVcvmL">Tiye</a> ♀<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a>Body identified as KV35EL</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nefertiti/fgAWVJXY">Nefertiti</a> ♀</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Akhenaten/huu7JVtN">Akhenaten</a> ♂<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a>Body identified in KV55</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/The_Younger_Lady/T0tW0jSq">The Younger Lady</a> ♀<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a>Body identified as KV35YLPossibly Nebetah or Beketaten</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ankhesenamun/KWQpA5fU">Ankhesenamun</a> ♀Body believed to be KV21A</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Tutankhamun ♂<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/317a_and_317b_mummies/8WtotCxm"> Child 1</a> ♀</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/317a_and_317b_mummies/8WtotCxm"> Child 2</a> ♀</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th>Explanatory notes and reference sources</th></tr><tr><td>Notes:</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Anubis_Shrine/9Kkqmshz">Anubis Shrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Head_of_Nefertem/btrzWSMV">Head of Nefertem</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tutankhamun%2527s_mummy/Hk3YLARF">Tutankhamun's mummy</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tutankhamun%2527s_meteoric_iron_dagger/r60lgEB2">Tutankhamun's meteoric iron dagger</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tutankhamun%2527s_trumpets/aTxKQ372">Tutankhamun's trumpets</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fu_Hao/YfxQ9uLS">Fu Hao</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tomb_of_Fu_Hao/kWvH0oQD">Tomb of Fu Hao</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="citations">Citations</h2>

<ul><li>Arnold, Dorothea; Metropolitan Museum of Art Staff; Green, L.; Allen, James P. (1996). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGLFwVkljQMC&pg=PA115">The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87099-816-4. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35292712">35292712</a>.</li>
<li>Baker, Rosalie F.; Baker, Charles F. (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gw5prEJQq10C">Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-512221-3.</li>
<li>Barclay, John M.G. (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXmmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary, Volume 10: Against Apion</a>. BRILL. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-474-0405-7.</li>
<li>Booysen, Riaan (2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WY-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT188">Thera and the Exodus: The Exodus Explained in Terms of Natural Phenomena and the Human Response to It</a>. John Hunt Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-78099-450-5.</li>
<li>Brand, Peter Peter James; Cooper, Louise (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jXEj4dnhvKMC">Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane</a>. BRILL. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-17644-7. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318869912">318869912</a>.</li>
<li>Braun, David (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4-b4xc9X5cC&pg=PA221">National Geographic Tales of the Weird: Unbelievable True Stories</a>. National Geographic Society. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4262-0965-9.</li>
<li>Bommas, Martin (2024). Tutankhamun: A Biography. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-04-013162-6.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Charlotte_Booth/pTbh1dcL">Booth, Charlotte</a> (2007). The Boy Behind the Mask: Meeting the Real Tutankhamun. Oneworld. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85168-544-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191804020">191804020</a>.</li>
<li>Chyla, Julia; Rosińska-Balik, Karolina; Debowska-Ludwin, Joanna (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6u4mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">Current Research in Egyptology 17</a>. Oxbow Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-78570-603-5. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029884966">1029884966</a>.</li>
<li>Clayton, Peter A. (2006). Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. <a href="/facts/Thames_%2526_Hudson/lqgkao43">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-500-28628-9. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869729880">869729880</a>.</li>
<li>Collier, Mark; Manley, Bill (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aroQ0Zrl8J4C&pg=PA28">How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-step Guide to Teach Yourself</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-23949-4. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/705578614">705578614</a>.</li>
<li>Cooney, Kathlyn M.; Jasnow, Richard (2015). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdPDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219">Joyful in Thebes: Egyptological Studies in Honor of Betsy M. Bryan</a>. Lockwood Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-937040-41-3. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/960643348">960643348</a>.</li>
<li>Cooney, Kara (30 October 2018). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmdDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA361">When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt</a>. National Geographic Society. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4262-1978-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100619021">1100619021</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/John_Coleman_Darnell/4Jsdqfkp">Darnell, John Coleman</a>; <a href="/facts/Colleen_Darnell/uGqF6j8R">Manassa, Colleen</a> (3 August 2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MvtJ2LbKgwC&pg=PA49">Tutankhamun's Armies: Battle and Conquest During Ancient Egypt's Late Eighteenth Dynasty</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-471-74358-3.</li>
<li>Dodson, Aidan (2009). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043">Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation</a>. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-61797-050-4. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055144573">1055144573</a>.</li>
