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YInMn Blue
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<h2 id="historical-pigments">Historical pigments</h2> <p>The discovery of the first known synthetic blue pigment, <a href="/facts/Egyptian_blue/Lv3SnQUf">Egyptian blue</a> (CaCuSi4O10) was promoted by the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egypt/BDsEGK4g">Egyptian</a> <a href="/facts/Pharaoh/y0WMWYHK">pharaohs</a> who sponsored the creation of new pigments to be used in art.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Other civilizations combined organic and mineral materials to create blue pigments ranging from azure-blue like the <a href="/facts/Maya_blue/lkvnc7uq">Maya blue</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> to the <a href="/facts/Han_purple_and_Han_blue/KH5eyLjg">Han blue</a> (BaCuSi4O10), which was developed by the <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">Chinese</a> <a href="/facts/Han_dynasty/hanfxS9D">Han dynasty</a> and manipulated to produce a light or dark blue color.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>A number of pigments are used to impart the blue color. <a href="/facts/Cobalt_blue/rVImlMf3">Cobalt blue</a> (CoAl2O4) was first described in 1777; it is extremely stable and has been traditionally used as a coloring agent in ceramics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Ultramarine/2oMnJC4R">Ultramarine</a> (Na7Al6Si6O24S3) was made by grinding the forbiddingly expensive <a href="/facts/Lapis_lazuli/KKPFyQFN">lapis lazuli</a> into a powder until a cheaper synthetic form was invented in 1826 by the French industrialist <a href="/facts/Jean_Baptiste_Guimet/FHhDdAwQ">Jean Baptiste Guimet</a> and in 1828 by the German chemist <a href="/facts/Christian_Gmelin/Sh1c7kR4">Christian Gmelin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Prussian_blue/IV0VooPH">Prussian blue</a> (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3) was first described by the German <a href="/facts/Polymath/eqIfjQRu">polymath</a> <a href="/facts/Johann_Leonhard_Frisch/lx0QqdhQ">Johann Leonhard Frisch</a> and the president of the <a href="/facts/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences/akJEC3Nc">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/facts/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz/cTc2er83">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>, in 1708.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Azurite/5IutkQYG">Azurite</a> (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2) is a soft, deep-blue <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a> <a href="/facts/Mineral/LkUFbNmv">mineral</a> produced by weathering copper ore deposits; it was used since ancient times and was first recorded by the first century <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman</a> writer <a href="/facts/Pliny_the_Elder/grx67ghR">Pliny the Elder</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Phthalocyanine_Blue_BN/MKL54Wmt">Phthalocyanine Blue BN</a> was first prepared in 1927 and has wide range of applications. </p><p>Most known pigments have detrimental health and environmental effects or durability problems. <a href="/facts/Cobalt_blue/rVImlMf3">Cobalt blue</a> causes <a href="/facts/Cobalt_poisoning/U237Ksen">cobalt poisoning</a> when inhaled or ingested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Prussian blue is known to liberate <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_cyanide/vNtA0Mxe">hydrogen cyanide</a> under certain acidic conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Ultramarine and azurite are not stable particularly in high-temperature and acidic conditions; additionally, ultramarine production involves the emission of a large amount of the toxic <a href="/facts/Sulfur_dioxide/jDK1fIDs">sulfur dioxide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The newer Phthalocyanine Blue BN is non-biodegradable and has been found to cause neuroanatomical defects in developing chicken embryos when injected directly into incubating eggs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Inorganic blue pigments in which manganese (in the pentavalent oxidation state and in a <a href="/facts/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry/583AL1sP">tetrahedral</a> coordination) is the chromophore have been employed since <a href="/facts/Middle_Ages/RqzEKB9v">the Middle Ages</a> (e.g., the fossil bone <a href="/facts/Odontolite/uy0HDdKb">odontolite</a>, which is isostructural to the <a href="/facts/Apatite/f5tYvl1n">apatite</a> structure).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Synthetic alternatives, such as barium manganate sulfate (or Manganese Blue, developed in 1907 and patented in 1935), have been phased out industrially due to safety and regulatory concerns,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> hence YInMn Blue fills the niche of an inorganic, environmentally safe alternative to the traditionally used blue pigments, and offers a durable intense blue color.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="discovery">Discovery</h2> <p>In 2008, <a href="/facts/Mas_Subramanian/pTYR7r71">Mas Subramanian</a> received a <a href="/facts/National_Science_Foundation/FlDT8TbW">National Science Foundation</a> grant to explore novel materials for electronics applications. Under this project, he was particularly interested in synthesizing <a href="/facts/Multiferroics/AmlHcVAF">multiferroics</a> based on <a href="/facts/Manganese_oxide/JVJzfrjn">manganese oxides</a>. He guided Andrew E. Smith, the first graduate student in his lab, to research an oxide solid solution between YInO3 (a ferroelectric material) and YMnO3 (an antiferromagnetic material) at 1,093 °C (2,000 °F). The resulting compound Smith synthesized was by coincidence a vibrant blue material. Because of Subramanian's experience at <a href="/facts/DuPont_(1802%25E2%2580%25932017)/zNLs1UhH">DuPont</a>, he recognized the compound's potential use as a blue pigment and together they filed a patent disclosure covering the invention. After