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Roads in the Netherlands
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The first motorway in the Netherlands dates back to 1936, when the current <a href="/facts/A12_motorway_(Netherlands)/Xhckf5L9">A12</a> was opened to traffic between <a href="/facts/Voorburg/HKVBnt57">Voorburg</a> and <a href="/facts/Zoetermeer/hYM58fy8">Zoetermeer</a>, near <a href="/facts/The_Hague/NRtu1Qqk">The Hague</a>. Motorway construction accelerated in the 1960s and 1970s but slowed in the 1980s. Current motorway expansion mostly occurs outside the <a href="/facts/Randstad/Jh10XaQz">Randstad</a>. </p><p>General maximum speed limits were introduced in 1957 (50 km/h within built-up areas) and in 1973 (100 km/h on extra-urban highways); the motorway limit was raised to 120 km/h in 1988.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="roads-by-management-authority">Roads by management authority</h2> <h3>National and provincial roads</h3> <p>About 5,200 km of national roads <i>(rijkswegen)</i> are controlled by the <i><a href="/facts/Rijkswaterstaat/E16NIDqI">Rijkswaterstaat</a></i>, and the country's twelve <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands/kqYoVzuk">provinces</a> control about 7,800 km of provincial roads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Most motorways are national roads, and the remaining national roads are mostly expressways. Only a few motorways are provincial, and these are generally shorter and serve regional traffic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h3>Municipal roads</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Municipality/S0bUz6jW">Municipal</a> roads make up the bulk of the Dutch road network, totalling 120,000 km.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h3>Water council roads</h3> <p>Aside from the division into provinces, the Netherlands is also divided into 21 water management districts. Together with other authorities, they own and control another 7,500 km of roads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="roads-by-legal-types-and-definitions">Roads by legal types and definitions</h2> <p>From 1998 to 2007, more than 33,000 km of roads have been converted to regional access roads with a speed limit of 60 km/h,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> as indicated by signage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Regional access roads are visually distinct from other roads by having no <a href="/facts/Road_surface_marking/yk8thLtL">center line marking</a>. Slower vehicles and non-motorised traffic are allowed; busier roads have adjacent cycle tracks, while quieter ones have advisory bike lanes. Regional access roads can fall under any of the road management authorities. </p><p>On <a href="/facts/Exurb/je7BXVg7">extra-urban</a> roundabouts, the <a href="/facts/CROW_Design_Manual_for_Bicycle_Traffic/A06ackoD">CROW</a> recommends that motor vehicles have priority over cycle tracks, as opposed to urban roundabouts where cycle tracks have priority.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>Within built-up areas</h3> <p>From 1998 through 2007, more than 41,000 km of city streets have been converted to local access roads with a speed limit of 30 km/h, for the purpose of traffic calming.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a>[<i>dead link</i>] </p> <p> Depending on how individual municipalities interpreted the 1997 Sustainable Safety policy guidelines, <i>woonerven</i> have come under pressure from a drive to implement continuous zones of 30 km/h (19 mph) on local access streets. In some towns, this has led to residents protesting against the doubling of local speed limits from 15 km/h to 30 km/h. <i>Woonerven</i> are still widespread and new ones are still built, sometimes because of space restrictions. In 2011, 20% of all Dutch homes were still located in <i>woonerf</i> areas,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> and around 2 million people (over 10% of the country) were living in <i>woonerven</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notable-roads-and-statistics">Notable roads and statistics</h2> <p>As a side effect of the dense road network, roadside and verge grass strips account for three percent of the Netherlands' total land area. </p> <h3>Quality</h3> <p>In 2019, a <a href="/facts/World_Economic_Forum/91KlC7Cb">World Economic Forum</a> report ranked the quality (extensiveness and condition) of the Dutch road infrastructure as the best in Europe, with a 6.4 score on a 7‑point scale. It was ranked the second-best of 141 countries in the world behind <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a> and ahead of <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Although <a href="/facts/Traffic_congestion/CTl1sfGX">traffic congestion</a> is a relative constant in the Netherlands, a Europe-focused summary of <a href="/facts/TomTom/KBAVAsxg">TomTom</a>'s 2021 traffic congestion statistics found that there were no Dutch cities in the global Top‑100. There were also no Dutch cities in the high congestion category, although <a href="/facts/Haarlem/wB64bSCk">Haarlem</a> was ranked #103 at 28% congestion in 2021, 2% below the "heavy" category.