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Models of communication
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<h2 id="definition-and-function">Definition and function</h2> <p>Models of communication are representations of the process of <a href="/facts/Communication/EGEkchsT">communication</a>. They try to provide a simple explanation of the process by highlighting its most basic characteristics and components. As simplified pictures, they only present the aspects that, according to the model's designer, are most central to communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Communication can be defined as the transmission of ideas. General models of communication try to describe all of its forms, including <a href="/facts/Verbal_communication/oQuamvf2">verbal</a> and <a href="/facts/Non-verbal_communication/Fq7EdXMW">non-verbal communication</a> as well as <a href="/facts/Visual/QVcuA27K">visual</a>, <a href="/facts/Hearing/EPYrVkSx">auditory</a>, and <a href="/facts/Olfactory/t6ytFklU">olfactory</a> forms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> In the widest sense, communication is not restricted to humans but happens also <a href="/facts/Animal_communication/nHBjVw3c">among animals</a> and between species. However, models of communication normally focus on <a href="/facts/Human_communication/6qo5gpGd">human communication</a> as the paradigmatic form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> They usually involve some type of interaction between two or more parties in which messages are exchanged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The process as a whole is very complex, which is why models of communication only present the most salient features by showing how the main components operate and interact.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> They usually do so in the form of a simplified visualization and ignore some aspects for the sake of simplicity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Some theorists, like Paul Cobley and Peter J. Schulz, distinguish models of communication from <a href="/facts/Communication_theory/hsg79QAy">theories of communication</a>. This is based on the idea that theories of communication try to provide a more abstract <a href="/facts/Conceptual_framework/47772FXG">conceptual framework</a> that is strong enough to accurately represent the underlying <a href="/facts/Reality/oC1xokDB">reality</a> despite its complexity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Communication theorist Robert Craig sees the difference in the fact that models primarily represent communication while theories additionally explain it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> According to Frank Dance, there is no one fully comprehensive model of communication since each one highlights only certain aspects and distorts others. For this reason, he suggests that a family of different models should be adopted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Models of communication serve various functions. Their simplified presentation helps students and researchers identify the main steps of communication and apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The unified picture they provide makes it easier to describe and explain the observed phenomena. Models of communication can guide the formulation of <a href="/facts/Hypotheses/gMABEJul">hypotheses</a> and <a href="/facts/Prediction/0w4XXB33">predictions</a> about how communicative processes will unfold and show how these processes can be measured.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> One of their goals is to show how to improve communication, for example, by avoiding distortions through <a href="/facts/Noise/aUstHDqU">noise</a> or by discovering how <a href="/facts/Society/PulvrYfa">societal</a> and <a href="/facts/Economy/okLWSsEY">economic</a> factors affect the quality of communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="basic-concepts">Basic concepts</h2> <p>Many basic concepts reappear in the different models, like "sender", "<a href="/facts/Receiver_(information_theory)/I7NBQwac">receiver</a>", "<a href="/facts/Message/zaUQGfQB">message</a>", "<a href="/facts/Communication_channel/MtlxEShV">channel</a>", "<a href="/facts/Signal/41YqUJ8c">signal</a>", "<a href="/facts/Encoding/CSntvnEo">encoding</a>", "decoding", "<a href="/facts/Communication_noise/GclBlDLe">noise</a>", "<a href="/facts/Feedback/XnuWH3zp">feedback</a>", and "<a href="/facts/Context_(language_use)/eJM44o7x">context</a>". Their exact meanings vary slightly from model to model and sometimes different terms are used for the same ideas. Simple models only rely on a few of these concepts while more complex models include many of them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>The sender is responsible for creating the message and sending it to the receiver. Some theorists use the terms <i>source</i> and <i>destination</i> instead. The message itself can be verbal or non-verbal and contains some form of <a href="/facts/Information/3LdrzXtJ">information</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The process of encoding translates the message into a signal that can be conveyed using a channel. The channel is the sensory route on which the signal travels. For example, expressing one's thoughts in a speech encodes them as <a href="/facts/Sound/DlKXlPuF">sounds</a>, which are transmitted using air as a channel. Decoding is the reverse process of encoding: it happens when the signal is translated back into a message.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>Noise is any influence that interferes with the message reaching its destination. Some theorists distinguish environmental noise and <a href="/facts/Semantics/1L4WwLAP">semantic</a> noise: environmental noise distorts the signal on its way to the receiver, whereas semantic noise occurs during encoding or decoding, for example, when an ambiguous word in the message is not interpreted by the receiver as it was meant by the sender.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Feedback means that the receiver responds to the message by conveying some information back to the original sender.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Context consists in the circumstances of the communication. It is a very wide term that can apply to the physical environment and the <a href="/facts/Mental_state/sHsDj380">mental state</a> of the communicators as well as the general social situation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="classifications">Classifications</h2> <p>Models of communication are classified in many ways and the proposed classifications often overlap. Some models are general in the sense that they aim to describe all forms of communication. Others are specialized: they only apply to specific fields or areas. For example, models of <a href="/facts/Mass_communication/h8IIGLVK">mass communication</a> are specialized models that do not aim to give a universal account of communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Another contrast is between linear and non-linear models. Most early models of communication are linear models. They present communication as a unidirectional process in which messages flow from the communicator to the <a href="/facts/Audience/BtMhrVba">audience</a>. Non-linear models, on the other hand, are multi-directional: messages are sent back and forth between participants. According to Uma Narula, linear models describe single acts of communication while non-linear models describe the whole process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h3>Linear transmission</h3> <p>Linear transmission models describe communication as a one-way process. In it, a sender intentionally conveys a message to a receiver. The reception of the message is the endpoint of this process. Since there is no feedback loop, the sender may not know whether the message reached its intended destination. Most early models were transmission models. Due to their linear nature, they are often too simple to capture the dynamic aspects of various forms of communication, such as regular face-to-face conversation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> By focusing only on the sender, they leave out the audience's perspective. For example, listening usually does not just happen, but is an active process involving <a href="/facts/Understanding/D8UXbWuJ">listening skills</a> and interpretation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> However, some forms of communication can be accurately described by them, such as many types of <a href="/facts/Computer-mediated_communication/Iw7UbAuQ">computer-mediated communication</a>. This applies, for example, to <a href="/facts/Text_messaging/AjCD61SD">text messaging</a>, sending an email, posting a blog, or sharing something on social media.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Some theorists, like Uma Narula, talk of "action models" instead of linear transmission models to stress how they only focus on the actions of the sender.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Linear transmission models include Aristotle's, <a href="/facts/Lasswell%27s_model_of_communication/T1pJNuMu">Lasswell</a>'s, <a href="/facts/Shannon%E2%80%93Weaver_model/F9jyEBhF">Shannon-Weaver</a>'s and <a href="/facts/Source-Message-Channel-Receiver_model_of_communication/2stzCxhW">Berlo</a>'s model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h3>Interaction</h3> <p>For interaction models, the participants in communication alternate the positions of sender and receiver. So upon receiving a message, a new message is generated and returned to the original sender as a form of feedback. In this regard, communication is a two-way process. This adds more complexity to the model since the participants are both senders and receivers and they alternate between these two positions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>For interaction models, these steps happen one after the other: first, one message is sent and received, later another message is returned as feedback, etc. Such feedback loops make it possible for the sender to assess whether their message was received and had the intended effect or whether it was distorted by noise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> For example, interaction models can be used to describe a conversation through <a href="/facts/Instant_messaging/8lwwDyjK">instant messaging</a>: the sender sends a message and then has to wait for the receiver to react. Another example is a question/answer session where one person asks a question and then waits for another person to answer. Interaction models usually put more emphasis on the interactive process and less on the technical problem of how the message is conveyed at each step. For this reason, more prominence is given to the context that shapes the exchange of messages. This includes the physical context, like the distance between the speakers, and the psychological context, which includes mental and emotional factors like stress and anxiety.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Schramm%27s_model/qn21ERqK">Schramm's model</a> is one of the earliest interaction models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h3>Transaction</h3> <p>Transaction models depart from interaction models in two ways. On the one hand, they understand sending and responding as simultaneous processes. This can be used to describe how listeners use non-verbal communication, like <a href="/facts/Body_posture/YWS50QKy">body posture</a> and <a href="/facts/Facial_expression/polSzUsf">facial expressions</a>, to give some form of feedback. This way, they can signal whether they agree with the message while the speaker is talking. This feedback may in turn influence the speaker's message while it is being produced. On the other hand, transactional models stress that meaning is created in the process of communication and does not exist prior to it. This is often combined with the claim that communication creates social realities like relationships, <a href="/facts/Identity_(social_science)/hCR165VD">personal identities</a>, and <a href="/facts/Communities/LIptGwqy">communities</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> This also affects the communicators themselves on various levels, such as their thoughts and feelings as well as their social identities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p><p>Transaction models usually put more emphasis on contexts and how they shape the exchange of information. They are sometimes divided into social, relational, and cultural contexts. Social contexts include explicit and implicit rules about what form of message and feedback is acceptable. An example is that one should not interrupt people or that greetings should be returned. Relational contexts are more specific in that they concern the previous relationship and shared history of the communicators. This includes factors like whether the participants are friends, neighbors, co-workers, or rivals. The cultural context encompasses the social identities of the communicators, such as race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, and social class.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Barnlund%27s_model_of_communication/Pf4ICjQy">Barnlund's model</a> is an influential early transaction model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h3>Constitutive and constructionist</h3> <p><i>Constitutive models</i> hold that meaning is "reflexively constructed, maintained, or negotiated in the act of communicating".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> This means that communication is not just the exchange of pre-established bundles of information but a creative process, unlike the outlook found in many transmission models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> According to Robert Craig, this implies that communication is a basic social phenomenon that cannot be explained through psychological, cultural, economic, or other factors. Instead, communication is to be seen as the cause of other social processes and not as their result.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Constitutive models are closely related to <a href="/facts/Social_constructionism/NeGDLvKL">constructionist</a> models, which see communication as the basic process responsible for how people understand, represent, and experience reality. According to social constructionists, like <a href="/facts/George_Herbert_Mead/fUTU8x6w">George Herbert Mead</a>, reality is not something wholly external but depends on how it is <a href="/facts/Concept/VWB6yhQp">conceptualized</a>, which happens through communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <h3>Interpersonal and intrapersonal</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Interpersonal_communication/JNoh6rpJ">Interpersonal communication</a> is communication between two distinct persons, like when greeting someone on the street or making a phone call.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Intrapersonal_communication/0cjvUDAH">Intrapersonal communication</a>, in contrast, is communication with oneself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> An example is a person thinking to themself that they should bring in the laundry from outside because it is about to rain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> Most models of communication focus on interpersonal communication by assuming that sender and receiver are distinct persons. They often explore how the sender encodes a message, how this message is transmitted and possibly distorted, and how the receiver decodes and interprets the message.