<li>Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). <a href="https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_f9x1/page/149/mode/1up">The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</a> (2010 paperback ed.). Thames & Hudson. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-500-28857-3.</li>
<li>Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cuBCgAAQBAJ">The Unknown Tutankhamun</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4725-7563-0. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1049775714">1049775714</a>.</li>
<li>Gabolde, Marc (2000). D'Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon. Université Lumière-Lyon 2, Institut d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'antiquité. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9782911971020. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607262790">607262790</a>.</li>
<li>Gad, Yehia; Ismail, Somaia; Fathalla, Dina; Khairat, Rabab; Fares, Suzan; Gad, Ahmed Zakaria; Saad, Rama; Moustafa, Amal; ElShahat, Eslam; Mandil, Naglaa; Fateen, Mohamed; Elleithy, Hisham; Wasef, Sally; Zink, Albert; Hawass, Zahi; Pusch, Carsten (2020). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353306320">"Maternal and paternal lineages in King Tutankhamun's family"</a>. Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of Zahi Hawass. Czech Institute of Egyptology. pp. 1–23. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</li>
<li>Gilbert, Katherine Stoddert; Holt, Joan K.; Hudson, Sara, eds. (1976). <a href="https://archive.org/details/treasuresoftutan00edwa">Treasures of Tutankhamun</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art/mLfcKgHF">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87099-156-1. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865140073">865140073</a>.</li>
<li>Gundlach, Rolf; Taylor, John H. (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onOdlJZZik0C&pg=PA160">4. Symposium Zur Ägyptischen Königsideologie</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-447-05888-9. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500749022">500749022</a>.</li>
<li>Fritze, Ronald H. (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkSkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240">Egyptomania: A History of Fascination, Obsession and Fantasy</a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-78023-685-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1010951566">1010951566</a>.</li>
<li>Hawass, Zahi; et al. (17 February 2010). <a href="http://www.leben-in-luxor.de/docs/Hawass_Ancestry_and_Pathology_joc05008_638_647.pdf">"Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/JAMA_(journal)/8BwJRDYa">The Journal of the American Medical Association</a>. 303 (7): 638–647. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2010.121">10.1001/jama.2010.121</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20159872">20159872</a>. Retrieved 27 August 2019.</li>
<li>Hawass, Zahi (2004). <a href="https://archive.org/details/goldenageoftutan0000hawa">The Golden Age of Tutankhamun</a>. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/goldenageoftutan0000hawa/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-977-424-836-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56358390">56358390</a>.</li>
<li>Hawass, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b4N9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-977-416-673-0. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078493215">1078493215</a>.</li>
<li>Hawass, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar (2011). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51736893">"Mummified Daughters of King Tutankhamun: Archeologic and CT Studies"</a>. American Journal of Roentgenology. 197 (5): W829 – W836. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2214%2FAJR.11.6837">10.2214/AJR.11.6837</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-803X">0361-803X</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22021529">22021529</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Erik_Hornung/UxVr7fVn">Hornung, Erik</a> (1999) [1995]. Akhenaten and the Religion of Light. Cornell University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8014-8725-5.</li>
<li>Ikram, Salima (2022). "The Most Famous Mummy of All is Nebkheperure Tutankhamen's". KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt. 33 (2): 10–21.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/T._G._H._James/VlEShTC5">James, T. G. H.</a> (2000). Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun, Second Edition. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-86064-615-7.</li>
<li>Kozma, Chahira (2008). "Skeletal dysplasia in ancient Egypt". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 146A (23): 3104–3112. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.32501">10.1002/ajmg.a.32501</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825">1552-4825</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19006207">19006207</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20360474">20360474</a>.</li>
<li>Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1H3JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206">The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary</a>. SBL Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-58983-736-2.</li>
<li>Mackowiak, Philip A. (2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bodAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP17">Diagnosing Giants: Solving the Medical Mysteries of Thirteen Patients Who Changed the World</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-936114-4.</li>
<li>Marchant, Jo (25 June 2010). <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19094-tutankhamen-killed-by-sickle-cell-disease/">"Tutankhamen 'killed by sickle-cell disease'"</a>. New Scientist. Retrieved 2 July 2021.</li>
<li>Morkot, Robert (10 November 2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161">The Egyptians: An Introduction</a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-134-48857-5. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60448544">60448544</a>.</li>
<li>Nici, John (2015). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8J5ZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">Famous Works of Art—And How They Got That Way</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4422-4955-4. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035635529">1035635529</a>.</li>