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h3>Major motorways</h3> <p>The busiest Dutch motorway is the <a href="/facts/A13_motorway_(Netherlands)/Ax7k4vx4">A13</a> between <a href="/facts/The_Hague/NRtu1Qqk">the Hague</a> and <a href="/facts/Rotterdam/p8LbhGmE">Rotterdam</a>, with a traffic volume of 140,000 motor vehicles per day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Utrecht_(province)/Qwppl47N">Utrecht</a>, in the centre of the country, has the busiest motorways on average (almost 100,000 vehicles a day), with major motorways <a href="/facts/A1_motorway_(Netherlands)/4P7UIFkk">A1</a>, <a href="/facts/A2_motorway_(Netherlands)/MPr0UDdk">A2</a>, <a href="/facts/A12_motorway_(Netherlands)/Xhckf5L9">A12</a>, <a href="/facts/A27_motorway_(Netherlands)/CMsT4lnS">A27</a> and <a href="/facts/A28_motorway_(Netherlands)/EAFrW6Uk">A28</a> running through it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>The number of passing motorised vehicles is counted every minute of the day at 20,000 measuring stations on the Dutch motorway network.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Transport_in_the_Netherlands/q0jgUcHQ">Transport in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Road_transport_in_the_Netherlands/tzBqX1LB">Road transport in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_motorways_in_the_Netherlands/MU9sQq7J">List of motorways in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_E-roads_in_the_Netherlands/hd0xHHsT">European E-roads in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rijksstraatweg/znGKtRsH">Rijksstraatweg</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Road_network_(Netherlands)/E99EbBkU">National N-road route numbers</a> (historic)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Woonerf/TnbmHazT">Woonerf</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands/LJd0Abh7">Fietsstraat</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands/LJd0Abh7">Cycling in the Netherlands</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <h3>Sustainable (Road) Safety</h3> <p>Publications by SWOV – Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research </p> <ul><li><a href="https://www.swov.nl/publicatie/advancing-sustainable-safety-0">Advancing Sustainable Safety</a> - full English language explanation for 2005-2020 (217 p.)</li> <li><a href="https://www.swov.nl/publicatie/advancing-sustainable-safety">Advancing Sustainable Safety (in brief)</a> - brief English explanation for 2005-2020 (20 p.)</li> <li><a href="https://www.swov.nl/publicatie/de-balans-opgemaakt">De balans opgemaakt</a> - Dutch language evaluation for 1998–2007, with English abstract (67 p.)</li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.autosnelwegen.nl">autosnelwegen.nl</a> – Dutch website about the country's national roads and its motorways.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"CIA World Factbook | Field listing: Roadways". cia.gov. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 2014. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 2015-08-17. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004630/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2085.html#nl" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004630/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2085.html#nl</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Road density (km of road per 100 sq. km of land area) | Data | Table". data.worldbank.org. The World Bank Group. 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-07. <a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.ROD.DNST.K2?order=wbapi_data_value_2011%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc" target="_blank">http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.ROD.DNST.K2?order=wbapi_data_value_2011%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Road density - countries ranking, Knoema, Retrieved 2017-02-10 <a href="https://knoema.com/atlas/ranks/Road-density" target="_blank">https://knoema.com/atlas/ranks/Road-density</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Japan has the same per country road density,[4] but the Netherlands' area includes 18.4% inland water, compared to just 0.8% for Japan. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"SWOV Fact sheet | Mobility on Dutch roads" (PDF) (Press release). Leidschendam, the Netherlands: SWOV, Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research. July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2014-07-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415044922/http://www.swov.nl/rapport/Factsheets/UK/FS_Mobility.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100415044922/http://www.swov.nl/rapport/Factsheets/UK/FS_Mobility.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Waard, Jan van der; Jorritsma, Peter; Immers, Ben (October 2012). "New Drivers in Mobility: What Moves the Dutch in 2012 and Beyond?" (PDF). ITF Discussion Papers. Delft, the Netherlands: OECD International Transport Forum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2014-07-07. <a href="https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/dp201215.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/dp201215.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Road traffic, vehicles and networks | Environment at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators" (PDF) (Press release). Paris, France: OECD Publishing. 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-10. <a href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/road-traffic-vehicles-and-networks_5k3ts345b1g7.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/road-traffic-vehicles-and-networks_5k3ts345b1g7.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Landgeist (2021-09-07). "The Best and Worst Roads in Europe". Landgeist. Retrieved 2022-09-22. <a href="https://landgeist.com/2021/09/07/the-best-and-worst-roads-in-europe/" target="_blank">https://landgeist.com/2021/09/07/the-best-and-worst-roads-in-europe/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"CIA World Factbook | Field listing: Roadways". cia.gov. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 2014. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 2015-08-17. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004630/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2085.html#nl" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004630/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2085.html#nl</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Road traffic, vehicles and networks | Environment at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators" (PDF) (Press release). Paris, France: OECD Publishing. 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-10. <a href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/road-traffic-vehicles-and-networks_5k3ts345b1g7.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/road-traffic-vehicles-and-networks_5k3ts345b1g7.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Autosnelweg - WegenWiki" [Motorway - WegenWiki]. wegenwiki.nl (in Dutch). 2012. Retrieved 2014-07-17. <a href="http://www.wegenwiki.nl/Autosnelweg" target="_blank">http://www.wegenwiki.nl/Autosnelweg</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>De balans opgemaakt: Duurzaam Veilig 1998-2007 [Sustainable Safety in the Netherlands - 1998-2007] (PDF) (in Dutch). SWOV, Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research. 2009. p. 6 (English abstract). ISBN 978-90-73946-06-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014. <a href="978-90-73946-06-4" target="_blank">978-90-73946-06-4</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Rotondes | IBM Cognos" [Roundabouts]. swov.nl (in Dutch). SWOV, Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research. 2012. Retrieved 2014-07-20. <a href="https://www.swov.nl/ibmcognos/cgi-bin/cognos.cgi?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABdVGvdOl42nVN226DMAz9mZhuL5UJpTQPPECSqkwabMAPZBCmaV2oQnjY349Lp2qqZtk_1vE5tlcV26ouSpmJeHC91Zl4AEo~opRzSUUiU7HfRUhZwqOAITswKXiYHifNozd7ZVLy00tSn2Kgx6Y3Ths3TV1~brWFMIUdGvWlIRCbXE~UWZl22EAo~hFlprNqcHZs3Djaq~Cimk~1rv8qy971ptXLMU9UfMuLPJe8ziZInmX8u~fS17hDJD4i_j4SQpDswzAIrx3JzNXfFw0U7WoCZE9K2QkI0APQAIFqH_gbULYS~o0gd_EvOQ~r36Vu8QOsP2El" target="_blank">https://www.swov.nl/ibmcognos/cgi-bin/cognos.cgi?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABdVGvdOl42nVN226DMAz9mZhuL5UJpTQPPECSqkwabMAPZBCmaV2oQnjY349Lp2qqZtk_1vE5tlcV26ouSpmJeHC91Zl4AEo~opRzSUUiU7HfRUhZwqOAITswKXiYHifNozd7ZVLy00tSn2Kgx6Y3Ths3TV1~brWFMIUdGvWlIRCbXE~UWZl22EAo~hFlprNqcHZs3Djaq~Cimk~1rv8qy971ptXLMU9UfMuLPJe8ziZInmX8u~fS17hDJD4i_j4SQpDswzAIrx3JzNXfFw0U7WoCZE9K2QkI0APQAIFqH_gbULYS~o0gd_EvOQ~r36Vu8QOsP2El</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>In 2012 a Dutch TV-show calculated that the centre dots alone of the country's roundabouts had a cumulative area greater than Vatican City.