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p><p>However, some models are specifically formulated for intrapersonal communication. Many of them focus on the idea that intrapersonal communication starts with the <a href="/facts/Perception/xLK0n2q4">perception</a> of internal and external <a href="/facts/Stimulus_(psychology)/el6C43FY">stimuli</a> carrying information. These stimuli are processed and interpreted in various ways, for example, by classifying them and by ascribing symbolic meaning to them. Later steps include thinking about them, organizing information, and then encoding the ideas conceived this way in a behavioral response. This response can itself produce new stimuli and act as a form of feedback loop for continued intrapersonal communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> Some models of communication try to provide a perspective that includes both interpersonal and intrapersonal communication in order to show how these two phenomena influence each other.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p> <h3>Non-human</h3> <p>The discipline of communication studies and the models of communication proposed in it are not restricted to human communication. They include discussions of communication among other species, like non-human animals and plants. Models of non-human communication usually stress the practical aspects of communication, ie., what effects it has on behavior. An example is that communication provides an <a href="/facts/Evolution/Hj0qAaBk">evolutionary</a> advantage to the communicators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> </p><p>Some models of animal communication are similar to models of human communication in that they understand the process as an exchange of information. This exchange helps the communicators to reduce uncertainty and to act in a way that is beneficial to them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> A further approach is discussed in the manipulative model of animal communication. It argues that the central aspect of communication does not consist in the exchange of information but in causing changes to the behavior of other organisms. This influence provides primarily a benefit to the sender and does not need to involve the transmission of messages. In this way, the sender "exploits another animal's ... muscle power".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> A slightly different approach focuses more on the <a href="/facts/Cooperation/G7HKPKXj">cooperative</a> aspect of communication and holds that both sender and receiver benefit from the exchange.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> Models of plant communication usually understand communication in terms of biochemical changes and responses. According to Richard Karban, this process starts with a cue that is emitted by a sender and then perceived by a receiver. The receiver processes this information to translate it into some kind of response.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p> <h3>Others</h3> <p>Additional classifications of communication models have been suggested. The term <i>encoding-decoding model</i> is used for any model that includes the phases of encoding and decoding in its description of communication. Such models stress that to send information, a code is necessary. A code is a sign system used to express ideas and interpret messages. Encoding-decoding models are sometimes contrasted with <i>inferential models</i>. For the latter, the receiver is not only interested in the information sent but tries to infer the sender's <a href="/facts/Intention/ahzUpq2G">intention</a> behind formulating the message.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p><p><i>Hypodermic models</i>, also referred to as <i>magic bullet theories</i>, hold that communication can be reduced to the transfer of ideas, information, or feelings from a sender to a receiver. In them, the message is like a magic bullet that is shot by active senders at passive and defenseless receivers. They are closely related to linear transmission models and contrast with <i>reception models</i>, which ascribe an active role to the receiver in the process of communication and meaning-making.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p><p><i>Relational models</i> stress the importance of the <a href="/facts/Social_relation/DU3HW2Ah">relationship</a> between communicators. For example, Wilbur Schramm holds that this relationship informs the expectations the participants bring to the exchange and the roles they play in it. These roles influence how the communicators try to contribute to the communicative goal. In the context of instruction, for example, the teacher's role includes sharing and explaining information while the student's role involves learning and asking clarifying questions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> Relational models also describe how communication affects the relationship between the communicators. For example, the communication between patient and hospital staff affects whether the patient feels cared for or <a href="/facts/Dehumanization/bp0VlKGF">dehumanized</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> Relational models are closely related to <i>convergence models</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> For convergence models, the goal of communication is convergence: to reach a mutual understanding. Feedback plays a central role in this regard: effective feedback helps achieve this goal while ineffective feedback leads to divergence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> </p><p><i>Difference models</i> emphasize the role of <a href="/facts/Gender/LfjRHcJy">gender</a> and <a href="/facts/Race_(human_categorization)/cDPnrdXn">racial</a> differences in the process of communication. Some posit, for example, that men and women have different communication styles and aim to achieve different goals through communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Communication was studied as early as <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greece/PTVBrWXq">Ancient Greece</a> and one of the first models of communication is due to <a href="/facts/Aristotle/U2bDlBFW">Aristotle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> However, the field of communication studies only developed in the 20th century into a separate research discipline. In its early stages, it often borrowed models and concepts from other disciplines, such as <a href="/facts/Psychology/duoqW7Sz">psychology</a>, <a href="/facts/Sociology/d2Fd0N87">sociology</a>, <a href="/facts/Anthropology/W6WK1C3a">anthropology</a>, and <a href="/facts/Political_science/Gqy5EoRX">political science</a>. But as it developed as a science, it started to rely more and more on its own models and concepts. Beginning in the 1940s and the following decades, many new models of communication were developed. Most of the early models were linear transmission models. For many purposes, they were replaced by non-linear models such as interaction, transaction, and convergence models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> </p> <h3>Aristotle</h3> <p>One of the earliest models of communication was given by Aristotle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> He speaks of communication in his treatise <a href="/facts/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)/TnPS1SeY">Rhetoric</a> and characterizes it as a <a href="/facts/Techne/XceknnXY">techne</a> or <a href="/facts/The_arts/kabJ6XX6">an art</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> His model is primarily concerned with public speaking and is made up of five elements: the speaker, the message, the audience, the occasion, and the effect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> </p><p>According to Aristotle's communication model, the speaker wishes to have an effect on the audience, such as <a href="/facts/Persuasion/kWj4ff3w">persuading</a> them of an opinion or a course of action. The same message may have very different effects depending on the audience and the occasion. For this reason, the speaker should take these factors into account and compose their message accordingly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> Many of the basic elements of the Aristotelian model of communication are still found in contemporary models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> </p> <h3>Lasswell</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Lasswell%27s_model_of_communication/T1pJNuMu">Lasswell's model of communication</a></p> <p>Lasswell's model is an early and influential model of communication. It was proposed by <a href="/facts/Harold_Lasswell/tnhDUhcs">Harold Lasswell</a> in 1948 and uses five questions to identify and describe the main aspects of communication: "Who?", "Says What?", "In What Channel?", "To Whom?", and "With What Effect?".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> They correspond to five basic components involved in the communicative process: the sender, the message, the channel, the receiver, and the effect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> For a newspaper headline, those five components are the reporter, the content of the headline, the newspaper itself, the reader, and the reader's response to the headline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> Lasswell assigns a field of inquiry to each component, corresponding to control analysis, <a href="/facts/Content_analysis/QVhj8N0v">content analysis</a>, media analysis, <a href="/facts/Audience_analysis/1kJaUKC0">audience analysis</a>, and effect analysis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> The model is usually seen as a linear transmission model and was initially formulated specifically for mass communication, like radio, television, and newspapers. Nonetheless, it has been used in other fields, like <a href="/facts/New_media/AhuRPHpN">new media</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> Many theorists treat it as a universal model applying to any form of communication. It is widely cited as a model of communication but some theorists, like Zachary S. Sapienza et al, have raised doubts about this characterization and see it instead as a questioning device, a formula, or a construct.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> </p><p>Lasswell's model is often criticized due to its simplicity. An example is that it does not include an explicit discussion of vital factors such as noise and feedback loops. It also does not talk about the influence of physical, emotional, social, and cultural contexts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> These shortcomings have prompted some theorists to expand Lasswell's model. For example, Richard Braddock published an extension in 1958 including two additional questions: "Under What Circumstances?" and "For What Purpose?".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> </p> <h3>Shannon and Weaver</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Shannon%E2%80%93Weaver_model/F9jyEBhF">Shannon–Weaver model</a></p> <p>The Shannon–Weaver model is another early and influential model of communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> It is a linear transmission model that was published in 1948 and describes communication as the interaction of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a> The source is responsible for generating the message. This message is translated by the transmitter into a signal, which is then sent using a channel. The receiver has the opposite function of the transmitter: it translates the signal back into a message, which is made available to the destination. The Shannon–Weaver model was initially formulated in analogy to how telephone calls work but is intended as a general model of all forms of communication. In the case of a landline phone call, the person calling is the source and their telephone is the transmitter translating the message into an electric signal. The wire acts as the channel. The person taking the call is the destination, and their telephone is the receiver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Claude_Shannon/EremsCws">Claude Shannon</a> and <a href="/facts/Warren_Weaver/Tr45SCMn">Warren Weaver</a> categorize and address problems relevant to models of communication at three basic levels: technical, semantic, and effectiveness problems. They correspond to the issues of how to transmit the <a href="/facts/Symbol/GS8mTn0h">symbols</a> in the message to the receiver, how these symbols carry meaning, and how to ensure that the message has the intended effect on the receiver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> Shannon and Weaver focus their attention on the technical level by discussing how noise can interfere with the signal. This makes it difficult for the receiver to reconstruct the source's intention found in the original message. They try to solve this problem by making the message <a href="/facts/Redundancy_(information_theory)/HnbfBLE0">redundant</a> so that it is easier to detect <a href="/facts/Distortion/z8RJcwNy">distortions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> </p><p>The Shannon–Weaver model has been influential in the fields of communication theory and <a href="/facts/Information_theory/qNLH3U5P">information theory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a> However, it has been criticized because it simplifies some parts of the communicative process. For example, it presents communication as a one-way process and not as a dynamic interaction of messages going back and forth between both participants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a> </p> <h3>Newcomb</h3> <p>Newcomb's model was first published by <a href="/facts/Theodore_Newcomb/PpUN7fAR">Theodore M. Newcomb</a> in his 1953 paper "An approach to the study of communicative acts".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> It is called the ABX model of communication since it understands communication in terms of three components: two parties (A and B) interacting with each other about a topic or object (X). A and B can be persons or groups, such as trade unions or nations. X can be any part of their shared environment like a specific thing or another person.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> The ABX model differs from earlier models by focusing on the <a href="/facts/Social_relation/DU3HW2Ah">social relation</a> between the communicators in the form of the orientations or attitudes they have toward each other and toward the topic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a> The orientations can be favorable or unfavorable and include beliefs. They have a big impact on how communication unfolds. It is relevant, for example, whether A and B like each other and whether they have the same attitude towards X.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> </p><p>Newcomb understands communication as a "learned response to strain" caused by discrepancies between orientations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a> The social function of communication is to maintain equilibrium in the <a href="/facts/Social_system/crIBHftt">social system</a> by keeping the different orientations in balance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> In Newcomb's words, communication enables "two or more individuals to maintain simultaneous orientation to each other and towards objects of the external environment".