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Protoplasm
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<h2 id="terminology">Terminology</h2> <p>Besides "protoplasm", many other related terms and distinctions were used for the cell contents over time. These were as follows:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Urschleim/C2WMTwcc">Urschleim</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Lorenz_Oken/ERNhMA89">Oken</a>, 1802, 1809),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><i>Protoplasma</i> (Purkinje, 1840, von Mohl, 1846),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><i>Primordialschlauch</i> (primordial utricle, von Mohl, 1846),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Amoeba/xxvUal7B">sarcode</a></i> (<a href="/facts/F%25C3%25A9lix_Dujardin/DexWMXFq">Dujardin</a>, 1835, 1841),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Cytoplasm/Wa0sE6xf">Cytoplasma</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Rudolf_von_K%25C3%25B6lliker/eYudoEHx">Kölliker</a>, 1863),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><i>Hautschicht/Körnerschicht</i> (<a href="/facts/Ectoplasm_(cell_biology)/0EH2s4X4">ectoplasm</a>/<a href="/facts/Endoplasm/lbImdLTD">endoplasm</a>, Pringsheim, 1854; Hofmeister, 1867),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><i>Grundsubstanz</i> (<a href="/facts/Ground_substance/nvpvRF9e">ground substance</a>, <a href="/facts/Cienkowski/bLc64HmH">Cienkowski</a>, 1863),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Metaplasm/QudSdvDG">metaplasm</a>/protoplasm (Hanstein, 1868),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Deutoplasm/AEtYMbsl">deutoplasm</a>/protoplasm (van Beneden, 1870),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>bioplasm (Beale, 1872),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>paraplasm/protoplasm (Kupffer, 1875),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>inter-filar substance theory (Velten, 1876)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Hyaloplasm/VyXgygWm">Hyaloplasma</a></i> (Pfeffer, 1877),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Protoplast/bQkUkF6F">Protoplast</a></i> (Hanstein, 1880),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><i>Enchylema/Hyaloplasma</i> (Hanstein, 1880),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><i>Kleinkörperchen</i> or <i>Mikrosomen</i> (small bodies or <a href="/facts/Microsomes/lfk77HsN">microsomes</a>, Hanstein, 1882),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>paramitome (Flemming, 1882),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Idioplasm/LcepxU1c">Idioplasma</a></i> (Nageli, 1884),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><i>Zwischensubstanz</i> (inter-alveolar substance, <a href="/facts/Otto_B%25C3%25BCtschli/glUpN01z">Bütschli</a>, 1892),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><i>Grundplasma</i> (ground plasma, Schütt, 1895),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ergastoplasm/DVbLA7GE">ergastoplasme</a></i> (Garnier, 1897),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li>phaneroplasm/cryptoplasm (Seifriz, 1931),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>cytoplasmic matrix (Munson, 1899; <i>zytoplasmatische Matrix</i>, Bergmann, 1956),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><i>Protoplasma- oder Zelleinschlüsse</i> (protoplasmic or cellular <a href="/facts/Cytoplasmic_inclusion/xhHqo9p0">inclusions</a>, Szymonowicz, 1901),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li>kinoplasm/trophoplasm (Strasburger et at., 1912),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cytosol/VyXgygWm">cytosol</a> (Lardy, 1965).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The word "protoplasm" comes from the Greek <i>protos</i> for <i>first</i>, and <i>plasma</i> for <i>thing formed</i>, and was originally used in religious contexts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> It was used in 1839 by <a href="/facts/Jan_Evangelista_Purkyn%25C4%259B/ju0hmtye">J. E. Purkinje</a> for the material of the animal embryo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Later, in 1846 <a href="/facts/Hugo_von_Mohl/3vsyo0BQ">Hugo von Mohl</a> redefined the term (also named as <i>Primordialschlauch</i>, "primordial utricle") to refer to the "tough, slimy, granular, semi-fluid" substance within plant cells, to distinguish this from the <a href="/facts/Cell_wall/DYXJVrnw">cell wall</a> and the <a href="/facts/Cell_sap/9QjBVb7j">cell sap</a> (<i>Zellsaft</i>) within the <a href="/facts/Vacuole/9QjBVb7j">vacuole</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Max_Schultze/aPV9ymdu">Max Schultze</a> in 1861 proposed the "Protoplasm Doctrine" which states that <i>all living cells are made of a living substance called Protoplasm</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Thomas_Henry_Huxley/NUNXtNdr">Thomas Huxley</a> (1869) later referred to it as the "physical basis of life" and considered that the property of life resulted from the distribution of molecules within this substance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> The protoplasm became an "<a href="/facts/Experimental_system/droK5Wrk">epistemic thing</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> Its composition, however, was mysterious and there was much controversy over what sort of substance it was.