<li>Osing, Jürgen; Dreyer, Günter (1987). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvIsnla_1nwC">Form und Mass: Beiträge zur Literatur, Sprache und Kunst des alten Ägypten : Festschrift für Gerhard Fecht zum 65. Geburtstag am 6. Februar 1987</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-447-02704-5.</li>
<li>Redford, Donald B. (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByPEPAAACAAJ">The Oxford Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology</a>. Berkley Publishing Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-425-19096-8.</li>
<li>Reeves, Carl Nicholas (1990). <a href="https://archive.org/details/completetutankha00reev">The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure</a>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-500-27810-9. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104938097">1104938097</a>.</li>
<li>Reeves, Nicholas (2015). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/7415055">"Tutankhamun's Mask Reconsidered (2015)"</a>. Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar. 19: 511–526. Retrieved 7 September 2019 – via Academia.edu.</li>
<li>Reeves, Nicholas; Wilkinson, Richard H. (1996). <a href="https://archive.org/details/completevalleyof0000reev">The Complete Valley of the Kings</a>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809290016">809290016</a>.</li>
<li>Ridley, Ronald T. (2019). Akhenaten: A Historian's View. Cairo and New York: The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-977-416-793-5. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8993387156">8993387156</a>.</li>
<li>Riggs, Christina (2018). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5V9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31">Photographing Tutankhamun: Archaeology, Ancient Egypt, and the Archive</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-350-03853-0. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1114957945">1114957945</a>.</li>
<li>Roberts, Peter (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Krh7n9AyS40C&pg=PA187">HSC Ancient History</a>. Pascal Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-74125-179-1. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/225398561">225398561</a>.</li>
<li>Riggs, Christina (2021). Treasured: How Tutankhamun Shaped a Century. PublicAffairs. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-5417-0121-2.</li>
<li>Robinson, Andrew (27 August 2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRsUDAAAQBAJ">Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–91. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-956778-2. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/654777745">654777745</a>.</li>
<li>Tawfik, Tarek; Thomas, Susanna; Hegenbarth-Reichardt, Ina (2018). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/44790548">"New Evidence for Tutankhamun's Parents: Revelations from the Grand Egyptian Museum"</a>. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo. 74: 179–195. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</li>
<li>Thompson, Jason (2018). Wonderful Things: A History of Egyptology, 3. From 1914 to the Twenty-First Century. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-977-416-760-7.</li>
<li>Timmann, Christian; Meyer, Christian G. (2010). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2010.02614.x">"Malaria, mummies, mutations: Tutankhamun's archaeological autopsy"</a>. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 15 (11): 1278–1280. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2010.02614.x">10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02614.x</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3156">1365-3156</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20723182">20723182</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9019947">9019947</a>.</li>
<li>Tyldesley, Joyce (2012). Tutankhamen: The Search for an Egyptian King. Basic Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-465-02020-1.</li>
<li>Walshe, J.M. (January 1973). "Tutankhamun: Klinefelter's Or Wilson's?". The Lancet. 301 (7794): 109–110. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2873%2990516-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(73)90516-3</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4118642">4118642</a>.</li>
<li>Williamson, Jacquelyn (2015). <a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/77s6r0zr">"Amarna Period"</a>. In Wendrich, Willeke (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Los Angeles.</li>
<li>Winstone, H. V. F. (2006). Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, Revised Edition. Barzan Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-905521-04-3.</li>
<li>Zivie, A. (1998). <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1998_num_142_1_15830">"La nourrice royale Maïa et ses voisins: cinq tombeaux du Nouvel Empire récemment découverts à Saqqara"</a>. Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French). 142 (1).</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Bell, Lanny (1985). <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Aspects_of_the_Cult_of_the_Deified_Tutan.html?id=5BwNcgAACAAJ">Aspects of the Cult of the Deified Tutankhamun</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2025.</li>
<li>Brier, Bob (2023). Tutankhamun and the Tomb that Changed the World. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-763505-6.</li>
<li>Brier, Bob (31 December 1998). The Murder of Tutankhamen. Weidenfeld and Nicolsen. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9655988-6-6.</li>
<li>Dodson, Aidan (25 October 2022). Tutankhamun, King of Egypt. Cairo: Lives and Afterlives. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-64903-161-7.</li>
<li>Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (17 December 2015). The Unknown Tutankhamun. London New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4725-7563-0.</li>
<li>Reeves, Nicholas (10 January 2023). Complete Tutankhamun. London: National Geographic Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-500-05216-7.</li>
<li>Shaw, Garry J. (3 January 2023). The Story of Tutankhamun. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-300-26904-8.</li>
<li>Tyldesley, Joyce (13 April 2023). Tutankhamun: Lost for three thousand years, misunderstood for a century. Headline. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4722-8986-5.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tutankhamun.