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> The orientations of A and B are subject to change and influence each other. Significant discrepancies between them, such as divergent opinions on X, cause a strain in the relation. In such cases, communication aims to reduce the strain and restore balance through the exchange of information about the object.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> For example, if A and B are friends and X is someone both know, then equilibrium means that they have the same attitude towards X. However, there is a disequilibrium or strain if A likes X but B does not. This creates a tendency for A and B to exchange information about X until they arrive at a shared attitude. The more important X is to A and B, the more urgent this tendency is.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> </p> <p>An influential expansion of Newcomb's model is due to Westley and MacLean. They introduce the idea of <a href="/facts/Asymmetry_of_information/Tr9cgSk5">asymmetry of information</a>: the sender (A) is aware of several topics (X1 to X3) and has to compose the message (X') to communicate to the receiver (B). B's direct perception is limited to only a few of these topics (X1B).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> Another addition is the inclusion of feedback (fBA) from the receiver to the sender.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> Westley and MacLean also propose a further expansion to account for mass communication. For this purpose, they include an additional component, C, that has the role of a <a href="/facts/Gatekeeper/wNX2YtNX">gatekeeper</a> filtering the original message for the mass audience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a> </p> <h3>Schramm</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Schramm%27s_model_of_communication/qn21ERqK">Schramm's model of communication</a></p> <p>Schramm's model of communication is one of the earliest interaction models of communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a> It was published by <a href="/facts/Wilbur_Schramm/0gL0XHqG">Wilbur Schramm</a> in 1954 as a response to and an improvement over linear transmission models of communication, such as Lasswell's model and the Shannon–Weaver model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> The main difference in this regard is that Schramm does not see the audience as passive recipients. Instead, he understands them as active participants that respond by sending their own message as a form of feedback.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a> Feedback forms part of many types of communication and makes it easier for the participants to identify and resolve possible misunderstandings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a> </p> <p>For Schramm, communication is based on the relation between a source and a destination and consists in sharing ideas or information.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a> For this to happen, the source has to encode their idea in symbolic form as a message.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a> This message is sent to the destination using a channel, such as sound waves or ink on paper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a> The destination has to decode and interpret the message in order to reconstruct the original idea. The processes of encoding and decoding correspond to the roles of transmitter and receiver in the Shannon–Weaver model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a> According to Schramm, these processes are influenced by the fields of <a href="/facts/Experience/1LeXy1DW">experience</a> of each participant. A field of experience includes past life experiences and affects what the participant understands and is familiar with.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a> Communication fails if the message is outside the receiver's field of experience. In this case, the receiver is unable to decode it and connect it to the sender's idea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a> Other sources of error are external noise or mistakes in the phases of decoding and encoding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a> Schramm holds that successful communication is about realizing an intended effect. He discusses the conditions for this to be possible. They include making sure that one has the receiver's <a href="/facts/Attention/pleJPaeQ">attention</a>, that the message is understandable, and that the audience is able and motivated to react to the message in the intended way.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a> </p><p>In the 1970s, Schramm proposed modifications to his original model to take into account the discoveries made in <a href="/facts/Communication_studies/5H7v0uMg">communication studies</a> in the preceding decades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a> His new approach gives special emphasis to the relation between the participants. The relation determines the goal of communication and the roles played by the participants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a> </p> <h3>Gerbner</h3> <p><a href="/facts/George_Gerbner/0nE4Q5Ep">George Gerbner</a> first published his model in his 1956 paper <i>Toward a General Model of Communication</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a> It is a linear transmission model. It is based on the Shannon–Weaver model and Lasswell's model but expands them in various ways.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a> It aims to provide a general account of all forms of communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a> One of its innovations is that it starts not with a message or an idea but with an <a href="/facts/Event_(philosophy)/Jf4tnpMj">event</a>. The communicating agent perceives it and composes a message about it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a> </p><p>For Gerbner, messages are not packages that exist prior to communication. Instead, the message is created in the process of encoding and is affected by the code and the channel. Gerbner assumes that the goal of communication is to inform another person about something they are unaware of.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a> He includes a total of ten essential components: (1) someone (2) perceives an event (3) and reacts (4) in a situation (5) through some means. This is done with the goal of (6) making available materials (7) in some form (8) and context (9) conveying content (10) of some consequence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a> Each of these components corresponds to a different area of study. For example, <i>communicator and audience research</i> studies the first component while <i>perception research</i> is concerned with the second component. In Gerbner's example, "a man notices a house burning across the street and shouts 'Fire!'". In this case, "someone" corresponds to the man and the perceived event is the burning house. Other components include his voice (means) and the fire (conveyed content).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a> </p> <p>The relation between message and reality is of central importance to Gerbner.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a> For this reason, his model includes two dimensions. The horizontal dimension corresponds to the relation between communicator and event. The vertical dimension corresponds to the relation between communicator and message.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a> Communication starts in the horizontal dimension with an event perceived by the sender. The next step happens in the vertical dimension, where the percept is translated into a signal containing the message. The message has two key aspects: content and form. The content is the information about the event. The last step belongs again to the horizontal dimension: the audience perceives and interprets the message about the event.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a> </p><p>All these steps are creative processes that select some features to be included.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a> For example, the event is never perceived in its entirety. Instead, the communicator has to select and interpret its most salient features. The same happens when encoding the message: the percept is usually too complex to be fully communicated and only its most significant aspects are expressed. Selection also concerns the choice of the code and channel to be used. The availability of a channel differs from person to person and from situation to situation. For example, many people do not have access to mass media, like television, to send their message to a wide audience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a> Gerbner's emphasis on the relation between message and reality has been influential for subsequent models of communication. However, Gerbner's model still suffers from many of the limitations of the earlier models it is based on. An example is the focus on the linear transmission of information without an in-depth discussion of the role of feedback loops. Another issue concerns the question of how meaning is created.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a> </p> <h3>Berlo</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Source%E2%80%93message%E2%80%93channel%E2%80%93receiver_model_of_communication/2stzCxhW">Source–message–channel–receiver model of communication</a></p> <p>Berlo's model is a linear transmission model of communication. It was published by <a href="/facts/David_Berlo/C8QED9oX">David Berlo</a> in 1960 and was influenced by earlier models, such as the Shannon–Weaver model and Schramm's model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a> It is usually referred to as the Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model because of its four main components (source, message, channel, and receiver).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a> Each of these components is characterized by various aspects and the main focus of the model is a detailed discussion of each of them. For Berlo, all forms of communication are attempts to influence the <a href="/facts/Human_behavior/AnYA87pl">behavior</a> of the receiver. To do so, the source has to express their purpose by encoding it into a message.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a> This message is sent through a channel to the receiver, who has to decode it in order to understand it and react to it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a> Communication is successful if the reaction of the receiver matches the purpose of the source.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a> </p><p>Berlo's main interest in discussing the components and their aspects is to analyze their impact on successful communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a> Source and receiver are usually persons but can also be groups or institutions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a> On this level, Berlo identifies four features: communication skills, attitudes, <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a>, and social-cultural system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a> Communication skills are primarily the ability of the source to encode messages and the ability of the receiver to decode them. The <i>attitude</i> is the positive or negative stance that source and receiver have toward themselves, each other, and the discussed topic. <i>Knowledge</i> stands for the understanding of the topic and the social-cultural system includes background beliefs and <a href="/facts/Social_norms/Qu2jGBz3">social norms</a> common in the <a href="/facts/Culture/c5JgMqpX">culture</a> and social context of the communicators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a> Generally speaking, the more source and receiver are alike in regard to these factors, the more likely successful communication is.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a> Communication may fail, for example, if the receiver lacks the decoding skills necessary to understand the message or if the source has a demeaning attitude toward the receiver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a> </p><p>For the message, the main factors are code, content, and treatment, each of which can be analyzed in terms of its structure and its elements. The code is the <a href="/facts/Sign_system/qtFdmpPy">sign system</a> used to express the message, like a <a href="/facts/Language/IRcTok2q">language</a>. The content is the idea or information expressed in the message. Choosing an appropriate content and the right code to express it matters for successful communication. Berlo uses the term <i>treatment</i> to refer to this selection. It reflects the style of the source as a communicator. The channel is the medium and process of how the message is transmitted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a> Berlo analyzes it mainly based on the <a href="/facts/Five_senses/n9kYQ3rf">five senses</a> used to decode messages: seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252"><sup>252</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253"><sup>253</sup></a> The SMCR model has inspired subsequent theorists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254"><sup>254</sup></a> However, it is often criticized based on its simplicity because it does not discuss feedback loops and because it does not give enough emphasis on noise and other barriers to communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255"><sup>255</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256"><sup>256</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257"><sup>257</sup></a> </p> <h3>Dance</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Frank_E._X._Dance/7g2vd49F">Frank Dance</a>'s helical model of communication was initially published in his 1967 book <i>Human Communication Theory</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258"><sup>258</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259"><sup>259</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260"><sup>260</sup></a> It is intended as a response to and an improvement over linear and circular models by stressing the dynamic nature of communication and how it changes the participants. Dance sees the fault of linear models as their attempt to understand communication as a linear flow of messages from a sender to a receiver. According to him, this fault is avoided by circular models, which include a feedback loop through which messages are exchanged back and forth. Dance criticizes the circular approach by holding that it "suggests that communication comes back, full circle, to exactly the same point from which it started".