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p>In 1872, <a href="/facts/Lionel_Smith_Beale/jYspQpap">Beale</a> created the <a href="/facts/Vitalist/wYrVvfUf">vitalist</a> term "bioplasm", to contrast with the <a href="/facts/Materialism/VKAovnPt">materialism</a> of Huxley.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> In 1880, term <a href="/facts/Protoplast/bQkUkF6F">protoplast</a> was proposed by <a href="/facts/Johannes_von_Hanstein/tGIw4rW2">Hanstein</a> (1880) for the entire cell, excluding the cell wall,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> and some authors like <a href="/facts/Julius_von_Sachs/pLGLqhYr">Julius von Sachs</a> (1882) preferred that name instead of cell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p>In 1965, Lardy introduced the term "<a href="/facts/Cytosol/VyXgygWm">cytosol</a>", later redefined to refer to the liquid inside cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>By the time Huxley wrote, a long-standing debate was largely settled over the fundamental unit of life: was it the cell or was it protoplasm? By the late 1860s, the debate was largely settled in favor of protoplasm. The cell was a container for protoplasm, the fundamental and universal material substance of life. Huxley's principal contribution was to establish protoplasm as incompatible with a <a href="/facts/Vitalism/wYrVvfUf">vitalistic theory of life</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Attempts to investigate the <a href="/facts/Origin_of_life/BvAmLPQP">origin of life</a> through the creation of synthetic "protoplasm" in the laboratory were not successful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p><p>The idea that protoplasm of eukaryotes is simply divisible into a ground substance called "cytoplasm" and a structural body called the <a href="/facts/Cell_nucleus/D7sFRa3c">cell nucleus</a> reflects the more primitive knowledge of cell structure that preceded the development of <a href="/facts/Electron_microscopy/XtaBktwF">electron microscopy</a>, when it seemed that cytoplasm was a homogeneous fluid and the existence of most sub-cellular compartments, or how cells maintain their shape, was unknown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> Today, it is known that the cell contents are structurally very complex and contain multiple <a href="/facts/Organelle/vhDFnGbs">organelles</a>, the cytoskeleton and <a href="/facts/Biomolecular_condensate/rD87AvWT">biomolecular condensates</a>.the word protoplasm is mainly divided in to two parts cytoplasm and nucleus. </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <h3>Physical nature</h3> <p>Protoplasm is physically <a href="/facts/Transparency_and_translucency/PRryNNW6">translucent</a>, <a href="/facts/Granularity/kBqMRzaj">granular</a> slimy, semifluid or <a href="/facts/Viscosity/QLVfrdCz">viscous</a>. In it, <a href="/facts/Granule_(cell_biology)/GumJQ6Eq">granules</a> of different shapes and sizes are suspended in solution. It may exist in two interchangeable states which are more liquid-like sol state and more solid-like gel state which is like jelly. The constituent molecules are free to move in sol state, while in gel state, the constituent molecules are compactly arranged. Protoplasm becomes <a href="/facts/Opacity_(optics)/l90q0sAV">opaque</a> when it is heated. It also <a href="/facts/Coagulation/vnfEevM0">coagulates</a> on heating. It occurs everywhere in the cell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Eukaryote/SkwyPLMA">eukaryotes</a>, the portion of protoplasm surrounding the <a href="/facts/Cell_nucleus/D7sFRa3c">cell nucleus</a> is known as the <a href="/facts/Cytoplasm/Wa0sE6xf">cytoplasm</a> and the portion inside the nucleus as the <a href="/facts/Nucleoplasm/PNGpzgCK">nucleoplasm</a>. In <a href="/facts/Prokaryote/oYyvaDDH">prokaryotes</a> the material inside the plasma membrane is the bacterial cytoplasm, while in <a href="/facts/Gram-negative_bacteria/S1PbVtp4">Gram-negative bacteria</a> the region outside the plasma membrane but inside the outer membrane is the <a href="/facts/Periplasmic_space/eGSSXT3C">periplasm</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h3>Chemical composition</h3> <p>There are about 30 elements, like <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a>, <a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulphur</a>, <a href="/facts/Calcium/hf252CC0">calcium</a> and many others which are identified in protoplasm of different cells. They form compounds, like <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a> (65-80%), <a href="/facts/Carbohydrate/Geuuzxsf">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/facts/Ion/3bePpDna">ions</a>, <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">proteins</a>, <a href="/facts/Lipid/TdQR87HX">lipids</a>, <a href="/facts/Nucleic_acid/2tTgcI0v">nucleic acids</a> (<a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> and <a href="/facts/RNA/HxPeNfNj">RNA</a>), <a href="/facts/Fatty_acid/JGg3erIu">fatty acids</a>, <a href="/facts/Glycerol/sRQ6NBQQ">glycerol</a>, <a href="/facts/Nucleotide/pQKEwlJI">nucleotides</a>, <a href="/facts/Nucleoside/G40crf0F">nucleosides</a> and <a href="/facts/Mineral/LkUFbNmv">minerals</a>. They are living as long as they are part of protoplasm. They are not able to perform functions of life independently. The composition of protoplasm is inconsistent and continuous changes take place in it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p> <h3>Functions</h3> <p>Some functions of protoplasm are: </p> <ol><li>It provides place where all life functions occur</li> <li>The cells respond to various stimuli like temperature, light, chemicals, gravitation, pricking, electric shocks and others because of properties of protoplasm.