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STAT6
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<h2 id="molecular-biology">Molecular biology</h2> <p>In the <a href="/facts/Human_genome/VTV85pbn">human genome</a>, STAT6 protein is encoded by the STAT6 gene, located on the <a href="/facts/Chromosome/FRGf11FC">chromosome</a> 12q13.3-q14.1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The gene encompasses over 19 kb and consists of 23 <a href="/facts/Exon/8KWJtLuN">exons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> STAT6 shares structural similarity with the other STAT proteins and is composed of the <a href="/facts/N-terminus/yKYpuaBJ">N-terminal domain</a>, <a href="/facts/DNA-binding_domain/x2vlHUKl">DNA binding domain</a>, SH3- like domain, <a href="/facts/SH2_domain/1kEmHvzY">SH2 domain</a> and transactivation domain (TAD).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>STAT proteins are activated by the <a href="/facts/Janus_kinase/HE2pXMJu">Janus family (JAKs)</a> tyrosine kinases in response to cytokine exposure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> STAT6 is activated by cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) with their receptors that both contain the α subunit of the <a href="/facts/Interleukin-4_receptor/1Xh5aYyA">IL-4 receptor</a> (IL-4Rα).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Tyrosine phosporylation of STAT6 after stimulation by IL-4 results in the formation of STAT6 homodimers that bind specific DNA elements via a DNA-binding domain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>STAT6-mediated signaling pathway is required for the development of T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells and Th2 immune response.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Expression of Th2 cytokines, including <a href="/facts/Interleukin_4/FacDJ3TY">IL-4</a>, <a href="/facts/Interleukin_13/zEaRbEqc">IL-13</a>, and <a href="/facts/Interleukin_5/QfvdEJz3">IL-5</a>, was reduced in STAT6-deficient mice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> STAT 6 protein is crucial in IL4 mediated biological responses. It was found that STAT6 induce the expression of BCL2L1/BCL-X(L), which is responsible for the anti-apoptotic activity of IL4. IL-4 stimulates the phosphorylation of IL-4 receptor, which recruits cytosolic STAT6 by its SH2 domain and STAT6 is phosphorylated on tyrosine 641 (Y641) by <a href="/facts/Janus_kinase_1/Yy62D2WQ">JAK1</a>, which results in the dimerization and nuclear translocation of STAT6 to activate target genes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Knockout_mouse/Aw50cobf">Knockout</a> studies in mice suggested the roles of this gene in differentiation of T helper 2 (Th2), expression of cell surface markers, and class switch of <a href="/facts/Antibody/MX8pdTdP">immunoglobulins</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Activation of STAT6 signaling pathway is necessary in <a href="/facts/Macrophage/z7hkQu3o">macrophage</a> function, and is required for the M2 subtype activation of macrophages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> STAT6 protein also regulates other transcription factor as <a href="/facts/GATA3/nAG0eaF8">Gata3</a>, which is important regulator of Th2 differentiation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> STAT6 is also required for the development of <a href="/facts/Interleukin_9/urVamhJn">IL-9</a>-secreting <a href="/facts/T_cell/5z6PQ9UN">T cells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>STAT6 also plays a critical role in Th2 lung inflammatory responses including clearance of parasitic infections and in the pathogenesis of asthma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Th2-cell derived cytokines as IL-4 and IL-13 induce the production of <a href="/facts/Immunoglobulin_E/76uGAl7k">IgE</a> which is a major mediator in allergic response.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Association studies searching for relation of polymorphisms in STAT6 with IgE level or asthma discovered a few <a href="/facts/Polymorphism_(biology)/lf32kgfV">polymorphisms</a> significantly associated with examined traits. Only two polymorphisms showed repeatedly significant clinical association and/or functional effect on STAT6 function (GT repeats in exon 1 and rs324011 polymorphism in intron 2).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="interactions">Interactions</h2> <p>STAT6 has been shown to <a href="/facts/Protein-protein_interaction/etvm9Wmg">interact</a> with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/CREB-binding_protein/F4p9VIV7">CREB-binding protein</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/EP300/7WU3jvjy">EP300</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IRF4/0ljxfbqc">IRF4</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/NFKB1/ocSAtPvP">NFKB1</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_receptor_coactivator_1/2K9PVkE1">Nuclear receptor coactivator 1</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SND1/u6sxuJWr">SND1</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> and</li> <li><a href="/facts/Retinoblastoma_protein/qc2WKTc4">Retinoblastoma protein</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="pathology">Pathology</h2> <ul><li>Gene fusion <ul><li>Recurrent somatic fusions of the two genes, <a href="/facts/NGFI-A%25E2%2580%2593binding_protein_2/twvkmoco">NGFI-A–binding protein 2</a> (<a href="/facts/NAB2/twvkmoco">NAB2</a>) and STAT6, located at chromosomal region 12q13, have been identified in <a href="/facts/Solitary_fibrous_tumor/JxvL7cBr">solitary fibrous tumors</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>Amplification <ul><li>STAT6 is amplified in a subset of dedifferentiated liposarcoma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Interleukin_4/FacDJ3TY">Interleukin 4</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Jiang H, Harris MB, Rothman P (June 2000). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmai.2000.107604">"IL-4/IL-13 signaling beyond JAK/STAT"</a>. <i>The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology</i>. 105 (6 Pt 1): 1063–70. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmai.2000.107604">10.1067/mai.2000.107604</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10856136">10856136</a>.</li> <li>Kisseleva T, Bhattacharya S, Braunstein J, Schindler CW (February 2002). "Signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway, recent advances and future challenges". <i>Gene</i>. 285 (1–2): 1–24. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2802%2900398-0">10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00398-0</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12039028">12039028</a>.</li> <li>Hou J, Schindler U, Henzel WJ, Ho TC, Brasseur M, McKnight SL (September 1994). "An interleukin-4-induced transcription factor: IL-4 Stat". <i>Science</i>. 265 (5179): 1701–6. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...265.1701H">1994Sci...265.1701H</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.8085155">10.1126/science.8085155</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8085155">8085155</a>.</li> <li>Takeda K, Tanaka T, Shi W, Matsumoto M, Minami M, Kashiwamura S, et al. (April 1996). "Essential role of Stat6 in IL-4 signalling". <i>Nature</i>. 380 (6575): 627–30. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.380..627T">1996Natur.380..627T</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F380627a0">10.1038/380627a0</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8602263">8602263</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4340375">4340375</a>.</li> <li>Shimoda K, van Deursen J, Sangster MY, Sarawar SR, Carson RT, Tripp RA, et al. (April 1996). "Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted Stat6 gene". <i>Nature</i>. 380 (6575): 630–3. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.380..630S">1996Natur.380..630S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F380630a0">10.1038/380630a0</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8602264">8602264</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4334441">4334441</a>.</li> <li>Kotanides H, Reich NC (October 1996). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.41.25555">"Interleukin-4-induced STAT6 recognizes and activates a target site in the promoter of the interleukin-4 receptor gene"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 271 (41): 25555–61. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.41.25555">10.1074/jbc.271.41.25555</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8810328">8810328</a>.</li> <li>Mikita T, Campbell D, Wu P, Williamson K, Schindler U (October 1996). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC231582">"Requirements for interleukin-4-induced gene expression and functional characterization of Stat6"</a>. <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. 16 (10): 5811–20. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.16.10.5811">10.1128/mcb.16.10.5811</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC231582">231582</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8816495">8816495</a>.</li> <li>Shen CH, Stavnezer J (June 1998). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108921">"Interaction of stat6 and NF-kappaB: direct association and synergistic activation of interleukin-4-induced transcription"</a>. <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. 18 (6): 3395–404. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.18.6.3395">10.1128/mcb.18.6.3395</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108921">108921</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9584180">9584180</a>.</li> <li>Leek JP, Hamlin PJ, Bell SM, Lench NJ (1998). "Assignment of the STAT6 gene (STAT6) to human chromosome band 12q13 by in situ hybridization". <i>Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics</i>. 79 (3–4): 208–9. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000134723">10.1159/000134723</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9605853">9605853</a>.</li> <li>Mikita T, Kurama M, Schindler U (August 1998). <a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.161.4.1822">"Synergistic activation of the germline epsilon promoter mediated by Stat6 and C/EBP beta"</a>. <i>Journal of Immunology</i>. 161 (4): 1822–8. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.161.4.1822">10.4049/jimmunol.161.4.1822</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9712049">9712049</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82211469">82211469</a>.</li> <li>Patel BK, Keck CL, O'Leary RS, Popescu NC, LaRochelle WJ (September 1998). <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1229761">"Localization of the human stat6 gene to chromosome 12q13.3-q14.1, a region implicated in multiple solid tumors"</a>. <i>Genomics</i>. 52 (2): 192–200. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1998.5436">10.1006/geno.1998.5436</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9782085">9782085</a>.</li> <li>Zhu M, John S, Berg M, Leonard WJ (January 1999). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980965-4">"Functional association of Nmi with Stat5 and Stat1 in IL-2- and IFNgamma-mediated signaling"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. 96 (1): 121–30. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980965-4">10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80965-4</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9989503">9989503</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14758136">14758136</a>.</li> <li>McDonald C, Reich NC (July 1999). "Cooperation of the transcriptional coactivators CBP and p300 with Stat6". <i>Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research</i>. 19 (7): 711–22. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F107999099313550">10.1089/107999099313550</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10454341">10454341</a>.</li> <li>Harris MB, Chang CC, Berton MT, Danial NN, Zhang J, Kuehner D, et al. (October 1999). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84719">"Transcriptional repression of Stat6-dependent interleukin-4-induced genes by BCL-6: specific regulation of iepsilon transcription and immunoglobulin E switching"</a>. <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. 19 (10): 7264–75. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.19.10.7264">10.1128/mcb.19.10.7264</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84719">84719</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10490661">10490661</a>.</li> <li>Gupta S, Jiang M, Pernis AB (October 1999). <a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.163.7.3834">"IFN-alpha activates Stat6 and leads to the formation of Stat2:Stat6 complexes in B cells"</a>. <i>Journal of Immunology</i>. 163 (7): 3834–41. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.163.7.3834">10.4049/jimmunol.163.7.3834</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10490982">10490982</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255676952">255676952</a>.</li> <li>Gupta S, Jiang M, Anthony A, Pernis AB (December 1999). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2195723">"Lineage-specific modulation of interleukin 4 signaling by interferon regulatory factor 4"</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Medicine</i>. 190 (12): 1837–48. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.190.12.1837">10.1084/jem.190.12.1837</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2195723">2195723</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10601358">10601358</a>.</li> <li>Daniel C, Salvekar A, Schindler U (May 2000). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C000129200">"A gain-of-function mutation in STAT6"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 275 (19): 14255–9. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C000129200">10.1074/jbc.C000129200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747856">10747856</a>.</li> <li>Arinobu Y, Sugimoto R, Akaiwa M, Arima K, Otsuka T, Hamasaki N, et al. (October 2000). "Augmentation of signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT)6 and STAT3 expression in stimulated B and T cells". <i>Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</i>. 277 (2): 317–24. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.2000.3674">10.1006/bbrc.2000.3674</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11032724">11032724</a>.</li> <li>Masuda A, Matsuguchi T, Yamaki K, Hayakawa T, Yoshikai Y (July 2001). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M011475200">"Interleukin-15 prevents mouse mast cell apoptosis through STAT6-mediated Bcl-xL expression"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 276 (28): 26107–13. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M011475200">10.1074/jbc.M011475200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11369758">11369758</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=STAT6+Transcription+Factor">STAT6+Transcription+Factor</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/facts/Medical_Subject_Headings/C57g2JuF">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Goenka S, Kaplan MH (May 2011). "Transcriptional regulation by STAT6". Immunologic Research. 50 (1): 87–96. doi:10.1007/s12026-011-8205-2. PMC 3107597. PMID 21442426. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107597" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107597</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Goenka S, Kaplan MH (May 2011). "Transcriptional regulation by STAT6". Immunologic Research. 50 (1): 87–96. doi:10.1007/s12026-011-8205-2. PMC 3107597. PMID 21442426. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107597" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107597</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Patel BK, Keck CL, O'Leary RS, Popescu NC, LaRochelle WJ (September 1998). "Localization of the human stat6 gene to chromosome 12q13.3-q14.1, a region implicated in multiple solid tumors". Genomics. 52 (2): 192–200. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5436. PMID 9782085. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1229761" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/1229761</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Godava M, Vrtel R, Vodicka R (June 2013). "STAT6 - polymorphisms, haplotypes and epistasis in relation to atopy and asthma". Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia. 157 (2): 172–80. doi:10.5507/bp.2013.043. PMID 23752766. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5507%2Fbp.2013.043" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5507%2Fbp.2013.043</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Godava M, Vrtel R, Vodicka R (June 2013). "STAT6 - polymorphisms, haplotypes and epistasis in relation to atopy and asthma". Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia. 157 (2): 172–80. doi:10.5507/bp.2013.043. 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