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1811 in science
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<h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li>March 25 – <a href="/facts/Great_Comet_of_1811/P20VBAd2">Great Comet</a> discovered by <a href="/facts/Honor%25C3%25A9_Flaugergues/JmcEmPoU">Honoré Flaugergues</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger/bXXguvmn">Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger</a> publishes <i>Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium</i>, an updating of <a href="/facts/Linnean_taxonomy/DLdJDy2F">Linnean taxonomy</a> and a major influence on the concept of the '<a href="/facts/Family_(biology)/qTrn6E8E">Family</a>' in biology. He first defines the <a href="/facts/Class_(biology)/a7MrgFu3">infraclass</a> <i><a href="/facts/Marsupial/zN5s4bMq">Marsupialia</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Simon_Pallas/IkTINExs">Peter Simon Pallas</a> begins publication of <i>Zoographia rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum</i> in <a href="/facts/Saint_Petersburg/pNuCBxaM">Saint Petersburg</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bernard_Courtois/xy0jl3lA">Bernard Courtois</a> discovers <a href="/facts/Iodine/JlfMecMf">iodine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac/co1Ne63y">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> and <a href="/facts/Louis_Jacques_Th%25C3%25A9nard/Le32ptEm">Louis Jacques Thénard</a> publish <i>Recherches Physico-Chimiques, faites sur la pile; sur la préparation chimique et les propriétés du potassium et du sodium; sur la décomposition de l'acide boracique; sur les acides fluorique, muriatique et muriatique oxigéné; sur l'action chimique de la lumière; sur l'analyse végétale et animale, etc.</i> in <a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Amedeo_Avogadro/qG6Rq5Wc">Amedeo Avogadro</a> proposes <a href="/facts/Avogadro%2527s_law/r3P987Lj">Avogadro's law</a>, that equal volumes of gases under constant temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="earth-sciences">Earth sciences</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/June_10/nlhwysHq">June 10</a> – A <a href="/facts/Volcanic_eruption/AwqpzdaG">volcanic eruption</a>, observed from British <a href="/facts/Sloop-of-war/LKXBvGkw">sloop</a> <a href="/facts/HMS_Sabrina_(1806)/3Eb771mW">HMS <i>Sabrina</i> (1806)</a>, briefly creates <a href="/facts/Sabrina_Island_(Azores)/De7guFrL">Sabrina Island (Azores)</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss/f4eSMBD7">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> works with functions of <a href="/facts/Complex_number/2w7mqI7e">complex number</a> variables.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sim%25C3%25A9on_Denis_Poisson/zmsDITrY">S. D. Poisson</a> publishes <i>Traité de mécanique</i> (vol. 1).</li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Charles_Bell/gKnT2dN2">Charles Bell</a> publishes <i>An Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> starting to distinguish between <a href="/facts/Sensory_nerve/0JVWPqKP">sensory</a> and <a href="/facts/Motor_nerve/nG4skfWQ">motor nerves</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Abraham_Colles/2WfvnlSn">Abraham Colles</a> publishes <i>A Treatise on Surgical Anatomy</i> in <a href="/facts/Dublin/Fv8ezm8a">Dublin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Francis_Place/cbPqManv">Francis Place</a> publishes <i>Illustrations and Proofs of the Principles of Population, including an examination of the proposed remedies of Mr. Malthus, and a reply to the objections of Mr. Godwin and others</i> in <a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a>, the first significant text in <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> to advocate <a href="/facts/Contraception/qCzhxgH8">contraception</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="paleontology">Paleontology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mary_Anning/FptgkPFB">Mary Anning</a> discovers the <a href="/facts/Fossil/by7NzIA1">fossilised</a> remains of an <a href="/facts/Ichthyosaur/fBNIIJaJ">Ichthyosaur</a> at <a href="/facts/Lyme_Regis/5REzKfbs">Lyme Regis</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Amedeo_Avogadro/qG6Rq5Wc">Amedeo Avogadro</a> proposes his hypothesis relating volumes and numbers of <a href="/facts/Molecule/N9ljSfFq">molecules</a> of gases.