<ul><li><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7209472.stm">Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city</a>—<a href="/facts/BBC_News/oGAe2H8E">BBC News</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.kingtut.org/">Tutankhamun and the Age of the Golden Pharaohs website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104090745/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/t/tutankhamun,_king_of_egypt.aspx">British Museum Tutankhamun highlight</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/britain-tutankhamun-dna-idAFL3E7J135P20110801">"Swiss geneticists examine Tutankhamun's genetic profile"</a> by <a href="/facts/Reuters/tDd1EUrd">Reuters</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/ultimate-tut-watch-the-full-episode/1049/">Ultimate Tut</a> Documentary produced by the <a href="/facts/PBS/E6q9udH8">PBS</a> Series <a href="/facts/Secrets_of_the_Dead/VyUrCcbz">Secrets of the Dead</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">/ˌtuːtənkɑːˈmuːn/ TOO-tən-kah-MOON[7] <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:IPA/English</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">/ˌtuːtənˈkɑːmən, -mɛn/ TOO-tən-KAH-mən, -⁠men[7] <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:IPA/English</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Schwarzer, Marjorie; Museums, American Association of (2006). Riches, Rivals & Radicals: 100 Years of Museums in America. American Association of Museums. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-933253-05-3. Retrieved 17 July 2022. <a href="978-1-933253-05-3" target="_blank">978-1-933253-05-3</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Tutankhaten was believed to mean "Living-image-of-Aten" as far back as 1877; however, not all Egyptologists agree with this interpretation. English Egyptologist Battiscombe Gunn believed that the older interpretation did not fit with Akhenaten's theology. Gunn believed that such a name would have been blasphemous. He saw tut as a verb and not a noun and gave his translation in 1926 as The-life-of-Aten-is-pleasing. Professor Gerhard Fecht also believed the word tut was a verb. He noted that Akhenaten used tit as a word for 'image', not tut. Fecht translated the verb tut as "To be perfect/complete". Using Aten as the subject, Fecht's full translation was "One-perfect-of-life-is-Aten". The Hermopolis Block (two carved block fragments discovered in Ashmunein) has a unique spelling of the first nomen written as Tutankhuaten; it uses ankh as a verb, which does support the older translation of Living-image-of-Aten.[9] <a href="/wiki/Battiscombe_Gunn" target="_blank">/wiki/Battiscombe_Gunn</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Reeves 1990, p. 24. - Reeves, Carl Nicholas (1990). The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27810-9. OCLC 1104938097. <a href="https://archive.org/details/completetutankha00reev" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/completetutankha00reev</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Williamson 2015, p. 1. - Williamson, Jacquelyn (2015). "Amarna Period". In Wendrich, Willeke (ed.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Los Angeles. <a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/77s6r0zr" target="_blank">https://escholarship.org/uc/item/77s6r0zr</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 149. - Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (2010 paperback ed.). Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28857-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_f9x1/page/149/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_f9x1/page/149/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 149. - Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (2010 paperback ed.). Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28857-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_f9x1/page/149/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_f9x1/page/149/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Tawfik, Thomas & Hegenbarth-Reichardt 2018, p. 180. - Tawfik, Tarek; Thomas, Susanna; Hegenbarth-Reichardt, Ina (2018). "New Evidence for Tutankhamun's Parents: Revelations from the Grand Egyptian Museum". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo. 74: 179–195. Retrieved 20 March 2021. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/44790548" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/44790548</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Tyldesley 2012, p. 167. - Tyldesley, Joyce (2012). Tutankhamen: The Search for an Egyptian King. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02020-1. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Ridley 2019, p. 13. - Ridley, Ronald T. (2019). Akhenaten: A Historian's View. Cairo and New York: The American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-416-793-5. OCLC 8993387156. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8993387156" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8993387156</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Dodson 2009, pp. 15–17. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Bommas 2024, p. 96. - Bommas, Martin (2024). Tutankhamun: A Biography. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-04-013162-6. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Tawfik, Thomas & Hegenbarth-Reichardt 2018, pp. 179–195. - Tawfik, Tarek; Thomas, Susanna; Hegenbarth-Reichardt, Ina (2018). "New Evidence for Tutankhamun's Parents: Revelations from the Grand Egyptian Museum". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo. 74: 179–195. Retrieved 20 March 2021. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/44790548" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/44790548</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">His parents are suggested to be Meritaten and her known husband Smenkhkare based on a re-examination of a box lid and coronation tunic found in his tomb.[18] <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Arnold et al. 1996, p. 115. - Arnold, Dorothea; Metropolitan Museum of Art Staff; Green, L.; Allen, James P. (1996). The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-816-4. OCLC 35292712. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGLFwVkljQMC&pg=PA115" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sGLFwVkljQMC&pg=PA115</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Meketaten's candidacy is based on a relief from the Royal Tomb at Amarna which depicts a child in the arms of a nurse outside a chamber in which Meketaten is being mourned by her parents and siblings, which has been interpreted to indicate she died in childbirth.[19] This possibility has been deemed unlikely given that she was about 10 years old at the time of her death.[20] <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tomb_of_Akhenaten" target="_blank">/wiki/Royal_Tomb_of_Akhenaten</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Zivie 1998, pp. 33–54. - Zivie, A. (1998). "La nourrice royale Maïa et ses voisins: cinq tombeaux du Nouvel Empire récemment découverts à Saqqara". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French). 142 (1). <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1998_num_142_1_15830" target="_blank">https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1998_num_142_1_15830</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Gundlach & Taylor 2009, p. 160. - Gundlach, Rolf; Taylor, John H. (2009). 4. Symposium Zur Ägyptischen Königsideologie. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05888-9. OCLC 500749022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onOdlJZZik0C&pg=PA160" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=onOdlJZZik0C&pg=PA160</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Hawass et al. 2010, pp. 642–645. - Hawass, Zahi; et al. (17 February 2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family" (PDF). The Journal of the American Medical Association. 303 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872. Retrieved 27 August 2019. <a href="http://www.leben-in-luxor.de/docs/Hawass_Ancestry_and_Pathology_joc05008_638_647.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.leben-in-luxor.de/docs/Hawass_Ancestry_and_Pathology_joc05008_638_647.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">The team reported it was over 99.99 percent certain that Amenhotep III was the father of the individual in KV55, who was in turn the father of Tutankhamun.[24] More recent genetic analysis, published in 2020, revealed Tutankhamun shared his Y-haplogroup with his father, the KV55 mummy (Akhenaten), and grandfather, Amenhotep III, and his mtDNA haplogroup with his mother, The Younger Lady, his grandmother, Tiye, and his great-grandmother, Thuya, upholding the results of the earlier genetic study.[25] <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" target="_blank">/wiki/Amenhotep_III</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 146. - Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (2010 paperback ed.). Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28857-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_f9x1/page/149/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_f9x1/page/149/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Dodson 2009, pp. 16–17. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Eaton-Krauss 2016, pp. 6–10. - Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (2016). The Unknown Tutankhamun. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4725-7563-0. OCLC 1049775714. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cuBCgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7cuBCgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Hawass & Saleem 2016, p. 89. - Hawass, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar (2016). Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-673-0. OCLC 1078493215. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b4N9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=b4N9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Hawass et al. 2010, pp. 642–645. - Hawass, Zahi; et al. (17 February 2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family" (PDF). The Journal of the American Medical Association. 303 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872. Retrieved 27 August 2019. <a href="http://www.leben-in-luxor.de/docs/Hawass_Ancestry_and_Pathology_joc05008_638_647.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.leben-in-luxor.de/docs/Hawass_Ancestry_and_Pathology_joc05008_638_647.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Hawass & Saleem 2011, pp. W829–W831. - Hawass, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar (2011). "Mummified Daughters of King Tutankhamun: Archeologic and CT Studies". American Journal of Roentgenology. 197 (5): W829 – W836. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.6837. ISSN 0361-803X. PMID 22021529. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51736893" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51736893</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Hawass et al. 2010, pp. 642–645. - Hawass, Zahi; et al. (17 February 2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family" (PDF). The Journal of the American Medical Association. 303 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872. Retrieved 27 August 2019. <a href="http://www.leben-in-luxor.de/docs/Hawass_Ancestry_and_Pathology_joc05008_638_647.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.leben-in-luxor.de/docs/Hawass_Ancestry_and_Pathology_joc05008_638_647.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Morkot 2004, p. 161. - Morkot, Robert (10 November 2004). The Egyptians: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-48857-5. OCLC 60448544. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pHOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Gad, Yehia (2020). "Maternal and paternal lineages in King Tutankhamun's family". Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of Zahi Hawass. Czech Institute of Egyptology. pp. 497–518. ISBN 978-80-7308-979-5. <a href="978-80-7308-979-5" target="_blank">978-80-7308-979-5</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Gad, Yehia (2020). "Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship". Human Molecular Genetics. 