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261"><sup>261</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262"><sup>262</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263"><sup>263</sup></a> </p><p>Dance holds that a <a href="/facts/Helix/BqC4AKwL">helix</a> is a more adequate representation of the process of communication since it implies that there is always a forward movement. It shows how the content and structure of earlier communicative acts influence the content and structure of later communicative acts. In this regard, communication has a lasting effect on the communicators and evolves continuously as a process. The upward widening movement of the helix represents a form of <a href="/facts/Optimism/T3DvXxoW">optimism</a> by seeing communication as a means of growth, learning, and improvement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264"><sup>264</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265"><sup>265</sup></a> The basic idea behind Dance's helical model of communication is also found in <a href="/facts/Education_theory/Ta6UTGBb">education theory</a> in the <a href="/facts/Spiral_approach/3H18V0BT">spiral approach</a> proposed by <a href="/facts/Jerome_Bruner/dUjnuIv8">Jerome Bruner</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266"><sup>266</sup></a> Dance's model has been criticized based on the claim that it focuses only on some aspects of communication but does not provide a tool for detailed analysis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267"><sup>267</sup></a> </p> <h3>Barnlund</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Barnlund%27s_model_of_communication/Pf4ICjQy">Barnlund's model of communication</a></p> <p>Barnlund's model is an influential transactional model of communication first published in 1970.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268"><sup>268</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269"><sup>269</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270"><sup>270</sup></a> Its goal is to avoid the inaccuracies of earlier models and account for communication in all its complexity. This includes dismissing the idea that communication is defined as the transmission of ideas from a sender to a receiver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271"><sup>271</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272"><sup>272</sup></a> For Barnlund, communication "is the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273"><sup>273</sup></a> He holds that the world and its objects lack <a href="/facts/Meaning_(philosophy)/WvFm4kKM">meaning</a> on their own. They are only meaningful to the extent that people <a href="/facts/Interpretation_(philosophy)/rAjKeCbQ">interpret</a> them and assign meaning to them by engaging in the processes of decoding and encoding. In doing so, people try to decrease uncertainty and arrive at a shared understanding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274"><sup>274</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275"><sup>275</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276"><sup>276</sup></a> </p><p>Barnlund's model rests on a set of basic assumptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277"><sup>277</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278"><sup>278</sup></a> For Barnlund, any activity that creates meaning is a form of communication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279"><sup>279</sup></a> He sees communication as <i>dynamic</i> because meaning is not fixed but depends on the human practice of interpretation, which is itself subject to change. Communication is <i>continuous</i> in the sense that it does not have a beginning or an end: people decode cues and encode responses all the time, even when no one else is present. For Barnlund, communication is also <i>circular</i> because there is no clear division between sender and receiver as found in linear transmission models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280"><sup>280</sup></a> It is <i>irreversible</i> due to the diverse effects it has on the communicators that cannot be undone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281"><sup>281</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282"><sup>282</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283"><sup>283</sup></a> It is also <i>complex</i> since many components are involved and many factors influence how it unfolds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284"><sup>284</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285"><sup>285</sup></a> Because of its complexity, communication is <i>unrepeatable</i>: it is not possible to control all these factors to exactly repeat a previous exchange. This is not even the case when the same communicators exchange the same messages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286"><sup>286</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287"><sup>287</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288"><sup>288</sup></a> </p><p>Barnlund's model is based on the idea that communication consists of decoding cues by ascribing meaning to them and encoding appropriate responses to them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289"><sup>289</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290"><sup>290</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291"><sup>291</sup></a> Barnlund distinguishes between public, private, and behavioral cues. Public cues are accessible to anyone in the situation, such as a tree in a park or a table in a room. Private cues are only available to one person, like a coin in one's pocket or an itch on one's wrist. Behavioral cues are under the control of the communicators and constitute the main vehicles of communication. They include verbal behavior, like discussing a business proposal, and non-verbal behavior, like raising one's eyebrows or sitting down in a chair.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292"><sup>292</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293"><sup>293</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294"><sup>294</sup></a> Barnlund's model has been influential, both for its innovations and for its criticisms of earlier models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295"><sup>295</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296"><sup>296</sup></a> Some objections to it include that it is not equally useful for all forms of communication and that it does not explain how exactly meaning is produced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297"><sup>297</sup></a> </p> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li>Agunga, Robert (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85WbPmx9QlcC&pg=PA381"><i>Communication for Social Change Anthology: Historical and Contemporary Readings</i></a>. 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OCLC 226356706. <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226356706" target="_blank">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226356706</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Narula 2006, p. 1–8, Introduction. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.1 Communication: History and Forms. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 60, communication models. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Craig 1999. - Craig, Robert T. Communication Theory as a Field (1999). "Communication Theory as a Field". Communication Theory. 9 (2): 119–161. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x. ISSN 1050-3293. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Narula 2006, p. 10–12, 23–25, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>McQuail 2008, p. 3143–9, Models of communication. - McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3143–9. ISBN 9781405131995. <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995" target="_blank">https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Cobley & Schulz 2013, p. 7–10, Introduction. - Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (30 January 2013). Theories and Models of Communication. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110240450. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xrNrpSZKxsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6xrNrpSZKxsC</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Cobley & Schulz 2013, p. 7–10, Introduction. - Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (30 January 2013). Theories and Models of Communication. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110240450. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xrNrpSZKxsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6xrNrpSZKxsC</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Craig 2013, pp. 46–47. - Craig, Robert (30 January 2013). "Constructing Theories in Communication Research". In Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (eds.). Theories and Models of Communication. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110240450. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xrNrpSZKxsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6xrNrpSZKxsC</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Narula 2006, p. 23, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Narula 2006, p. 10–12, 23–25, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Narula 2006, p. 23–25, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>McQuail 2008, p. 3143–9, Models of communication. - McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3143–9. ISBN 9781405131995. <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995" target="_blank">https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Narula 2006, p. 1–8, Introduction. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Narula 2006, p. 10–12, 23–25, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>McQuail 2008, p. 3143–9, Models of communication. - McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3143–9. ISBN 9781405131995. <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995" target="_blank">https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Steinberg 2007, p. 91. - Steinberg, Sheila (2007). An Introduction to Communication Studies. Juta and Company Ltd. ISBN 9780702172618. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8GRgXYeo_kC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=g8GRgXYeo_kC</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Sereno & Mortensen 1970, p. 122–3, Communication Theory: Decoding-Encoding. - Sereno, Kenneth K.; Mortensen, C. David (1970). "Communication Theory: Decoding-Encoding". In Sereno, Kenneth K.; Mortensen, C. David (eds.). Foundations of Communication Theory. Harper & Row. pp. 122–3. ISBN 9780060446239. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQwEAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=vQwEAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 125, encoding. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 44, channel. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 296, noise. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 72, context. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 24, 30, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Narula 2006, p. 12–14, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>McQuail 2008, p. 3143–9, Models of communication. - McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3143–9. ISBN 9781405131995. <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995" target="_blank">https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 438, transmission models. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Kastberg 2019, p. 56. - Kastberg, Peter (13 December 2019). Knowledge Communication: Contours of a Research Agenda. Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 56. ISBN 9783732904327. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Narula 2006, p. 15–17, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Kastberg 2019, p. 56. - Kastberg, Peter (13 December 2019). Knowledge Communication: Contours of a Research Agenda. Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 56. ISBN 9783732904327. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Narula 2006, p. 15, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 438, transmission models. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Cobley & Schulz 2013, p. 41. - Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (30 January 2013). Theories and Models of Communication. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110240450. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xrNrpSZKxsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6xrNrpSZKxsC</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Hakanen 2007, p. 28. - Hakanen, Ernest A. (13 August 2007). Branding the Teleself: Media Effects Discourse and the Changing Self. Lexington Books. p. 28. ISBN 9780739152584. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFHgZaiNhWUC&pg=PA28" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oFHgZaiNhWUC&pg=PA28</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Kastberg 2019, p. 56. - Kastberg, Peter (13 December 2019). Knowledge Communication: Contours of a Research Agenda. Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 56. ISBN 9783732904327. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Narula 2006, p. 15–19, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Kastberg 2019, p. 56. - Kastberg, Peter (13 December 2019). Knowledge Communication: Contours of a Research Agenda. Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 56. ISBN 9783732904327. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Littlejohn & Foss 2009, p. 176. - Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412959377. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Kastberg 2019, p. 56. - Kastberg, Peter (13 December 2019). Knowledge Communication: Contours of a Research Agenda. Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 56. ISBN 9783732904327. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 48. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 387, Shannon and Weaver's model. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Blythe 2009. - Blythe, Jim (5 March 2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. SAGE Publications. pp. 177–184. ISBN 9781847874986. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 58. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Littlejohn & Foss 2009, p. 176. - Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412959377. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 69, constitutive models. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 2, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 438, transmission models. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Littlejohn & Foss 2009, p. 176–7. - Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412959377. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 69, constructionismMorel & Spector 2022, p. 127Trenholm 2020, p. 60Scott & Marshall 2009, social constructionismLock & Strong 2010, pp. 122–123 - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Barker & Wiseman 1966, p. 173. - Barker, Larry L.; Wiseman, Gordon (1 September 1966). "A Model of Intrapersonal Communication". Journal of Communication. 16 (3): 172–179. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1966.tb00031.x. PMID 5924287. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1966.tb00031.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1966.tb00031.x</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Lederman 2002, p. 490–2, Intrapersonal communication. - Lederman, Linda Costigan (2002). "Intrapersonal communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.). Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 490–2. ISBN 9780028653853. <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intrapersonal-communication" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intrapersonal-communication</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Selnow & Crano 1987, p. 124. - Selnow, Gary W.; Crano, William D. (1987). Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Targeted Communication Programs: A Manual for Business Communicators. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-89930-208-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usrTIGmPucEC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=usrTIGmPucEC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>UMN staff 2010. - UMN staff (2010). 16.1 Intrapersonal Communication. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135056. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/businesscommunication/chapter/16-1-intrapersonal-communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/businesscommunication/chapter/16-1-intrapersonal-communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Danesi 2009, p. 164. - Danesi, Marcel (2009). Dictionary of media and communications. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 164. ISBN 9780765680983. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Koutoukidis et al. 2009, p. 446. - Koutoukidis, Gabby; Funnell, Rita; Lawrence, Karen; Hughson, Jodie; Stainton, Kate (2009). Tabbner's Nursing Care: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Australia. p. 446. ISBN 978-0-7295-3857-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iyGLjn0Md0sC&pg=PA446" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=iyGLjn0Md0sC&pg=PA446</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Wood 2012, p. 15–7Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 60, communication modelsFarley 1992, p. 481–484Barker & Wiseman 1966, p. 172 - Wood, Julia T. (1 January 2012). Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters. Cengage Learning. pp. 15–7. ISBN 978-1-133-71157-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9d4JAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT34" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=9d4JAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT34</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Barker & Wiseman 1966, p. 173-7Deetz 2011, p. 633-4Vocate 1994, p. 181–2Barnlund 2013, p. 43-8 - Barker, Larry L.; Wiseman, Gordon (1 September 1966). "A Model of Intrapersonal Communication". Journal of Communication. 16 (3): 172–179. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1966.tb00031.x. PMID 5924287. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1966.tb00031.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1966.tb00031.x</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Wodak & Koller 2008, p. 26. - Wodak, Ruth; Koller, Veronika (27 August 2008). Handbook of Communication in the Public Sphere. Walter de Gruyter. p. 26. ISBN 978-3-11-019898-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFVas4Lwqz0C&pg=PA26" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IFVas4Lwqz0C&pg=PA26</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Hill et al. 2007, p. 22–5. - Hill, Anne; Watson, James; Rivers, Danny; Joyce, Mark (16 November 2007). Key Themes in Interpersonal Communication. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). pp. 22–5. ISBN 978-0-335-23517-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SdNEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=SdNEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Lederman 2002, p. 490–2, Intrapersonal communication. - Lederman, Linda Costigan (2002). "Intrapersonal communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.). Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 490–2. ISBN 9780028653853. <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intrapersonal-communication" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intrapersonal-communication</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Ferretti 2022, p. 35–6Baluška & Ninkovic 2010, p. 7, 128UMN staff 2013, 1.1 Communication: History and FormsCarey 2008, p. 25 - Ferretti, Francesco (23 August 2022). Narrative Persuasion. A Cognitive Perspective on Language Evolution. Springer Nature. pp. 35–6. ISBN 978-3-031-09206-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLSEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dLSEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Balda, Pepperberg & Kamil 1998, p. 227–9. - Balda, Russell P.; Pepperberg, Irene M.; Kamil, A. C. (9 September 1998). Animal Cognition in Nature: The Convergence of Psychology and Biology in Laboratory and Field. Academic Press. pp. 227–9. ISBN 978-0-08-052723-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=504iRS01AK0C&pg=PA227" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=504iRS01AK0C&pg=PA227</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Krebs & Dawkins 1995, p. 381, cited in Ferretti 2022, p. 35–6 - Krebs, John R.; Dawkins, Richard (1995). Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach (3., reprinted ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. 381. ISBN 9780632009879. <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Ferretti 2022, p. 35–6. - Ferretti, Francesco (23 August 2022). Narrative Persuasion. A Cognitive Perspective on Language Evolution. Springer Nature. pp. 35–6. ISBN 978-3-031-09206-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLSEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dLSEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Karban 2015, p. 7. - Karban, Richard (18 June 2015). Plant Sensing and Communication. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226264844. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HOeCQAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8HOeCQAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Vieira, Gagliano & Ryan 2015, p. 40. - Vieira, Patrícia; Gagliano, Monica; Ryan, John Charles (24 December 2015). The Green Thread: Dialogues with the Vegetal World. Lexington Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4985-1060-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ELpRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ELpRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Baluška & Ninkovic 2010, p. 7, 128. - Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (5 August 2010). Plant Communication from an Ecological Perspective. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 7, 128. ISBN 978-3-642-12162-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hUpvAoY_HAC&pg=PA7" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=9hUpvAoY_HAC&pg=PA7</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 125, encoding-decoding model. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 51, code. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, inferential model. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 193, hypodermic model. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Schramm 1971, p. 8-9. - Schramm, Wilbur (1971). "The Nature of Communication between Humans". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication - Revised Edition. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–53. ISBN 978-0252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=112wAAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=112wAAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 357, reception model. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Schramm 1971, p. 17-9, 34-8. - Schramm, Wilbur (1971). "The Nature of Communication between Humans". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication - Revised Edition. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–53. ISBN 978-0252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=112wAAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=112wAAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 364, relational models. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Montgomery 1993, p. 18–9. - Montgomery, Carol Leppanen (5 May 1993). Healing Through Communication: The Practice of Caring. SAGE Publications. pp. 18–9. ISBN 9781452254104. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-RyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=k-RyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 364, relational models. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Narula 2006, p. 19–20, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 78, convergence model. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 101, difference model. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>Orbe & Harris 2022, p. 143. - Orbe, Mark P.; Harris, Tina M. (11 November 2022). Interracial Communication: Theory into Practice, Fourth Edition. Waveland Press. p. 143. ISBN 9781478650584. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7-ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=G7-ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>Ruben 2001, Models Of Communication. - Ruben, Brent D. (2001). "Models Of Communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.). Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 9780028653860. <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/models-communication" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/models-communication</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>Narula 2006, p. 1–8, Introduction. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 60, communication models. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>Cobley & Schulz 2013, p. 1–7, Introduction. - Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (30 January 2013). Theories and Models of Communication. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110240450. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xrNrpSZKxsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6xrNrpSZKxsC</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>Ruben 2001, Models Of Communication. - Ruben, Brent D. (2001). "Models Of Communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.). Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 9780028653860. <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/models-communication" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/models-communication</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>Narula 2006, p. 25, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>Rosenfield 2011, p. 61–62, III. An Aristotelian Theory of Communication. - Rosenfield, Lawrence William (1 December 2011). "III. An Aristotelian Theory of Communication". Aristotle and Information Theory: A Comparison of the Influence of Causal Assumptions on two Theories of Communication. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 61–62. ISBN 9783110813616. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKSPBArLBaEC&pg=PA61" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kKSPBArLBaEC&pg=PA61</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>Narula 2006, p. 25, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>Eisenberg & Gamble 1991, p. 25. - Eisenberg, Abne M.; Gamble, Teri Kwal (1991). Painless Public Speaking: A Work Text Approach. University Press of America. p. 25. ISBN 9780819181473. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8h_fmTfBU3oC&pg=PA25" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8h_fmTfBU3oC&pg=PA25</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>Narula 2006, p. 25, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Eisenberg & Gamble 1991, p. 25. - Eisenberg, Abne M.; Gamble, Teri Kwal (1991). Painless Public Speaking: A Work Text Approach. University Press of America. p. 25. ISBN 9780819181473. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8h_fmTfBU3oC&pg=PA25" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8h_fmTfBU3oC&pg=PA25</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>Ruben 2001, Models Of Communication. - Ruben, Brent D. (2001). "Models Of Communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.). Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 9780028653860. <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/models-communication" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/models-communication</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Narula 2006, p. 26, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 30–31, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 154, Lasswell's model of communication. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>Steinberg 2007, p. 52–3. - Steinberg, Sheila (2007). An Introduction to Communication Studies. Juta and Company Ltd. ISBN 9780702172618. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8GRgXYeo_kC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=g8GRgXYeo_kC</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>Tengan, Aigbavboa & Thwala 2021, p. 110. - Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021). Construction Project Monitoring and Evaluation: An Integrated Approach. Routledge. ISBN 9781000381412. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>Berger 1995, p. 12–3. - Berger, Arthur Asa (5 July 1995). Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. SAGE. ISBN 9780803973572. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfTl2r4K_wUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AfTl2r4K_wUC</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>Baldwin et al. 2014, p. 204. - Baldwin, John R.; Coleman, Robin R. Means; González, Alberto; Shenoy-Packer, Suchitra (3 February 2014). Intercultural Communication for Everyday Life. John Wiley & Sons. p. 204. ISBN 9781444332360. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhofAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA204" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AhofAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA204</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>Lasswell 1948, p. 117, The Structure and Function of Communication in Society. - Lasswell, Harold (1948). "The Structure and Function of Communication in Society". In Bryson, L. (ed.). The Communication of Ideas. New York: Institute for Religious and Social Studies. p. 117. ISBN 9780598970824. <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>Sapienza, Iyer & Veenstra 2015, p. 599–622. - Sapienza, Zachary S.; Iyer, Narayanan; Veenstra, Aaron S. (3 September 2015). "Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions". Mass Communication and Society. 18 (5): 599–622. doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1063666. S2CID 146389958. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15205436.2015.1063666" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15205436.2015.1063666</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>Tengan, Aigbavboa & Thwala 2021, p. 110. - Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021). Construction Project Monitoring and Evaluation: An Integrated Approach. Routledge. ISBN 9781000381412. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>Wenxiu 2015, p. 245–9. - Wenxiu, Peng (1 September 2015). "Analysis of New Media Communication Based on Lasswell's "5W" Model". Journal of Educational and Social Research: 245–9. doi:10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n3p245. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5901%2Fjesr.2015.v5n3p245" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5901%2Fjesr.2015.v5n3p245</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Sapienza, Iyer & Veenstra 2015, p. 599–622. - Sapienza, Zachary S.; Iyer, Narayanan; Veenstra, Aaron S. (3 September 2015). "Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions". Mass Communication and Society. 18 (5): 599–622. doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1063666. S2CID 146389958. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15205436.2015.1063666" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15205436.2015.1063666</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>Sapienza, Iyer & Veenstra 2015, p. 599–622. - Sapienza, Zachary S.; Iyer, Narayanan; Veenstra, Aaron S. (3 September 2015). "Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions". Mass Communication and Society. 