Projection-slice theorem

<h2 id="the-projection-slice-theorem-in-ndimensions">The projection-slice theorem in N dimensions</h2>
In N dimensions, the projection-slice theorem states that the
<a href="/facts/Fourier_transform/XXhKJtc8">Fourier transform</a> of the projection of an N-dimensional function
f(r) onto an m-dimensional <a href="/facts/Euclidean_space/R2UbzmzM">linear submanifold</a>
is equal to an m-dimensional slice of the N-dimensional Fourier transform of that
function consisting of an m-dimensional linear submanifold through the origin in the Fourier space which is parallel to the projection submanifold. In operator terms:

F
          
            m
          
        
        
          P
          
            m
          
        
        =
        
          S
          
            m
          
        
        
          F
          
            N
          
        
        .
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle F_{m}P_{m}=S_{m}F_{N}.\,}

<h2 id="the-generalized-fourier-slice-theorem">The generalized Fourier-slice theorem</h2>
In addition to generalizing to N dimensions, the projection-slice theorem can be further generalized with an arbitrary change of basis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> For convenience of notation, we consider the change of basis to be represented as B, an N-by-N invertible matrix operating on N-dimensional column vectors. Then the generalized Fourier-slice theorem can be stated as

F
          
            m
          
        
        
          P
          
            m
          
        
        B
        =
        
          S
          
            m
          
        
        
          
            
              B
              
                −
                T
              
            
            
              
                |
              
              
                B
                
                  −
                  T
                
              
              
                |
              
            
          
        
        
          F
          
            N
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle F_{m}P_{m}B=S_{m}{\frac {B^{-T}}{|B^{-T}|}}F_{N}}

where 
 
 
 
 
 B
 
 −
 T
 
 
 =
 (
 
 B
 
 −
 1
 
 
 
 )
 
 T
 
 
 
 
 {\displaystyle B^{-T}=(B^{-1})^{T}}
 
 is the transpose of the inverse of the change of basis transform.

<h2 id="proof-in-two-dimensions">Proof in two dimensions</h2>

The projection-slice theorem is easily proven for the case of two dimensions.
Without loss of generality, we can take the projection line to be the x-axis.
There is no loss of generality because if we use a shifted and rotated line, the law still applies. Using a shifted line (in y) gives the same projection and therefore the same 1D Fourier transform results. The rotated function is the Fourier pair of the rotated Fourier transform, for which the theorem again holds.
If f(x, y) is a two-dimensional function, then the projection of f(x, y) onto the x axis is p(x) where

p
        (
        x
        )
        =
        
          ∫
          
            −
            ∞
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        f
        (
        x
        ,
        y
        )
        
        d
        y
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle p(x)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x,y)\,dy.}

The Fourier transform of 
 
 
 
 f
 (
 x
 ,
 y
 )
 
 
 {\displaystyle f(x,y)}
 
 is

F
        (
        
          k
          
            x
          
        
        ,
        
          k
          
            y
          
        
        )
        =
        
          ∫
          
            −
            ∞
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        
          ∫
          
            −
            ∞
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        f
        (
        x
        ,
        y
        )
        
        
          e
          
            −
            2
            π
            i
            (
            x
            
              k
              
                x
              
            
            +
            y
            
              k
              
                y
              
            
            )
          
        
        
        d
        x
        d
        y
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle F(k_{x},k_{y})=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x,y)\,e^{-2\pi i(xk_{x}+yk_{y})}\,dxdy.}

The slice is then 
 
 
 
 s
 (
 
 k
 
 x
 
 
 )
 
 
 {\displaystyle s(k_{x})}

s
        (
        
          k
          
            x
          
        
        )
        =
        F
        (
        
          k
          
            x
          
        
        ,
        0
        )
        =
        
          ∫
          
            −
            ∞
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        
          ∫
          
            −
            ∞
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        f
        (
        x
        ,
        y
        )
        
        
          e
          
            −
            2
            π
            i
            x
            
              k
              
                x
              
            
          
        
        
        d
        x
        d
        y
      
    
    {\displaystyle s(k_{x})=F(k_{x},0)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x,y)\,e^{-2\pi ixk_{x}}\,dxdy}

=
        
          ∫
          
            −
            ∞
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        
          [
          
            
              ∫
              
                −
                ∞
              
              
                ∞
              
            
            f
            (
            x
            ,
            y
            )
            
            d
            y
          
          ]
        
        
        
          e
          
            −
            2
            π
            i
            x
            
              k
              
                x
              
            
          
        
        d
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle =\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\left[\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x,y)\,dy\right]\,e^{-2\pi ixk_{x}}dx}

=
        
          ∫
          
            −
            ∞
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        p
        (
        x
        )
        
        
          e
          
            −
            2
            π
            i
            x
            
              k
              
                x
              
            
          
        
        d
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle =\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }p(x)\,e^{-2\pi ixk_{x}}dx}

which is just the Fourier transform of p(x). The proof for higher dimensions is easily generalized from the above example.