30 (R1): R24 – R28. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaa223. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 33059357. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R24/5924364" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R24/5924364</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Hawass, Zahi (2010). "Ancestry and pathology in King Tutankhamun's family". JAMA. 303 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872. <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185393" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185393</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Hawass, Zahi; et al. (2012). "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study". BMJ. 345 (e8268): e8268. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8268. hdl:10072/62081. PMID 23247979. S2CID 206896841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"Analysis of the short tandem repeat (STR) data published on Ramesses III and the Amarna ancient royal family (including Tutankhamun) showed a majority to have an affinity with "sub-Saharan" Africans in one affinity analysis, which does not mean that they lacked other affiliations—an important point that typological thinking obscures". Keita, S. O. Y. (September 2022). "Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 35: 93–127.(subscription required) <a href="https://egyptianexpedition.org/articles/ideas-about-race-in-nile-valley-histories-a-consideration-of-racial-paradigms-in-recent-presentations-on-nile-valley-africa-from-black-pharaohs/" target="_blank">https://egyptianexpedition.org/articles/ideas-about-race-in-nile-valley-histories-a-consideration-of-racial-paradigms-in-recent-presentations-on-nile-valley-africa-from-black-pharaohs/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Hawass 2004, p. 56. - Hawass, Zahi (2004). The Golden Age of Tutankhamun. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-977-424-836-8. OCLC 56358390. <a href="https://archive.org/details/goldenageoftutan0000hawa" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/goldenageoftutan0000hawa</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Dodson 2009, pp. 35–37. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Ridley 2019, p. 276. - Ridley, Ronald T. (2019). Akhenaten: A Historian's View. Cairo and New York: The American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-416-793-5. OCLC 8993387156. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8993387156" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8993387156</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Classroom TUTorials: The Many Names of King Tutankhamun" (PDF). Michael C. Carlos Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019193622/http://carlos.emory.edu/PDF/Classroom_TUTorial_Names_of_Tut.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131019193622/http://carlos.emory.edu/PDF/Classroom_TUTorial_Names_of_Tut.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Baker & Baker 2001, p. 137. - Baker, Rosalie F.; Baker, Charles F. (2001). Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-512221-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gw5prEJQq10C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=gw5prEJQq10C</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Dodson 2009, p. 112. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Cooney 2018, p. 361. - Cooney, Kara (30 October 2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic Society. ISBN 978-1-4262-1978-8. OCLC 1100619021. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmdDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA361" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DmdDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA361</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Barclay 2006, p. 62. - Barclay, John M.G. (2006). Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary, Volume 10: Against Apion. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-0405-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXmmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cXmmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Booysen 2013, p. 188. - Booysen, Riaan (2013). Thera and the Exodus: The Exodus Explained in Terms of Natural Phenomena and the Human Response to It. John Hunt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78099-450-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WY-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT188" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8WY-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT188</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Tutankhamun's Horus Name was Ka nakht tut mesut,[3] translated as; Victorious bull, the (very) image of (re)birth.[5] <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Toby A.H. Wilkinson (11 September 2002). Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-134-66420-7. <a href="978-1-134-66420-7" target="_blank">978-1-134-66420-7</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Leprohon 2013, pp. 1–15. - Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-58983-736-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1H3JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1H3JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">His second full nomen (also called the Son of Re Name) was; Tut ankh imen, heqa iunu shemau, translated as; The living image of Amun, Ruler of Southern Heliopolis.[5] <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Egypt Exploration Fund. 1998. p. 212. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGAPAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yGAPAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Tutankahmun's Nebty or Two Ladies Name was; (1): Nefer hepu, segereh tawy,[3] translated as; Perfect of laws, who has quieted down the Two Lands.[5] (2): Nefer hepu, segereh tawy sehetep netjeru nebu, translated as; Perfect of laws, who has quieted down the Two Lands and pacified all the gods.