Book of Nahum

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
Scholars with a preference for <a href="/facts/Hebrew/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a> manuscripts place the writing of the book after the Assyrian king <a href="/facts/Ashurbanipal/yHv6G8yd">Ashurbanipal</a>'s <a href="/facts/Sack_of_Thebes/K16j5BjS">Sack of Thebes</a> in 663 B.C. This view is the current majority opinion because the city of Thebes is referred to in the past tense in the Masoretic Text of Nahum 3:8-10. However, both the Septuagint and Vulgate refer to the city in the present tense, and the former opinion held by scholars was that Nahum lived about a century earlier, before both the <a href="/facts/Assyrian_captivity/m1juzBxC">captivity of the ten lost tribes</a> and the Sack of Thebes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> 
The first-century Jewish historian <a href="/facts/Flavius_Josephus/RgFoKIYH">Flavius Josephus</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> places Nahum's life during the reign of <a href="/facts/Jotham/sqH05fvD">Jotham</a>. This view was also held by the Catholic scholar <a href="/facts/Thomas_Worthington_(Douai)/G5yUccCz">Thomas Worthington</a> in his notes for the original <a href="/facts/Douay-Rheims_Bible/c9Drjv5v">Douay-Rheims Bible</a>, writing: "Nahum prophesied about 50 years after <a href="/facts/Jonah/YTeNe13v">Jonah</a> ... 135 before the destruction of Niniveh."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> In this view, rather than Ashurbanipal, Nahum's prophecy would have been directed at <a href="/facts/Tiglath-Pileser_III/qH7Gh0g1">Tiglath-Pileser III</a>, who revitalized the Neo-Assyrian Empire into a world power again and conquered most of the Levant, defeating and subjugating previously influential kingdoms, including <a href="/facts/Aram-Damascus/V64WcF0p">Aram-Damascus</a>. Tiglath-Pileser was contemporary with the reign of Jotham.
Some scholars hold that "the book of the vision" was written at the time of the <a href="/facts/Fall_of_Nineveh/6tyHauoC">fall of Nineveh</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> at the hands of the <a href="/facts/Medes/56a2Eynq">Medes</a> and <a href="/facts/Babylon/Iz0TwTXS">Babylonians</a> in 612 BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> possibly around 615 BC, before the downfall of Assyria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The oracles must be dated after <a href="/facts/Sack_of_Thebes/K16j5BjS">the Assyrian destruction</a> of <a href="/facts/Thebes%2c_Egypt/SkdRYU22">Thebes, Egypt</a> in 663 BC, as this event is mentioned in Nahum 3:8.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h3>Author</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Nahum/ACGFy8Gr">Nahum</a>
Little is known about Nahum's personal history. His name means "comfort",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> and he came from the town of Elkosh or Alqosh (Nahum 1:1), which scholars have attempted to identify with several cities, including the modern <a href="/facts/Alqosh/wadA5grq">`Alqush</a> of <a href="/facts/Assyria/n9pMP48S">Assyria</a> and <a href="/facts/Capernaum/slVqmE8W">Capernaum</a> of northern <a href="/facts/Galilee/4qgALq4a">Galilee</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> He was a very nationalistic Hebrew, and lived among the Elkoshites in peace.