publishing their results, Shepherd Color Company successfully contacted Subramanian for possible collaboration in commercialization efforts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> For his outstanding contributions to inorganic color pigment chemistry, Subramanian was awarded the Perkin Medal from the <a href="/facts/Society_of_Dyers_and_Colourists/50IJt5Ro">Society of Dyers and Colourists</a> in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>The pigment is noteworthy for its vibrant, near-perfect <a href="/facts/Blue/DHWb8MUa">blue</a> <a href="/facts/Color/XDvW7ESP">color</a> and unusually high <a href="/facts/Near-infrared_spectroscopy/gWCvHgYb">NIR reflectance</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The color may be adjusted by varying the In/Mn ratio in the pigment's base formula of YIn1−<i>x</i>Mn<i>x</i>O3, but the bluest pigment, YIn0.8Mn0.2O3, has a color comparable to standard <a href="/facts/Cobalt_blue/rVImlMf3">cobalt blue</a> CoAl2O4 pigments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="properties-and-preparation">Properties and preparation</h2> <p>YInMn Blue is chemically stable, does not fade, and is non-toxic. It is more durable than alternative blue pigments such as <a href="/facts/Ultramarine/2oMnJC4R">ultramarine</a> or <a href="/facts/Prussian_blue/IV0VooPH">Prussian blue</a>, retaining its vibrant color in oil and water, and is safer than <a href="/facts/Cobalt_blue/rVImlMf3">cobalt blue</a>, which is a suspected <a href="/facts/Carcinogen/soH8Y9CE">carcinogen</a> and may cause <a href="/facts/Cobalt_poisoning/U237Ksen">cobalt poisoning</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>The pigment is resistant to acids such as <a href="/facts/Nitric_acid/UDbwGp6s">nitric acid</a>, and is difficult to combust. When YInMn Blue does ignite, it burns a violet color attributed to the indium atoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Infrared/44XdJNcc">Infrared</a> radiation is strongly reflected by YInMn Blue, which makes this pigment suitable for energy-saving, cool coatings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> It can be prepared by heating the oxides of the elements yttrium, indium, and manganese to a temperature of approximately 1,200 °C (2,200 °F).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="commercialization">Commercialization</h2> <h3>In popular culture</h3> <p>After Subramanian, Smith, and other colleagues published their results, companies began inquiring about commercial uses. Shepherd Color Company eventually won the <a href="/facts/License/xaP3U6ga">license</a> to commercialize the pigment in May 2015.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Many companies such as AMD and Crayola rushed to use the new pigment name in product announcements and press releases. It is unclear when the first commercial application of YInMn blue reached the consumer market. </p><p><a href="/facts/Advanced_Micro_Devices/CB1G7QTb">AMD</a> announced in July 2016 that the pigment would be used on new <a href="/facts/Radeon_Pro/HovUeehy">Radeon Pro</a> WX and Pro SSG professional <a href="/facts/Graphics_processing_unit/PTK1RQVp">GPUs</a> for the energy efficiency that stems from its near-infrared reflecting property.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>The American art supplies company <a href="/facts/Crayola/FHEb5nYb">Crayola</a> announced in May 2017 that it planned to replace its retired Dandelion color (a yellow) with a new color "inspired by" YInMn. The new color does not contain any YInMn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Crayola held a contest for more pronounceable name ideas, and announced the new color name, "Bluetiful", on 14 September 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The new crayon color was made available in late 2017. </p> <h3>In artists' pigments</h3> <p>In June 2016, an Australian company, Derivan, published experiments using YInMn within their artist range (Matisse acrylics),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> and subsequently released the pigment for purchase.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>As of April 2021, Golden Paints has commercially licensed and sourced the pigment from Shepherd Color Company. According to Golden, the supply of the raw pigment is extremely limited.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Shepherd Color Company received the required environmental and safety approvals to sell the pigment in the U.S. in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p><p>Gamblin Artists Colors made a first Limited Edition batch of YInMn Blue in November 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/International_Klein_Blue/y0x8K2hY">International Klein Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_inorganic_pigments/8Q9HC7AT">List of inorganic pigments</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US8282728B2">United States patent 8282728</a>: "Materials with trigonal bipyramidal coordination and methods of making the same"</li> <li><a href="https://www.shepherdcolor.com/products/yinmn/">YInMn Blue</a> at Shepherd Color Company</li> <li><a href="https://sdc.org.uk/article/sdc-awards-the-prestigious-perkin-medal/https://sdc.org.uk/article/sdc-awards-the-prestigious-perkin-medal/Perkin">Medal for YInMnBlue and Dr. Mas Subramanian</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Smith, Andrew E.; et al. (2 December 2009). "Mn3+ in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (47): 17084–17086. doi:10.1021/ja9080666. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 19899792. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Cascone, Sarah (20 June 2016). "The Chemist Who Discovered the World's Newest Blue Explains Its Miraculous Properties". Artnet News. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404131440/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/yinmn-blue-to-be-sold-commercially-520433" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200404131440/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/yinmn-blue-to-be-sold-commercially-520433</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Smith, Andrew E.; et al. (October 2016). "Spectral properties of the UV absorbing and near-IR reflecting blue pigment, YIn1−xMnxO3". Dyes and Pigments. 