[11] <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" target="_blank">/wiki/Vatican_City</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"The Netherlands boast almost 35,000 km of cycling paths". CROW - Dutch knowledge platform on cycling policy. 2012-10-25. Retrieved 18 July 2014. <a href="http://www.fietsberaad.nl/index.cfm?lang=nl§ion=nieuws&mode=newsArticle&repository=The+Netherlands+boast+almost+35.000+km+of+cycling+paths" target="_blank">http://www.fietsberaad.nl/index.cfm?lang=nl§ion=nieuws&mode=newsArticle&repository=The+Netherlands+boast+almost+35.000+km+of+cycling+paths</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Nederland telt bijna 35.000 km fietspad" [The Netherlands has almost 35,000 km of bicycle path] (in Dutch). Verkeerskunde.nl Dutch online platform for traffic engineering. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2014. <a href="http://www.verkeerskunde.nl/nederland-telt-bijna-35-000-km-fietspad.29236.lynkx" target="_blank">http://www.verkeerskunde.nl/nederland-telt-bijna-35-000-km-fietspad.29236.lynkx</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Nederland telt bijna 35.000 km fietspad" [The Netherlands has almost 35,000 km of bicycle path] (in Dutch). Verkeerskunde.nl Dutch online platform for traffic engineering. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2014. <a href="http://www.verkeerskunde.nl/nederland-telt-bijna-35-000-km-fietspad.29236.lynkx" target="_blank">http://www.verkeerskunde.nl/nederland-telt-bijna-35-000-km-fietspad.29236.lynkx</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"1973-1991 - Oliecrises en de veranderende samenleving" [1973-1991 Oil crises and a changing society]. Autosnelwegen.nl (in Dutch). 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-01-29. Retrieved 2017-01-29. <a href="http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/index.php/geschiedenis/8-1973-1991-oliecrises-en-de-veranderende-samenleving" target="_blank">http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/index.php/geschiedenis/8-1973-1991-oliecrises-en-de-veranderende-samenleving</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"CBS StatLine | Lengte van wegen, wegkenmerken, regio" [CBS Statline - Length of roads, road types]. statline.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Statistics Netherlands. 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-12. <a href="https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=70806ned&D1=0-1,8,14&D2=0,5-16&D3=a&HD=090330-1643&HDR=G2&STB=G1,T" target="_blank">https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=70806ned&D1=0-1,8,14&D2=0,5-16&D3=a&HD=090330-1643&HDR=G2&STB=G1,T</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Weglengte Nationaal WegenBestand (NWB) | IBM Cognos" [Road length | National Road Database]. swov.nl (in Dutch). SWOV, Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research. 2012. Retrieved 2014-07-17. <a href="https://www.swov.nl/ibmcognos/cgi-bin/cognos.cgi?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgVL3JvF42nWO22qDQBCGX2bHtDdhdnVFL7zwtMRCtY1CrjdmtKVWy7p5~2oSCG3pMCd_vp8Zp662dVPt8yKLZjsZKrIHEOJd_rkKlBsEsed7ga_SNHC5p2IPVR7KUC3Mo7N683if7l7iZheBUO00WhrtsnXTcCIDMgEPR~1J4GabkhZp0ONp3oDM~oGKsTN6tubc2vPZ3MAv3X7onn6SB_oHGntLILA8JCvqZHW6TauyzNOmWEb8nEe~MCd5jTpExhGRc2SMIfOldOWtI1u1J60NYLh4j~RGZNY3MWQgAhAugiAO4ggivAr8LrA~wS_5Lterl7rHN2kuZCQ=" target="_blank">https://www.swov.nl/ibmcognos/cgi-bin/cognos.cgi?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgVL3JvF42nWO22qDQBCGX2bHtDdhdnVFL7zwtMRCtY1CrjdmtKVWy7p5~2oSCG3pMCd_vp8Zp662dVPt8yKLZjsZKrIHEOJd_rkKlBsEsed7ga_SNHC5p2IPVR7KUC3Mo7N683if7l7iZheBUO00WhrtsnXTcCIDMgEPR~1J4GabkhZp0ONp3oDM~oGKsTN6tubc2vPZ3MAv3X7onn6SB_oHGntLILA8JCvqZHW6TauyzNOmWEb8nEe~MCd5jTpExhGRc2SMIfOldOWtI1u1J60NYLh4j~RGZNY3MWQgAhAugiAO4ggivAr8LrA~wS_5Lterl7rHN2kuZCQ=</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Provinciale weg - Wikipedia (NL) <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinciale_weg" target="_blank">https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinciale_weg</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Weglengte Nationaal WegenBestand (NWB) | IBM Cognos" [Road length | National Road Database]. swov.nl (in Dutch). SWOV, Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research. 2012. 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