18 (5): 599–622. doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1063666. S2CID 146389958. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15205436.2015.1063666" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15205436.2015.1063666</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 154, Lasswell's model of communication. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>Tengan, Aigbavboa & Thwala 2021, p. 110. - Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021). Construction Project Monitoring and Evaluation: An Integrated Approach. Routledge. ISBN 9781000381412. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>Sapienza, Iyer & Veenstra 2015, p. 599–622. - Sapienza, Zachary S.; Iyer, Narayanan; Veenstra, Aaron S. (3 September 2015). "Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions". Mass Communication and Society. 18 (5): 599–622. doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1063666. S2CID 146389958. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15205436.2015.1063666" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15205436.2015.1063666</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>Feicheng 2022, p. 24. - Feicheng, Ma (31 May 2022). Information Communication. Springer Nature. p. 24. ISBN 9783031022937. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4pyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=E4pyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>Braddock 1958, p. 88–93. - Braddock, Richard (1958). "An Extension of the "Lasswell Formula"". Journal of Communication. 8 (2): 88–93. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1958.tb01138.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1958.tb01138.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1958.tb01138.x</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>McQuail 2008, p. 3143–9, Models of communication. - McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3143–9. ISBN 9781405131995. <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995" target="_blank">https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 387, Shannon and Weaver's model. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>Li 2007, p. 5439–5442. - Li, Hong Ling (September 2007). "From Shannon-Weaver to Boisot: A Review on the Research of Knowledge Transfer Model". 2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. pp. 5439–5442. doi:10.1109/WICOM.2007.1332. ISBN 9781424413119. S2CID 15690224. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FWICOM.2007.1332" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1109%2FWICOM.2007.1332</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>Ruben 2001, Models Of Communication. - Ruben, Brent D. (2001). "Models Of Communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.). Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 9780028653860. <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/models-communication" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/models-communication</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 387, Shannon and Weaver's model. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>Shannon 1948, p. 381. - Shannon, C. E. (July 1948). "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Bell System Technical Journal. 27 (3): 379–423. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:131"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 387, Shannon and Weaver's model. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>Shannon 1948, p. 380–382. - Shannon, C. E. (July 1948). "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Bell System Technical Journal. 27 (3): 379–423. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 6–10, 1. Communication theory. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:134"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 6–10, 1. Communication theory. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:135"><p>Weaver 1998, p. 4–6, Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication. - Weaver, Warren (1 September 1998). "Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication". The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780252725463. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRrvAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fRrvAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:136"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 10–15, 1. Communication theory. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:137"><p>Weaver 1998, p. 4–9, 18–19, Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication. - Weaver, Warren (1 September 1998). "Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication". The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780252725463. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRrvAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fRrvAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:138"><p>Januszewski 2001, p. 29. - Januszewski, Alan (2001). Educational Technology: The Development of a Concept. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 9781563087493. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mlZsIIoOaSYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mlZsIIoOaSYC</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 6–10, 1. Communication theory. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>Januszewski 2001, p. 29. - Januszewski, Alan (2001). Educational Technology: The Development of a Concept. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 9781563087493. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mlZsIIoOaSYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mlZsIIoOaSYC</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>McQuail 2008, p. 3143–9, Models of communication. - McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3143–9. ISBN 9781405131995. <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995" target="_blank">https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:142"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 438, transmission models. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:143"><p>Marsh 1983, p. 358. - Marsh, Patrick O. (1983). Messages that Work: A Guide to Communication Design. Educational Technology. p. 358. ISBN 9780877781844. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wtpgvb6o94C&pg=PA358" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wtpgvb6o94C&pg=PA358</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:144"><p>Newcomb 1953, p. 393–404. - Newcomb, Theodore M. (1953). "An Approach to the Study of Communicative Acts". Psychological Review. 60 (6): 393–404. doi:10.1037/h0063098. PMID 13112341. <a href="https://philpapers.org/rec/NEWAAT-4" target="_blank">https://philpapers.org/rec/NEWAAT-4</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:145"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 195–6, Newcomb's ABX model of communication. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:146"><p>Narula 2006, p. 22, 33, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:147"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 31–32, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:148"><p>Feather 1967, p. 135–7. - Feather, N. T. (1 January 1967). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Academic Press. pp. 135–7. ISBN 9780080567174. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4ardmrt5rkC&pg=PA135" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=H4ardmrt5rkC&pg=PA135</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:149"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 195–6, Newcomb's ABX model of communication. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:150"><p>Gałajda 2017, p. 5. - Gałajda, Dagmara (16 June 2017). Communicative Behaviour of a Language Learner: Exploring Willingness to Communicate. Springer. p. 5. ISBN 9783319593333. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FXkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:151"><p>Fiske 2010, p. 29–32. - Fiske, John (18 October 2010). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. pp. 29–32. ISBN 9781136870187. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfEtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kfEtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:152"><p>Narula 2006, p. 22, 33, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:153"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 31–32, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:154"><p>Mcquail & Windahl 2015, p. 27–8. - Mcquail, Denis; Windahl, Sven (22 December 2015). Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications. Routledge. ISBN 9781317900672. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:155"><p>Fiske 2010, p. 29–32. - Fiske, John (18 October 2010). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. pp. 29–32. ISBN 9781136870187. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfEtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kfEtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:156"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 195–6, Newcomb's ABX model of communication. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:157"><p>Feather 1967, p. 135–7. - Feather, N. T. (1 January 1967). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Academic Press. pp. 135–7. ISBN 9780080567174. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4ardmrt5rkC&pg=PA135" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=H4ardmrt5rkC&pg=PA135</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:158"><p>Gałajda 2017, p. 5. - Gałajda, Dagmara (16 June 2017). Communicative Behaviour of a Language Learner: Exploring Willingness to Communicate. Springer. p. 5. ISBN 9783319593333. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FXkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:159"><p>Fiske 2010, p. 29–32. - Fiske, John (18 October 2010). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. pp. 29–32. ISBN 9781136870187. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfEtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kfEtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:160"><p>Narula 2006, p. 22, 33, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:161"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 32–34, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:162"><p>Gałajda 2017, p. 5. - Gałajda, Dagmara (16 June 2017). Communicative Behaviour of a Language Learner: Exploring Willingness to Communicate. Springer. p. 5. ISBN 9783319593333. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FXkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:163"><p>McQuail 2008, p. 3143–9, Models of communication. - McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3143–9. ISBN 9781405131995. <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995" target="_blank">https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:164"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 32–34, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:165"><p>Mcquail & Windahl 2015, p. 38–40. - Mcquail, Denis; Windahl, Sven (22 December 2015). Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications. Routledge. ISBN 9781317900672. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:166"><p>Littlejohn & Foss 2009, p. 176. - Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412959377. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:167"><p>Steinberg 1995, p. 18. - Steinberg, Sheila (1995). Introduction to Communication Course Book 1: The Basics. Juta and Company Ltd. p. 18. ISBN 9780702136498. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA18" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA18</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:168"><p>Bowman & Targowski 1987, p. 21–34. - Bowman, J. P.; Targowski, A. S. (1 October 1987). "Modeling the Communication Process: The Map is Not the Territory". Journal of Business Communication. 24 (4): 21–34. doi:10.1177/002194368702400402. S2CID 145236749. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002194368702400402" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002194368702400402</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:169"><p>Liu, Volcic & Gallois 2014, p. 38. - Liu, Shuang; Volcic, Zala; Gallois, Cindy (29 November 2014). Introducing Intercultural Communication: Global Cultures and Contexts. SAGE. p. 38. ISBN 9781473909120. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QfSICwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QfSICwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:170"><p>Blythe 2009. - Blythe, Jim (5 March 2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. SAGE Publications. pp. 177–184. ISBN 9781847874986. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:171"><p>Bowman & Targowski 1987, p. 21–34. - Bowman, J. P.; Targowski, A. S. (1 October 1987). "Modeling the Communication Process: The Map is Not the Territory". Journal of Business Communication. 24 (4): 21–34. doi:10.1177/002194368702400402. S2CID 145236749. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002194368702400402" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002194368702400402</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:172"><p>Schramm 1954, p. 4, 7–9, 16, How communication works. - Schramm, Wilbur (1954). "How communication works". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 9780252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:173"><p>Blythe 2009. - Blythe, Jim (5 March 2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. SAGE Publications. pp. 177–184. ISBN 9781847874986. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:174"><p>Schramm 1954, p. 3, How communication works. - Schramm, Wilbur (1954). "How communication works". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 9780252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:175"><p>Ruben 2017, p. 12. - Ruben, Brent D. (29 September 2017). Between Communication and Information. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 9781351294713. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fm5QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Fm5QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:176"><p>Littlejohn & Foss 2009, p. 176. - Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412959377. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:177"><p>Schramm 1954, p. 3–5, How communication works. - Schramm, Wilbur (1954). "How communication works". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 9780252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:178"><p>Moore 1994, p. 90–1. - Moore, David Mike (1994). Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. Educational Technology. pp. 90–1. ISBN 9780877782643. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=icMsdAGHQpEC&pg=PA90" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=icMsdAGHQpEC&pg=PA90</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:179"><p>Blythe 2009. - Blythe, Jim (5 March 2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. SAGE Publications. pp. 177–184. ISBN 9781847874986. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:180"><p>Schramm 1954, p. 3–5, How communication works. - Schramm, Wilbur (1954). "How communication works". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 9780252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:181"><p>Liu, Volcic & Gallois 2014, pp. 36–38. - Liu, Shuang; Volcic, Zala; Gallois, Cindy (29 November 2014). Introducing Intercultural Communication: Global Cultures and Contexts. SAGE. p. 38. ISBN 9781473909120. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QfSICwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QfSICwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:182"><p>Blythe 2009. - Blythe, Jim (5 March 2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. SAGE Publications. pp. 177–184. ISBN 9781847874986. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:183"><p>Schramm 1954, p. 6–7, How communication works. - Schramm, Wilbur (1954). "How communication works". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 9780252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:184"><p>Dwyer 2012, p. 10. - Dwyer, Judith (15 October 2012). Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills. Pearson Higher Education AU. ISBN 9781442550551. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhHiBAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=xhHiBAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:185"><p>Schramm 1954, p. 6–8, How communication works. - Schramm, Wilbur (1954). "How communication works". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 9780252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:186"><p>Moore 1994, p. 90–1. - Moore, David Mike (1994). Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. Educational Technology. pp. 90–1. ISBN 9780877782643. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=icMsdAGHQpEC&pg=PA90" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=icMsdAGHQpEC&pg=PA90</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:187"><p>Meng 2020, p. 120. - Meng, Xiangfei (12 March 2020). National Image: China's Communication of Cultural Symbols. Springer Nature. p. 120. ISBN 9789811531477. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0HWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=b0HWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:188"><p>Schramm 1954, p. 3–5, 13–16, How communication works. - Schramm, Wilbur (1954). "How communication works". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 9780252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:189"><p>Schramm 1954, p. 13, How communication works. - Schramm, Wilbur (1954). "How communication works". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 9780252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:190"><p>Babe 2015, p. 90. - Babe, Robert E. (21 April 2015). Wilbur Schramm and Noam Chomsky Meet Harold Innis: Media, Power, and Democracy. Lexington Books. p. 90. ISBN 9781498506823. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAKeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=YAKeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90</a> <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:191"><p>Narula 2006, p. 22, 30–31, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:192"><p>Blythe 2009. - Blythe, Jim (5 March 2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. SAGE Publications. pp. 177–184. ISBN 9781847874986. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:193"><p>Schramm 1971, p. 6. - Schramm, Wilbur (1971). "The Nature of Communication between Humans". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication - Revised Edition. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–53. ISBN 978-0252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=112wAAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=112wAAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:194"><p>Narula 2006, p. 22, 30–31, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:195"><p>Chandler & Munday 2011, p. 364, relational models. - Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199568758. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:196"><p>Schramm 1971, p. 7-8. - Schramm, Wilbur (1971). "The Nature of Communication between Humans". The Process and Effects of Mass Communication - Revised Edition. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–53. ISBN 978-0252001970. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=112wAAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=112wAAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:197"><p>Gerbner 1956, p. 171. - Gerbner, George (1956). "Toward a General Model of Communication". Audio Visual Communication Review. 4 (3): 171–199. ISSN 0885-727X. JSTOR 30218421. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30218421" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/30218421</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:198"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 112-3, Gerbner's model of communication. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:199"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 24–30, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:200"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 112-3, Gerbner's model of communication. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:201"><p>Berger 1995, p. 14. - Berger, Arthur Asa (5 July 1995). Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. SAGE. ISBN 9780803973572. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfTl2r4K_wUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AfTl2r4K_wUC</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:202"><p>Narula 2006, p. 21, 31–32, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:203"><p>Beck, Bennett & Wall 2002, p. 93–102. - Beck, Andrew; Bennett, Peter; Wall, Peter (2002). Communication Studies: The Essential Introduction. Psychology Press. pp. 93–102. ISBN 9780415247528. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WICsoZhPm1IC&pg=PP105" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=WICsoZhPm1IC&pg=PP105</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:204"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 112-3, Gerbner's model of communication. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:205"><p>Beck, Bennett & Wall 2002, p. 93–102. - Beck, Andrew; Bennett, Peter; Wall, Peter (2002). Communication Studies: The Essential Introduction. Psychology Press. pp. 93–102. ISBN 9780415247528. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WICsoZhPm1IC&pg=PP105" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=WICsoZhPm1IC&pg=PP105</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:206"><p>Beck, Bennett & Wall 2002, p. 93–102. - Beck, Andrew; Bennett, Peter; Wall, Peter (2002). Communication Studies: The Essential Introduction. Psychology Press. pp. 93–102. ISBN 9780415247528. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WICsoZhPm1IC&pg=PP105" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=WICsoZhPm1IC&pg=PP105</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:207"><p>Holmes 2005, p. 57–8. - Holmes, David (23 April 2005). Communication Theory: Media, Technology and Society. SAGE. pp. 57–8. ISBN 9780761970705. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CsWBdJzPcBcC&pg=PA57" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=CsWBdJzPcBcC&pg=PA57</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:208"><p>Berger 1995, p. 14. - Berger, Arthur Asa (5 July 1995). Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. SAGE. ISBN 9780803973572. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfTl2r4K_wUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AfTl2r4K_wUC</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:209"><p>Gerbner 1956, p. 173. - Gerbner, George (1956). "Toward a General Model of Communication". Audio Visual Communication Review. 4 (3): 171–199. ISSN 0885-727X. JSTOR 30218421. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30218421" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/30218421</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:210"><p>Gerbner 1956, p. 173-6. - Gerbner, George (1956). "Toward a General Model of Communication". Audio Visual Communication Review. 4 (3): 171–199. ISSN 0885-727X. JSTOR 30218421. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30218421" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/30218421</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:211"><p>Narula 2006, p. 21, 31–32, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:212"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 24–30, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:213"><p>Berger 1995, p. 14. - Berger, Arthur Asa (5 July 1995). Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. SAGE. ISBN 9780803973572. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfTl2r4K_wUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AfTl2r4K_wUC</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:214"><p>Gerbner 1956, p. 176-8. - Gerbner, George (1956). "Toward a General Model of Communication". Audio Visual Communication Review. 4 (3): 171–199. ISSN 0885-727X. JSTOR 30218421. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30218421" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/30218421</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:215"><p>Narula 2006, p. 21, 31–32, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:216"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 24–30, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:217"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 112-3, Gerbner's model of communication. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:218"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 112-3, Gerbner's model of communication. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:219"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 24–30, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:220"><p>Holmes 2005, p. 57–8. - Holmes, David (23 April 2005). Communication Theory: Media, Technology and Society. SAGE. pp. 57–8. ISBN 9780761970705. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CsWBdJzPcBcC&pg=PA57" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=CsWBdJzPcBcC&pg=PA57</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:221"><p>Fiske 2011, p. 24–30, 2. Other models. - Fiske, John (2011). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9780415596497. <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:222"><p>Beck, Bennett & Wall 2002, p. 93–102. - Beck, Andrew; Bennett, Peter; Wall, Peter (2002). Communication Studies: The Essential Introduction. Psychology Press. pp. 93–102. ISBN 9780415247528. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WICsoZhPm1IC&pg=PP105" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=WICsoZhPm1IC&pg=PP105</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:223"><p>McKeown 2005, p. 34. - McKeown, Neil (12 August 2005). Case Studies and Projects in Communication. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 9781134954148. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1f6JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1f6JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:224"><p>Berlo 1960, p. 40, 3. The fidelity of communication. - Berlo, David K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030556869. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:225"><p>Melkote & Steeves 2001, p. 108. - Melkote, Srinivas R.; Steeves, H. Leslie (14 December 2001). Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice for Empowerment. SAGE Publications. p. 108. ISBN 9780761994763. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PKAi6t2e5AEC&pg=PA108" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=PKAi6t2e5AEC&pg=PA108</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:226"><p>Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport 2015, p. 18–9. - Straubhaar, Joseph; LaRose, Robert; Davenport, Lucinda (1 January 2015). Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology. Cengage Learning. pp. 18–9. ISBN 9781305533851. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUR-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=jUR-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:227"><p>Pande 2020, p. 1588–1589, SMCR Model. - Pande, Navodita (2020). "SMCR Model". The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1588–1589. ISBN 9781483375533. <a href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-mass-media-and-society/i15120.xml" target="_blank">https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-mass-media-and-society/i15120.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:228"><p>Tengan, Aigbavboa & Thwala 2021, p. 94. - Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021). Construction Project Monitoring and Evaluation: An Integrated Approach. Routledge. ISBN 9781000381412. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:229"><p>Berlo 1960, p. 1–22, 1. Communication: Scope and Purpose. - Berlo, David K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030556869. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:230"><p>Jandt 2010, p. 41. - Jandt, Fred Edmund (2010). An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community. SAGE. p. 41. ISBN 9781412970105. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3nqUSY2C4wsC&pg=PA41" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=3nqUSY2C4wsC&pg=PA41</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:231"><p>Zaharna 2022, p. 70. - Zaharna, R. S. (2022). Boundary Spanners of Humanity: Three Logics of Communications and Public Diplomacy for Global Collaboration. Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780190930271. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSxTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dSxTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:232"><p>Pande 2020, p. 1588–1589, SMCR Model. - Pande, Navodita (2020). "SMCR Model". The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1588–1589. ISBN 9781483375533. <a href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-mass-media-and-society/i15120.xml" target="_blank">https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-mass-media-and-society/i15120.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:233"><p>Agunga 2006, p. 381. - Agunga, Robert (2006). Communication for Social Change Anthology: Historical and Contemporary Readings. CFSC Consortium, Inc. p. 381. ISBN 9780977035793. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85WbPmx9QlcC&pg=PA381" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=85WbPmx9QlcC&pg=PA381</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:234"><p>Berlo 1960, p. 40–41, 3. The fidelity of communication. - Berlo, David K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030556869. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:235"><p>Agunga 2006, p. 381. - Agunga, Robert (2006). Communication for Social Change Anthology: Historical and Contemporary Readings. CFSC Consortium, Inc. p. 381. ISBN 9780977035793. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85WbPmx9QlcC&pg=PA381" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=85WbPmx9QlcC&pg=PA381</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:236"><p>Berlo 1960, p. 40–41, 3. The fidelity of communication. - Berlo, David K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030556869. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:237"><p>Agunga 2006, p. 381. - Agunga, Robert (2006). Communication for Social Change Anthology: Historical and Contemporary Readings. CFSC Consortium, Inc. p. 381. ISBN 9780977035793. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85WbPmx9QlcC&pg=PA381" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=85WbPmx9QlcC&pg=PA381</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:238"><p>Taylor 1962, p. 8–10. - Taylor, Hal R. (1962). "A Model for the Communication Process". STWP Review. 