<h3>Historical context</h3>

The subject of Nahum's prophecy is the approaching complete and final destruction of Nineveh, which was the capital of the great and flourishing <a href="/facts/Assyria/n9pMP48S">Assyrian</a> empire at that time. <a href="/facts/Ashurbanipal/yHv6G8yd">Ashurbanipal</a> was at the height of his glory. Nineveh was a city of vast extent, and was then the center of the civilization and commerce of the world, according to Nahum a "bloody city all full of lies and robbery",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> a reference to the Neo-Assyrian Empire's military campaigns and demand of tribute and plunder from conquered cities.
<a href="/facts/Jonah/YTeNe13v">Jonah</a> had already uttered his message of warning, and Nahum was followed by <a href="/facts/Zephaniah/1NNvqX1p">Zephaniah</a>, who also predicted<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> the destruction of the city.
Nineveh was destroyed apparently by fire around 625 BC, and the Assyrian empire came to an end, an event which changed the face of Asia. Archaeological digs have uncovered the splendor of Nineveh in its zenith under <a href="/facts/Sennacherib/SxJYPXzq">Sennacherib</a> (705–681 BC), <a href="/facts/Esarhaddon/PeKEG38x">Esarhaddon</a> (681–669 BC), and <a href="/facts/Ashurbanipal/yHv6G8yd">Ashurbanipal</a> (669–633 BC). Massive walls were eight miles in circumference.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> It had a water <a href="/facts/Aqueduct_(watercourse)/jnSsVRYd">aqueduct</a>, palaces and a library with 20,000 clay tablets, including accounts of a creation in <a href="/facts/Enuma_Elish/WrTuVVPp">Enuma Elish</a> and a flood in the <a href="/facts/Epic_of_Gilgamesh/38VrUaDY">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
The Babylonian chronicle of the fall of Nineveh tells the story of the end of Nineveh. <a href="/facts/Nabopolassar/B4SwYsw9">Nabopolassar</a> of Babylon joined forces with <a href="/facts/Cyaxares/1oM246L9">Cyaxares</a>, king of the Medes, and laid siege for three months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
Assyria lasted a few more years after the loss of its fortress, but attempts by <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egypt/BDsEGK4g">Egyptian</a> <a href="/facts/Pharaoh/y0WMWYHK">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/facts/Necho_II/64fURnH1">Necho II</a> to rally the Assyrians failed due to opposition from king <a href="/facts/Josiah/Pr1TWCWv">Josiah</a> of <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Judah/qEdLyxv7">Judah</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> and it seemed to be all over by 609 BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>

Beyond its superscription, Nahum 1:1, the Book of Nahum consists of two parts:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> a prelude in chapter one,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> followed by chapters two and three, which describe the fall of Nineveh, which later took place in 612 BC. <a href="/facts/Andrew_B._Davidson/vv5maphC">Davidson</a> notes that there are two parts to the superscription:

<ul><li>The burden of Nineveh, or "an oracle against Nineveh", probably an editorial addition, and</li>
<li>The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite, which "may ... have come from the hand of the prophet himself".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></li></ul>
Nineveh is compared to <a href="/facts/Thebes_(Egypt)/SkdRYU22">Thebes</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> the Egyptian city that Assyria itself <a href="/facts/Sack_of_Thebes/K16j5BjS">had destroyed</a> in 663 BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Nahum describes the siege and frenzied activity of Nineveh's troops as they try in vain to halt the invaders. Poetically, he becomes a participant in the battle, and with subtle irony, barks battle commands to the defenders. Nahum uses numerous similes and <a href="/facts/Metaphor/xwsLaqJI">metaphor</a> that Nineveh will become weak "like the lion hiding in its den". It concludes with a taunt song and funeral dirge of the impending destruction of Nineveh and the "sleep" or death of the Assyrian people and demise of the once great Assyrian conqueror-rulers.

<h2 id="surviving-early-manuscripts">Surviving early manuscripts</h2>
The original text was written in <a href="/facts/Biblical_Hebrew/yCJ3bh30">Biblical Hebrew</a>.
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in <a href="/facts/Biblical_Hebrew/yCJ3bh30">Hebrew</a> are the <a href="/facts/Masoretic_Text/mSVXBf1a">Masoretic Text</a>, which includes the <a href="/facts/Codex_Cairensis/ohkQNb7t">Codex Cairensis</a> (895), <a href="/facts/Aleppo_Codex/AjXgHq3o">Aleppo Codex</a> (10th century), and <a href="/facts/Leningrad_Codex/cFaJThlH">Codex Leningradensis</a> (1008).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>
Fragments of this book were found among the <a href="/facts/Dead_Sea_Scrolls/vlbHRrJm">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> including <a href="/facts/Nahum_Commentary/Bl7beIfA">4QpNah, known as the "Nahum Commentary"</a> (1st century BC);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 1st century BC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> and <a href="/facts/Wadi_Murabba%2527at/r7mYt1DP">Wadi Murabba'at</a> MurXII (1st century AD).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
There is also a translation into <a href="/facts/Koine_Greek/StKuT1sY">Koine Greek</a> known as the <a href="/facts/Septuagint/jGpbyr2n">Septuagint</a>, made in the last few centuries BC, with extant manuscripts including <a href="/facts/Codex_Vaticanus/PKR628K8">Codex Vaticanus</a> (B; 
 
 
 
 
 
 G
 
 
 
 
 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
 
B; 4th century), <a href="/facts/Codex_Sinaiticus/IaND8dKr">Codex Sinaiticus</a> (S; <a href="/facts/Biblia_Hebraica_(Kittel)/R27vMISX">BHK</a>: 
 