[5] (3): Wer ah imen, translated as; The great one of the palace of Amun.[47] <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Tutankhamun's Gold Falcon Name was: (1): Wetjes khau, sehetep netjeru[3] translated as; Elevated of appearances, who has satisfied the gods.[5] *Gold Falcon name (2): Wetjes khau it ef ra, translates as; Who has elevated the appearances of his father Re.[47] <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Eaton-Krauss 2016, pp. 28–29. - Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (2016). The Unknown Tutankhamun. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4725-7563-0. OCLC 1049775714. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cuBCgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7cuBCgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Tutankhamun's Prenomen (Throne Name) was: Neb kheperu re,[3][47] translated as: The possessor of the manifestation of Re,[5] which had an epithet added: Heqa maat, translated as; Ruler of Maat.[47] <a href="/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" target="_blank">/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Dodson 2009, pp. 48–49. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Reeves 1990, p. 153. - Reeves, Carl Nicholas (1990). The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27810-9. OCLC 1104938097. <a href="https://archive.org/details/completetutankha00reev" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/completetutankha00reev</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Hornung 1999, p. 117. - Hornung, Erik (1999) [1995]. Akhenaten and the Religion of Light. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8725-5. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Dodson 2009, p. 48. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Dodson 2009, p. 49. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Dodson 2009, pp. 64–65. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Hornung 1999, p. 116. - Hornung, Erik (1999) [1995]. Akhenaten and the Religion of Light. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8725-5. <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Dodson 2009, p. 61. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Dodson 2009, p. 63. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Dodson 2009, p. 64. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:65">Tyldesley 2012, p. 207. - Tyldesley, Joyce (2012). Tutankhamen: The Search for an Egyptian King. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02020-1. <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Hornung 1999, p. 64–66. - Hornung, Erik (1999) [1995]. Akhenaten and the Religion of Light. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8725-5. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Tyldesley 2012, p. 207. - Tyldesley, Joyce (2012). Tutankhamen: The Search for an Egyptian King. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02020-1. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Booth 2007, pp. 86–87. - Booth, Charlotte (2007). The Boy Behind the Mask: Meeting the Real Tutankhamun. Oneworld. ISBN 978-1-85168-544-8. OCLC 191804020. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191804020" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191804020</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Erik Hornung, Akhenaten and the Religion of Light, Translated by David Lorton, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8014-8725-0. p. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Hornung" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Hornung</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Forbes, D. C. (2000). "Seven Battered Osiride Figures in the Cairo Museum and the Sphinx Avenue of Tutankhamen at Karnak". Amarna Letters. 4: 82–87. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:74">Dodson 2009, pp. 66–68. - Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789774163043</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:148">"The Golden Age of Tutankhamun: Divine Might and Splendour in the New Kingdom", Zahi Hawass, p. 61, American University in Cairo Press, 2004, ISBN 977-424-836-8 <a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" target="_blank">/wiki/Zahi_Hawass</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:150">T. G. H. James (2006). Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-84511-258-5. <a href="978-1-84511-258-5" target="_blank">978-1-84511-258-5</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:153">Howard Carter (23 October 2014). The Tomb of Tutankhamun: Volume 1: Search, Discovery and Clearance of the Antechamber. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-4725-7687-3. <a href="978-1-4725-7687-3" target="_blank">978-1-4725-7687-3</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:159">Winstone 2006, pp. 137–138. - Winstone, H. V. F. (2006). Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, Revised Edition. Barzan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-905521-04-3. <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Karl Kitchen, a reporter for the Boston Globe, wrote in 1924 that a boy named Mohamed Gorgar had found the step; he interviewed Gorgar, who did not say whether the story was true.[151] Lee Keedick, the organiser of Carter's American lecture tour, said Carter attributed the discovery to an unnamed boy carrying water for the workmen.[152] Many recent accounts, such as the 2018 book Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh by the Egyptologist Zahi Hawass, identify the water-boy as Hussein Abd el-Rassul, a member of a prominent local family. Hawass says that he heard this story from el-Rassul in person. Another Egyptologist, Christina Riggs, suggests the story may instead be a conflation of Keedick's account, which was widely publicised by the 1978 book Tutankhamun: The Untold Story by Thomas Hoving, with el-Rassul's long-standing claim to have been the boy who was photographed wearing one of Tutankhamun's pectorals in 1926.[153]