133: 214–221. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2016.05.029. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dyepig.2016.05.029" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dyepig.2016.05.029</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Li, Jun & Subramanian, M. A. (April 2019). "Inorganic pigments with transition metal chromophores at trigonal bipyramidal coordination: Y(In,Mn)O3 blues and beyond". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 272: 9–20. Bibcode:2019JSSCh.272....9L. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2019.01.019. S2CID 104373418. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jssc.2019.01.019" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jssc.2019.01.019</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Li, Jun; et al. (13 September 2016). "From Serendipity to Rational Design: Tuning the Blue Trigonal Bipyramidal Mn3+ Chromophore to Violet and Purple through Application of Chemical Pressure". Inorganic Chemistry. 55 (19): 9798–9804. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01639. PMID 27622607. <a href="https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=921441" target="_blank">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=921441</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Jaksch, H.; et al. (November 1983). "Egyptian blue — Cuprorivaite a window to ancient Egyptian technology". Naturwissenschaften. 70 (11): 525–535. Bibcode:1983NW.....70..525J. doi:10.1007/BF00376668. ISSN 1432-1904. S2CID 2457936. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Smith, Andrew E.; et al. (2 December 2009). "Mn3+ in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (47): 17084–17086. doi:10.1021/ja9080666. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 19899792. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Berke, Heinz (18 April 2007). "The Invention of Blue and Purple Pigments in Ancient Times". ChemInform. 38 (19). doi:10.1002/chin.200719227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Smith, Andrew E.; et al. (2 December 2009). "Mn3+ in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (47): 17084–17086. doi:10.1021/ja9080666. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 19899792. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Parmelee, Cullen Warner & Harman, Cameron Gerald (1973). Ceramic Glazes. Cahners Books. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-8436-0609-6. <a href="978-0-8436-0609-6" target="_blank">978-0-8436-0609-6</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Needham, Joseph; et al. (2004). Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge University Press. p. 659. ISBN 978-0-521-83833-7. <a href="978-0-521-83833-7" target="_blank">978-0-521-83833-7</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Maerz, A. & Paul, M. Rea (1930). A dictionary of color. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. OCLC 1150631. <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1150631" target="_blank">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1150631</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Gmelin, C. G. (1828). "Ueber die künstliche Darstellung einer dem Ultramarin ähnlichen Farbe" [On the artificial preparation of a pigment similar to ultramarine]. Naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. Herausgeben von Einer Gesellschaft in Würtemberg (Scientific Essays. Published by a Society in Würtemberg) (in German). 2 (10): 191–224. Bibcode:1828AnP....90..363.. doi:10.1002/andp.18280901022. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjArAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA191" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjArAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA191</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Woodward, John (1724). "IV. Præparatio cærulei prussiaci ex germaniâ missa ad Johannem Woodward, M. D. Prof. Med. Gresh. R. S. S." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 33 (381): 15–17. doi:10.1098/rstl.1724.0005. <a href="/wiki/John_Woodward_(naturalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Woodward_(naturalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Frisch, Johann Leonard; et al. (1976) [1896]. Der Briefwechsel mit Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz [Correspondence with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz] (in German). Hildesheim: G. Olms. ISBN 978-3-487-06071-2. OCLC 3303263. <a href="978-3-487-06071-2" target="_blank">978-3-487-06071-2</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Zigan, F. & Schuster, H. D. (1972). "Verfeinerung der Struktur von Azurit, Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2, durch Neutronenbeugung" [Refinement of the structure of azurite Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 by neutron diffraction]. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie (in German). 135 (5–6): 416–436. Bibcode:1972ZK....135..416Z. doi:10.1524/zkri.1972.135.5-6.416. ISSN 0044-2968. S2CID 95738208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Prescott, Eva; Netterstrøm, Bo; Faber, Jens; Hegedüs, Laszlo; Suadicani, Poul; Christensen, Jytte M. (April 1992). "Effect of occupational exposure to cobalt blue dyes on the thyroid volume and function of female plate painters". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 18 (2): 101–104. doi:10.5271/sjweh.1605. ISSN 0355-3140. JSTOR 40965976. PMID 1604269. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5271%2Fsjweh.1605" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5271%2Fsjweh.1605</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Tuorinsky, Shirley D., ed. (2008). Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, D.C.: Office of The Surgeon General, Borden Institute. ISBN 978-0-16-081532-4. 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