 
 
 
 
 G
 
 
 
 
 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
 
S; 4th century), <a href="/facts/Codex_Alexandrinus/n6XN6K0h">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (A; 
 
 
 
 
 
 G
 
 
 
 
 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
 
A; 5th century) and <a href="/facts/Codex_Marchalianus/CjV6h0yk">Codex Marchalianus</a> (Q; 
 
 
 
 
 
 G
 
 
 
 
 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
 
Q; 6th century).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Some fragments containing parts of this chapter (a revision of the Septuagint) were found among the <a href="/facts/Dead_Sea_Scrolls/vlbHRrJm">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, i.e., <a href="/facts/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever/WX7fHGBa">Naḥal Ḥever (8ḤevXIIgr; 1st century AD)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>

<h2 id="themes">Themes</h2>
<h3>The fall of Nineveh</h3>

Nahum's prophecy carries a particular warning to the Ninevites of coming events, although he is partly in favor of the destruction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> One might even say that the book of Nahum is "a celebration of the fall of Assyria".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> And this is not just a warning or speaking positively of the destruction of Nineveh, it is also a positive encouragement and "message of comfort for Israel, Judah, and others who had experienced the "endless cruelty"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> of the Assyrians."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
The prophet <a href="/facts/Jonah/YTeNe13v">Jonah</a> shows us where God shows concern for the people of Nineveh, while Nahum's writing testifies to his belief in the righteousness/justice of God<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> and how God dealt with those Assyrians in punishment according to "their cruelty".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> The Assyrians had been used as God's "rod of […] anger, and the staff in their hand [as] indignation."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<h3>The nature of God</h3>
From its opening, Nahum affirms God to be slow to anger, but that God will by no means ignore the guilty; God will bring his vengeance and wrath to pass. God is presented as a God who will punish evil, but will protect those who trust in Him. The opening passage states: "God is jealous, and the LORD revengeth; the LORD revengeth, and is furious; the LORD will take vengeance on his adversaries, and he reserveth wrath for his enemies. The LORD is slow to anger, and great in power, and will not at all acquit the wicked".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>
"The LORD is slow to anger and Quick to love; the LORD will not leave the guilty unpunished."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
"The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>

<h2 id="importance">Importance</h2>
God's judgement on Nineveh is "all because of the wanton lust of a harlot, alluring, the mistress of sorceries, who enslaved nations by her prostitution and peoples by her witchcraft."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> Infidelity, according to the prophets, related to spiritual unfaithfulness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> For example: "the land is guilty of the vilest adultery in departing from the LORD."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> John of Patmos used a similar analogy in <a href="/facts/Revelation_17/ePGll0Jp">Revelation chapter 17</a>.
The prophecy of Nahum was referenced in the <a href="/facts/Deuterocanonical/ogFvmWvx">deuterocanonical</a> <a href="/facts/Book_of_Tobit/VpT2lxSe">Book of Tobit</a>. In Tobit 14:4 (NRSV) a dying Tobit says to his son Tobias and Tobias' sons:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>

<blockquote>
[My son] hurry off to Media, for I believe the word of God that Nahum spoke about Nineveh, that all these things will take place and overtake Assyria and Nineveh. Indeed, everything that was spoken by the prophets of Israel, whom God sent, will occur. </blockquote>
However, some versions, such as the <a href="/facts/King_James_Version/FdS5n0lX">King James Version</a>, refer to the prophet <a href="/facts/Jonah/YTeNe13v">Jonah</a> instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible/cJlHesh7">Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Nahum 3</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>
<ul><li>Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC">A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8028-6241-9.</li>
<li>Würthwein, Ernst (1995). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC">The Text of the Old Testament</a>. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.</li>
<li> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a>: <a href="/facts/Matthew_George_Easton/JLEH8XTs">Easton, Matthew George</a> (1897). "Nahum". <a href="/facts/Easton%2527s_Bible_Dictionary/j8ts3Tkc">Easton's Bible Dictionary</a> (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
Nahum

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Nahum.