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cytoplasmic_streaming/hVo5zYXB">Cyclosis</a> (the streaming movement of protoplasm is known as <a href="/facts/Cytoplasmic_streaming/hVo5zYXB">Cyclosis</a>. It helps in even distribution of various materials in the cells.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></li></ol> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Molecular_evolution/lmMbqfzH">Chemical evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Membrane/FDlaJe23">Membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Symplast/RvYFFHjy">Symplast</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Protoplasm">"Protoplasm" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"protoplasm". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025901/https://www.lexico.com/definition/protoplasm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025901/https://www.lexico.com/definition/protoplasm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"protoplasm". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. <a href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/protoplasm" target="_blank">https://www.dictionary.com/browse/protoplasm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>The dictionary definition of protoplasm at Wiktionary <a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" target="_blank">/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Cammack, Richard; Teresa Atwood; Attwood, Teresa K.; Campbell, Peter Scott; Parish, Howard I.; Smith, Tony; Vella, Frank; Stirling, John (2006), Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-852917-0 <a href="978-0-19-852917-0" target="_blank">978-0-19-852917-0</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Sharp, L. W. (1921). Introduction To Cytology. New York: McGraw Hill, p. 25. <a href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontocy032473mbp" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/introductiontocy032473mbp</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Strasburger, E. (1882). Ueber den Theilungsvorgang der Zellkerne und das Verhältnis der Kernteilung zur Zellteilung. Arch Mikr Anat, 21: 476-590, BHL. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49525#page/536/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49525#page/536/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Beneden, E. van (1875). La maturation de l'oeuf, la fécondation et les premières de développement embryonnaire des Mammiferes d'après les recherches faites chez le lapin. Bull. Acad. Bel. Cl. Sci. 40, 2 sèr.: 686-736, BHL. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/28486#page/714/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/28486#page/714/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Flemming, W. (1878). Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., 16: 302-436, p. 360, BHL. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49519#page/370/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49519#page/370/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Battaglia, E. (2009). Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological nomenclature. Caryologia, 62(4), 1. <a href="http://www.caryologia.unifi.it/past_volumes/62_4supplement/62-4_supplement.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.caryologia.unifi.it/past_volumes/62_4supplement/62-4_supplement.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Parker, J. 1972. Protoplasmic resistance to water deficits, p. 125-176. In: Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.), Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. III. Plant responses and control of water balance. Academic Press, New York, p. 144, [1]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gOEr2alLRUYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=gOEr2alLRUYC</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Sharp (1921), p. 11, 32-34. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Battaglia, E. (1985). Meiosis and mitosis: a terminological criticism. Annali di Botanica (Rome) 43: 101–140. (Table 3, "-plasma derivatives", p. 118). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gantAAAAMAAJ&q=Annali+di+botanica,+Volumes+43-45" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=gantAAAAMAAJ&q=Annali+di+botanica,+Volumes+43-45</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Grundriss der Naturphilosophie. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Purkinje J.E. 1840. Über die Analogien in den Strukturelementen des thierischen und pflanzichen Organismus. In: Übersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Kultur, Jahre 1839: 81. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/120979#page/85/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/120979#page/85/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>von Mohl, H. 1846. Ueber die Saftbewegung im Inneren der Zellen. Bot. Ztg. 4: 73-78, 89-94. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/101480#page/47/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/101480#page/47/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>von Mohl, H. 1846. Ueber die Saftbewegung im Inneren der Zellen. Bot. 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