9 (3): 8–10. ISSN 2376-0761. JSTOR 43093688. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:239"><p>Berlo 1960, p. 50, 72, 3. The fidelity of communication. - Berlo, David K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030556869. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:240"><p>Januszewski 2001, p. 30. - Januszewski, Alan (2001). Educational Technology: The Development of a Concept. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 9781563087493. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mlZsIIoOaSYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mlZsIIoOaSYC</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:241"><p>Stead 1972, p. 389–394. - Stead, Bette Ann (1972). "Berlo's Communication Process Model as Applied to the Behavioral Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor". The Academy of Management Journal. 15 (3): 389–394. ISSN 0001-4273. JSTOR 254868. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/254868" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/254868</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:242"><p>Berlo 1960, p. 42–50, 3. The fidelity of communication. - Berlo, David K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030556869. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:243"><p>Taylor 1962, p. 8–10. - Taylor, Hal R. (1962). "A Model for the Communication Process". STWP Review. 9 (3): 8–10. ISSN 2376-0761. JSTOR 43093688. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:244"><p>Mannan 2013, p. 19. - Mannan, Zahed (20 October 2013). Business Communication: Strategies for Success in Business and Professions. University Grants Commission, Bangladesh. p. 19. ISBN 9780873934992. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-slBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT19" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=G-slBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT19</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:245"><p>Agunga 2006, p. 381. - Agunga, Robert (2006). Communication for Social Change Anthology: Historical and Contemporary Readings. CFSC Consortium, Inc. p. 381. ISBN 9780977035793. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85WbPmx9QlcC&pg=PA381" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=85WbPmx9QlcC&pg=PA381</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:246"><p>Taylor 1962, p. 8–10. - Taylor, Hal R. (1962). "A Model for the Communication Process". STWP Review. 9 (3): 8–10. ISSN 2376-0761. JSTOR 43093688. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:247"><p>Berlo 1960, p. 45–48, 3. The fidelity of communication. - Berlo, David K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030556869. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:248"><p>Taylor 1962, p. 8–10. - Taylor, Hal R. (1962). "A Model for the Communication Process". STWP Review. 9 (3): 8–10. ISSN 2376-0761. JSTOR 43093688. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:249"><p>Berlo 1960, p. 54–63, 3. The fidelity of communication. - Berlo, David K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030556869. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0k9IAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:250"><p>Taylor 1962, p. 8–10. - Taylor, Hal R. (1962). "A Model for the Communication Process". STWP Review. 9 (3): 8–10. ISSN 2376-0761. JSTOR 43093688. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:251"><p>Narula 2006, p. 12–13, 21, 1. Basic Communication Models. - Narula, Uma (2006). Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126905133. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:252"><p>Tengan, Aigbavboa & Thwala 2021, p. 94. - Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021). Construction Project Monitoring and Evaluation: An Integrated Approach. Routledge. ISBN 9781000381412. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:253"><p>Januszewski 2001, p. 30. - Januszewski, Alan (2001). Educational Technology: The Development of a Concept. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 9781563087493. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mlZsIIoOaSYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mlZsIIoOaSYC</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:254"><p>Pande 2020, p. 1588–1589, SMCR Model. - Pande, Navodita (2020). "SMCR Model". The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1588–1589. ISBN 9781483375533. <a href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-mass-media-and-society/i15120.xml" target="_blank">https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-mass-media-and-society/i15120.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:255"><p>Pande 2020, p. 1588–1589, SMCR Model. - Pande, Navodita (2020). "SMCR Model". The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1588–1589. ISBN 9781483375533. <a href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-mass-media-and-society/i15120.xml" target="_blank">https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-mass-media-and-society/i15120.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:256"><p>Tengan, Aigbavboa & Thwala 2021, p. 94. - Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021). Construction Project Monitoring and Evaluation: An Integrated Approach. Routledge. ISBN 9781000381412. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:257"><p>Taylor 1962, p. 8–10. - Taylor, Hal R. (1962). "A Model for the Communication Process". STWP Review. 9 (3): 8–10. ISSN 2376-0761. JSTOR 43093688. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:258"><p>Dance 1967. - Dance, Frank E. X. (1967). Human Communication Theory: Original Essays. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030635151. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VkAAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1VkAAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:259"><p>Mcquail & Windahl 2015, p. 16–22. - Mcquail, Denis; Windahl, Sven (22 December 2015). Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications. Routledge. ISBN 9781317900672. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:260"><p>Ehrlich 2000, p. 98–9. - Ehrlich, Larry G. (2000). Fatal Words and Friendly Faces: Interpersonal Communication in the Twenty-first Century. University Press of America. pp. 98–9. ISBN 9780761817208. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmlrWZ_xE1kC&pg=PA98" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=GmlrWZ_xE1kC&pg=PA98</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:261"><p>McQuail 2008, p. 3143–9, Models of communication. - McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3143–9. ISBN 9781405131995. <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995" target="_blank">https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995</a> <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:262"><p>Mcquail & Windahl 2015, p. 16–22. - Mcquail, Denis; Windahl, Sven (22 December 2015). Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications. Routledge. ISBN 9781317900672. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:263"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 71. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:264"><p>Mcquail & Windahl 2015, p. 16–22. - Mcquail, Denis; Windahl, Sven (22 December 2015). Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications. Routledge. ISBN 9781317900672. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:265"><p>Ehrlich 2000, p. 98–9. - Ehrlich, Larry G. (2000). Fatal Words and Friendly Faces: Interpersonal Communication in the Twenty-first Century. University Press of America. pp. 98–9. ISBN 9780761817208. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmlrWZ_xE1kC&pg=PA98" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=GmlrWZ_xE1kC&pg=PA98</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:266"><p>Watson & Hill 2012, p. 71. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781849665636. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:267"><p>Mcquail & Windahl 2015, p. 16–22. - Mcquail, Denis; Windahl, Sven (22 December 2015). Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications. Routledge. ISBN 9781317900672. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rn5ACwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:268"><p>Littlejohn & Foss 2009, p. 175–6, Constitutive View of Communication. - Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412959377. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:269"><p>Lawson et al. 2019, p. 76–7. - Lawson, Celeste; Gill, Robert; Feekery, Angela; Witsel, Mieke (12 June 2019). Communication Skills for Business Professionals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–7. ISBN 9781108594417. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77</a> <a href="#fnref:269" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:270"><p>Barnlund 2013. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:271"><p>UMN staff 2013, 1.2 The Communication Process. - UMN staff (2013). Communication in the Real World. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. ISBN 9781946135070. <a href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/" target="_blank">https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:272"><p>Littlejohn & Foss 2009, p. 175–6, Constitutive View of Communication. - Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412959377. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC</a> <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:273"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 48. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:274"><p>Lawson et al. 2019, p. 76–7. - Lawson, Celeste; Gill, Robert; Feekery, Angela; Witsel, Mieke (12 June 2019). Communication Skills for Business Professionals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–7. ISBN 9781108594417. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:275"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 47. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:276"><p>Watson & Hill 2015, p. 20–22. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (22 October 2015). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 20–22. ISBN 9781628921496. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:277"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 47-53. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:278"><p>Dwyer 2012, p. 12. - Dwyer, Judith (15 October 2012). Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills. Pearson Higher Education AU. ISBN 9781442550551. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhHiBAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=xhHiBAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:279"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 47. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:280"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 48-9. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:281"><p>Littlejohn & Foss 2009, p. 175–6, Constitutive View of Communication. - Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412959377. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:282"><p>Lawson et al. 2019, p. 76–7. - Lawson, Celeste; Gill, Robert; Feekery, Angela; Witsel, Mieke (12 June 2019). Communication Skills for Business Professionals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–7. ISBN 9781108594417. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:283"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 51-2. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:284"><p>Watson & Hill 2015, p. 20–22. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (22 October 2015). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 20–22. ISBN 9781628921496. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:285"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 52-3. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:286"><p>Littlejohn & Foss 2009, p. 175–6, Constitutive View of Communication. - Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412959377. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC</a> <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:287"><p>Lawson et al. 2019, p. 76–7. - Lawson, Celeste; Gill, Robert; Feekery, Angela; Witsel, Mieke (12 June 2019). Communication Skills for Business Professionals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–7. ISBN 9781108594417. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77</a> <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:288"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 51. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:288" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:289"><p>Watson & Hill 2015, p. 20–22. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (22 October 2015). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 20–22. ISBN 9781628921496. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20</a> <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:290"><p>Dwyer 2012, p. 12. - Dwyer, Judith (15 October 2012). Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills. Pearson Higher Education AU. ISBN 9781442550551. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhHiBAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=xhHiBAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:290" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:291"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 57-60. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:292"><p>Watson & Hill 2015, p. 20–22. - Watson, James; Hill, Anne (22 October 2015). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 20–22. ISBN 9781628921496. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20</a> <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:293"><p>Barnlund 2013, p. 54. - Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.). Language Behavior. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61. doi:10.1515/9783110878752.43. ISBN 9783110878752. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110878752.43/html?lang=en</a> <a href="#fnref:293" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:294"><p>Powell & Powell 2010, p. 10–11. - Powell, Robert G.; Powell, Dana L. (10 June 2010). Classroom Communication and Diversity: Enhancing Instructional Practice. Routledge. pp. 10–11. ISBN 9781135147532. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=86KMAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=86KMAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:295"><p>Littlejohn & Foss 2009, p. 175–6, Constitutive View of Communication. - Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412959377. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=2veMwywplPUC</a> <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:296"><p>Dwyer 2012, p. 12. - Dwyer, Judith (15 October 2012). Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills. Pearson Higher Education AU. ISBN 9781442550551. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhHiBAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=xhHiBAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:297"><p>Lawson et al. 2019, p. 76–7. - Lawson, Celeste; Gill, Robert; Feekery, Angela; Witsel, Mieke (12 June 2019). Communication Skills for Business Professionals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–7. ISBN 9781108594417. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77</a> <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>