<ul><li><a href="http://www.babylonjews.com/prophet-pictures/the-prophet-nahum/">Unique Pictures Of Nahum Tomb By Kobi Arami</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909131651/http://www.babylonjews.com/prophet-pictures/the-prophet-nahum/">Archived</a> 2020-09-09 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Jewish</a> translations:
<ul><li><a href="http://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15764">Nachum – Nahum (Judaica Press)</a> translation [with <a href="/facts/Rashi/yRPFhQvc">Rashi</a>'s commentary] at Chabad.org</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christian</a> translations:
<ul><li><a href="http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Nahum+1">Online Bible at GospelHall.org</a> (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=nahum;&version=31;">BibleGateway</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Nahum-Chapter-1/">Nahum – King James Version</a></li></ul></li>
<li> <a href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Nahum&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Nahum</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/facts/LibriVox/FF71kJKC">LibriVox</a> Various versions</li></ul>
Commentary

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nahum">"Nahum" </a>. <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This article also contains a section on the Book of Nahum.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"The Bible (online)". <a href="https://www.bible.com/" target="_blank">https://www.bible.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Christensen, Duane L. (2009). Nahum: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Yale Bible. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 53–54. The historical setting of the work of Nahum as a prophet is the fifty-year period between 663 and 612 BCE. These dates are fixed by reference to the fall of Thebes in 663 BCE, which is described as an event in the past (3:8), and by the fact that Nineveh was destroyed in 612 BC. Even with this relatively narrow window of time, however, the quest to recover the historical setting that produced the book of Nahum has produced at least six options: Soon after the fall of Thebes to Ashurbanipal in 663 BCE; Around the time of Ashurbanipal's death (ca. 630 BCE); Just before the fall of Nineveh in 612 BCE; Shortly after the fall of Assyria; After the fall of Assyria in the exilic and/or postexilic period; The Maccabean period (ca. 175-165 BCE) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2BnIFlOA-kC&pg=PA53" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=z2BnIFlOA-kC&pg=PA53</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Josephus, Flavius (1958). Vol. VI: Jewish Antiquities, Books IX–XI. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 326. Translated by Marcus, William. London: William Heinemann. pp. 125–129, XI.xi.2–3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/L326JosephusJewishAntiquitiesVIII1213" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/L326JosephusJewishAntiquitiesVIII1213</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">https://biblehub.com/sep/nahum/3.htm <a href="https://biblehub.com/sep/nahum/3.htm" target="_blank">https://biblehub.com/sep/nahum/3.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum%203&version=VULGATE <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum%203&version=VULGATE" target="_blank">https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum%203&version=VULGATE</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">O'Brien, J. M., 33. Nahum, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 599 <a href="https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43" target="_blank">https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">https://biblehub.com/sep/nahum/3.htm <a href="https://biblehub.com/sep/nahum/3.htm" target="_blank">https://biblehub.com/sep/nahum/3.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum%203&version=VULGATE <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum%203&version=VULGATE" target="_blank">https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum%203&version=VULGATE</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Josephus, Flavius (1958). Vol. VI: Jewish Antiquities, Books IX–XI. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 326. Translated by Marcus, William. London: William Heinemann. pp. 125–129, XI.xi.2–3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/L326JosephusJewishAntiquitiesVIII1213" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/L326JosephusJewishAntiquitiesVIII1213</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">https://philologic.northwestern.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.9:1:39.bie <a href="https://philologic.northwestern.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.9:1:39.bie" target="_blank">https://philologic.northwestern.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.9:1:39.bie</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Kent H. Richards, Nahum Introduction: The Harper Collins Study Bible, (New York: Harper Collins, 2006) 1250 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Michael D. Coogan, A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) 297–298 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Pinker, Aron (April–June 2005). "Nahum – The Prophet and His Message" (PDF). Jewish Bible Quarterly. 33 (2): 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. <a href="http://www.jbq.jewishbible.org/assets/Uploads/332/332_Nahump_4.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.jbq.jewishbible.org/assets/Uploads/332/332_Nahump_4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Heaton, E. W., A Short Introduction to the Old Testament Prophets, p. 35, Oneworld Publications, P.O. Box 830, 21 Broadway, Rockport, NA 01966, ISBN 1-85168-114-0 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Kent H. Richards, Nahum Introduction: The Harper Collins Study Bible, (New York: Harper Collins, 2006) 1250 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Cook, G., Nahum's Prophetic Name, Tyndale Bulletin, 67.1 (2016) 37-40, accessed on 14 September 2024 <a href="https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/article/29407.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/article/29407.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nahum". newadvent.org. <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10670a.htm" target="_blank">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10670a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Nahum 3:1 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Nahum#3:1" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Nahum#3:1</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Zephaniah 2:4–15 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" target="_blank">/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">The Biblical Archaeology Society (24 August 2015). "Destruction of Judean Fortress Portrayed in Dramatic Eighth-Century B.C. Pictures – The BAS Library". <a href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=10&Issue=2&ArticleID=7" target="_blank">http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=10&Issue=2&ArticleID=7</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Saudi Aramco World: Nineveh". saudiaramcoworld.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2011-11-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708132641/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196202/nineveh.