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Friedrich_Koenig/09j9GImk">Friedrich Koenig</a>, with the assistance of <a href="/facts/Andreas_Friedrich_Bauer/xD06hMs4">Andreas Friedrich Bauer</a>, produces the first steam rotary <a href="/facts/Printing_press/7I3laFE0">printing press</a>, in <a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Copley_Medal/bBwd6QzN">Copley Medal</a>: <a href="/facts/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie%2c_1st_Baronet/YpDVYAqJ">Benjamin Brodie</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>March 2 – <a href="/facts/Hugh_Edwin_Strickland/t6PIbVjM">Hugh Edwin Strickland</a>, <a href="/facts/English_people/IeI9c7BK">English</a> <a href="/facts/Geologist/vGc0tBHB">geologist</a> and <a href="/facts/Ornithologist/5reEUbx1">ornithologist</a> (died <a href="/facts/1853_in_science/R7q2BBVn">1853</a>)</li> <li>March 11 <ul><li>Lady <a href="/facts/Katherine_Sophia_Kane/dYHpFQ9l">Katherine Sophia Kane</a> née Baily, <a href="/facts/Irish_people/6Ykz2Dxl">Irish</a> botanist (died <a href="/facts/1886_in_science/7LC7G3JF">1886</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Urbain_Le_Verrier/mVzvmAPM">Urbain Le Verrier</a>, <a href="/facts/French_people/984axQ8y">French</a> <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a> (died <a href="/facts/1877_in_science/PvF8wXrx">1877</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>March 30 – <a href="/facts/Robert_Bunsen/HYqSh9tH">Robert Bunsen</a>, <a href="/facts/German_people/F7mBCrJ4">German</a> <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a> (died <a href="/facts/1899_in_science/eeGQg6tL">1899</a>)</li> <li>July 13 – <a href="/facts/James_Young_(Scottish_chemist)/Lo47gawp">James Young</a>, <a href="/facts/Scottish_people/0rp2bd12">Scottish</a> chemist (died <a href="/facts/1883_in_science/kccv3awX">1883</a>)</li> <li>September 14 – <a href="/facts/William_Budd/zDN1nBgB">William Budd</a>, English <a href="/facts/Physician/qJ3woFvG">physician</a> and <a href="/facts/Epidemiologist/wgTmxoMA">epidemiologist</a> (died <a href="/facts/1880_in_science/AbBHWLbX">1880</a>)</li> <li>October 25 – <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589variste_Galois/T0BPM1zP">Évariste Galois</a>, French <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a> (died <a href="/facts/1832_in_science/mwlEp7qT">1832</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_James_Waterston/76Wu8kAV">John Waterston</a>, Scottish <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a> and <a href="/facts/Civil_engineer/RjIFIjNe">civil engineer</a> (died <a href="/facts/1883_in_science/kccv3awX">1883</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>February 9 – <a href="/facts/Nevil_Maskelyne/qNEScaCF">Nevil Maskelyne</a>, English <a href="/facts/Astronomer_Royal/GTCk0QaQ">Astronomer Royal</a> (born <a href="/facts/1732_in_science/Pbaxnt6E">1732</a>)</li> <li>August 31 – <a href="/facts/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville/KQr4MlIX">Louis Antoine de Bougainville</a>, French explorer (born <a href="/facts/1729_in_science/zRqc6fHL">1729</a>)</li> <li>September 8 – <a href="/facts/Peter_Simon_Pallas/IkTINExs">Peter Simon Pallas</a>, German-born <a href="/facts/Naturalist/pSlAvbTX">naturalist</a> (born <a href="/facts/1741_in_science/a3N9Jt31">1741</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Swain, Patricia A. (2005). "Bernard Courtois (1777–1838), famed for discovering iodine (1811), and his life in Paris from 1798" (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 30: 103–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714110757/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2007-Swain.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100714110757/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2007-Swain.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Michael Faraday". Famous Physicists and Astronomers. Retrieved 2007-03-12. <a href="http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xfaraday.html" target="_blank">http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xfaraday.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8. <a href="978-1-84724-008-8" target="_blank">978-1-84724-008-8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bell, C; Shaw, A (1868). "Reprint of the "Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain," with Letters, &c". J Anat Physiol. 3 (Pt 1): 147–82. PMC 1318665. PMID 17230788. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1318665" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1318665</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Francis Place". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2011-10-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806065706/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHplace.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070806065706/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHplace.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Patented in 1810. Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design. Wiley. pp. 130–133. ISBN 0-471-29198-6. <a href="0-471-29198-6" target="_blank">0-471-29198-6</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>