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<li id="fn:212">"Grand Egyptian Museum to open between October and February: Minister". Egypt Independent. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023. <a href="https://www.egyptindependent.com/grand-egyptian-museum-to-open-between-october-and-february-minister/" target="_blank">https://www.egyptindependent.com/grand-egyptian-museum-to-open-between-october-and-february-minister/</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">Cooney - Jasno - pp. 219 - 220"DNA indicated a probability in excess of 99.99%" that Amenhotep III was the father of the man interred in KV55. The probability that the man interred in KV55 is the father of Tutankhamun was equally as great." "[T]he lock of hair found in Tutankhamun's tomb seemed to link him in some intimate way to KV35EL". "Tiye's parents, Yuya and Thuya, had been found.." "..genetic analysis confirmed KV35EL as their daughter." "Furthermore, and as anticipated, the KV55 mummy genetically matched as the offspring of KV35EL." "Perhaps the most curious results of the genetic fingerprinting came from KV35YL. She proved to be not only a daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye but also the mother of Tutankhamun."[α] <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">Cooney - Jasno - pp. 219 - 220"DNA indicated a probability in excess of 99.99%" that Amenhotep III was the father of the man interred in KV55. The probability that the man interred in KV55 is the father of Tutankhamun was equally as great." "[T]he lock of hair found in Tutankhamun's tomb seemed to link him in some intimate way to KV35EL". "Tiye's parents, Yuya and Thuya, had been found.." "..genetic analysis confirmed KV35EL as their daughter." "Furthermore, and as anticipated, the KV55 mummy genetically matched as the offspring of KV35EL." "Perhaps the most curious results of the genetic fingerprinting came from KV35YL. She proved to be not only a daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye but also the mother of Tutankhamun."[α] <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Cooney - Jasno - pp. 219 - 220"DNA indicated a probability in excess of 99.99%" that Amenhotep III was the father of the man interred in KV55. The probability that the man interred in KV55 is the father of Tutankhamun was equally as great." "[T]he lock of hair found in Tutankhamun's tomb seemed to link him in some intimate way to KV35EL". "Tiye's parents, Yuya and Thuya, had been found.." "..genetic analysis confirmed KV35EL as their daughter." "Furthermore, and as anticipated, the KV55 mummy genetically matched as the offspring of KV35EL." "Perhaps the most curious results of the genetic fingerprinting came from KV35YL. She proved to be not only a daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye but also the mother of Tutankhamun."[α] <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">Cooney - Jasno - pp. 219 - 220"DNA indicated a probability in excess of 99.99%" that Amenhotep III was the father of the man interred in KV55. The probability that the man interred in KV55 is the father of Tutankhamun was equally as great." "[T]he lock of hair found in Tutankhamun's tomb seemed to link him in some intimate way to KV35EL". "Tiye's parents, Yuya and Thuya, had been found.." "..genetic analysis confirmed KV35EL as their daughter." "Furthermore, and as anticipated, the KV55 mummy genetically matched as the offspring of KV35EL." "Perhaps the most curious results of the genetic fingerprinting came from KV35YL. She proved to be not only a daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye but also the mother of Tutankhamun."[α] <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">Cooney - Jasno - pp. 219 - 220"DNA indicated a probability in excess of 99.99%" that Amenhotep III was the father of the man interred in KV55. The probability that the man interred in KV55 is the father of Tutankhamun was equally as great." "[T]he lock of hair found in Tutankhamun's tomb seemed to link him in some intimate way to KV35EL". "Tiye's parents, Yuya and Thuya, had been found.." "..genetic analysis confirmed KV35EL as their daughter." "Furthermore, and as anticipated, the KV55 mummy genetically matched as the offspring of KV35EL." "Perhaps the most curious results of the genetic fingerprinting came from KV35YL. She proved to be not only a daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye but also the mother of Tutankhamun."[α] <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">Cooney - Jasno - pp. 219 - 220"DNA indicated a probability in excess of 99.99%" that Amenhotep III was the father of the man interred in KV55. The probability that the man interred in KV55 is the father of Tutankhamun was equally as great." "[T]he lock of hair found in Tutankhamun's tomb seemed to link him in some intimate way to KV35EL". "Tiye's parents, Yuya and Thuya, had been found.." "..genetic analysis confirmed KV35EL as their daughter." "Furthermore, and as anticipated, the KV55 mummy genetically matched as the offspring of KV35EL." "Perhaps the most curious results of the genetic fingerprinting came from KV35YL. She proved to be not only a daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye but also the mother of Tutankhamun."[α] <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">Cooney - Jasno - pp. 219 - 220"DNA indicated a probability in excess of 99.99%" that Amenhotep III was the father of the man interred in KV55. The probability that the man interred in KV55 is the father of Tutankhamun was equally as great." "[T]he lock of hair found in Tutankhamun's tomb seemed to link him in some intimate way to KV35EL". "Tiye's parents, Yuya and Thuya, had been found.." "..genetic analysis confirmed KV35EL as their daughter." "Furthermore, and as anticipated, the KV55 mummy genetically matched as the offspring of KV35EL." "Perhaps the most curious results of the genetic fingerprinting came from KV35YL. She proved to be not only a daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye but also the mother of Tutankhamun."[α] <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Tutankhamun open-in-new

Tutankhamun