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110708132641/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196202/nineveh.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"CREATION MYTHS IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST". uoregon.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-11-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127035404/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dfalk/courses/bible/creation%20myths.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111127035404/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dfalk/courses/bible/creation%20myths.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"The fall of Nineveh Chronicle (ABC 3)". livius.org. Archived from the original on 2016-11-10. Retrieved 2020-03-26. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110013048/http://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nineveh/nineveh02.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161110013048/http://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nineveh/nineveh02.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"ANE History: The End of Judah". theology.edu. <a href="http://www.theology.edu/lec21.htm" target="_blank">http://www.theology.edu/lec21.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Assyria, 1365609 B.C." metmuseum.org. <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/assy/hd_assy.htm" target="_blank">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/assy/hd_assy.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Clark, David J.; Hatton, Howard A. (1994). The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. New York: United Bible Societies. p. 1. ISBN 0-8267-0130-2. <a href="0-8267-0130-2" target="_blank">0-8267-0130-2</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Jerusalem Bible (1966), Nahum 1 <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" target="_blank">/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Davidson, A. B. (1896), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Nahum 1, accessed on 16 September 2024 <a href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/nahum/1.htm" target="_blank">https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/nahum/1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Nahum 3:8: New King James Version <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum+3:8&version=nkjv" target="_blank">https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum+3:8&version=nkjv</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Kent H. Richards, Nahum Introduction: The Harper Collins Study Bible, (New York: Harper Collins, 2006) 1250 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37. - Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">VanderKam, James C., The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994. pp. 10-11. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Fitzmyer 2008, p. 49. - Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6241-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"Dead Sea Scrolls - General Info". thewaytoyahuweh.com. <a href="https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#nahum" target="_blank">https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#nahum</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill. pp. 616. ISBN 9789004181830. Retrieved May 15, 2017. <a href="9789004181830" target="_blank">9789004181830</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39. - Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6241-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Dead Sea Scrolls - General Info". thewaytoyahuweh.com. <a href="https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#nahum" target="_blank">https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#nahum</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 140–141. - Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6241-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74. - Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"Dead Sea Scrolls - General Info". thewaytoyahuweh.com. <a href="https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#nahum" target="_blank">https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#nahum</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Fitzmyer 2008, p. 127. - Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6241-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Nahum". aboutbibleprophecy.com. <a href="http://www.aboutbibleprophecy.com/p52.htm" target="_blank">http://www.aboutbibleprophecy.com/p52.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Michael D. Coogan, A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) 297–298 <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Nahum 3:19 <a href="/wiki/Nahum_3:19" target="_blank">/wiki/Nahum_3:19</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Michael D. Coogan, A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) 297–298 <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">"Nahum". earlyjewishwritings.com. <a href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/nahum.html" target="_blank">http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/nahum.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Nahum 3:19 <a href="/wiki/Nahum_3:19" target="_blank">/wiki/Nahum_3:19</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Isaiah 10:5 <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Nahum 1:2–3 in the King James Version <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Nahum#1:2" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Nahum#1:2</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Nahum 1:3: (NIV) <a href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nahum%201:3" target="_blank">https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nahum%201:3</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Nahum 1:7: (NIV) <a href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nahum%201:7" target="_blank">https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nahum%201:7</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Nahum 3:4 NIV <a href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nahum%203:4" target="_blank">https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nahum%203:4</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Centre Column Reference Bible, (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1994) 1262 <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Hosea 1:2 NIV <a href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Hosea%201:2" target="_blank">https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Hosea%201:2</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Tobit 14:4 NRSV <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Tobit%2014:4&version=nrsvae" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Tobit%2014:4&version=nrsvae</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Tobit 14:4 KJV. Quote: "Go into Media my son, for I surely believe those things which Jonas the prophet spake of Nineve, that it shall be overthrown; and that for a time peace shall rather be in Media; and that our brethren shall lie scattered in the earth from that good land: and Jerusalem shall be desolate, and the house of God in it shall be burned, and shall be desolate for a time;" <a href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Tobit-14-4/" target="_blank">https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Tobit-14-4/</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Book of Nahum open-in-new

Book of Nahum