<h2 id="the-fha-cycle">The FHA cycle</h2>
If the two-dimensional function f(r) is circularly symmetric, it may be represented as f(r), where r = |r|. In this case the projection onto any projection line
will be the <a href="/facts/Abel_transform/3BTHHFfX">Abel transform</a> of f(r). The two-dimensional <a href="/facts/Fourier_transform/XXhKJtc8">Fourier transform</a>
of f(r) will be a circularly symmetric function given by the zeroth-order <a href="/facts/Hankel_transform/2UpX2jL8">Hankel transform</a> of f(r), which will therefore also represent any slice through the origin. The projection-slice theorem then states that the Fourier transform of the projection equals the slice or

F
          
            1
          
        
        
          A
          
            1
          
        
        =
        H
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle F_{1}A_{1}=H,}

where A1 represents the Abel-transform operator, projecting a two-dimensional circularly symmetric function onto a one-dimensional line, F1 represents the 1-D Fourier-transform
operator, and H represents the zeroth-order Hankel-transform operator.

<h2 id="extension-to-fan-beam-or-cone-beam-ct">Extension to fan beam or cone-beam CT</h2>
The projection-slice theorem is suitable for CT image reconstruction with parallel beam projections. It does not directly apply to fanbeam or conebeam CT. The theorem was extended to fan-beam and conebeam CT image reconstruction by Shuang-ren Zhao in 1995.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Radon_transform/JskFJRMS">Radon transform § Relationship with the Fourier transform</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Ronald_N._Bracewell/rhQxu3DA">Bracewell, Ronald N.</a> (1990). "Numerical Transforms". Science. 248 (4956): 697–704. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...248..697B">1990Sci...248..697B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.248.4956.697">10.1126/science.248.4956.697</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17812072">17812072</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5643835">5643835</a>.</li>
<li>Bracewell, Ronald N. (1956). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FPH560198">"Strip Integration in Radio Astronomy"</a>. Aust. J. Phys. 9 (2): 198. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956AuJPh...9..198B">1956AuJPh...9..198B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FPH560198">10.1071/PH560198</a>.</li>
<li>Gaskill, Jack D. (2005). Linear Systems, Fourier Transforms, and Optics. John Wiley & Sons, New York. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-471-29288-3.</li>
<li>Ng, Ren (2005). <a href="https://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/fourierphoto/fourierphoto-600dpi.pdf">"Fourier Slice Photography"</a> (PDF). ACM Transactions on Graphics. 24 (3): 735–744. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1073204.1073256">10.1145/1073204.1073256</a>.</li>
<li>Zhao, Shuang-Ren; Halling, Horst (1995). "Reconstruction of Cone Beam Projections with Free Source Path by a Generalized Fourier Method". Proceedings of the 1995 International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine: 323–7.</li>
<li>Garces, Daissy H.; Rhodes, William T.; Peña, Néstor (2011). "The Projection-Slice Theorem: A Compact Notation". Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 28 (5): 766–769. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JOSAA..28..766G">2011JOSAA..28..766G</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.28.000766">10.1364/JOSAA.28.000766</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21532686">21532686</a>.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIvTpW3IevI">Fourier Slice Theorem</a> (video). Part of the "Computed Tomography and the ASTRA Toolbox" course. <a href="/facts/University_of_Antwerp/MHe9NQNU">University of Antwerp</a>. September 10, 2015.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Bracewell, Ronald N. (1956). "Strip integration in radio astronomy". Australian Journal of Physics. 9 (2): 198–217. Bibcode:1956AuJPh...9..198B. doi:10.1071/PH560198. <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/ph/pdf/ph560198" target="_blank">https://www.publish.csiro.au/ph/pdf/ph560198</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Ng, Ren (2005). "Fourier Slice Photography" (PDF). ACM Transactions on Graphics. 24 (3): 735–744. doi:10.1145/1073204.1073256. <a href="https://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/fourierphoto/fourierphoto-600dpi.pdf" target="_blank">https://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/fourierphoto/fourierphoto-600dpi.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Zhao S.R. and H.Halling (1995). "A new Fourier method for fan beam reconstruction". 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record. Vol. 2. pp. 1287–91. doi:10.1109/NSSMIC.1995.510494. ISBN 978-0-7803-3180-8. S2CID 60933220. <a href="978-0-7803-3180-8" target="_blank">978-0-7803-3180-8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Projection-slice theorem open-in-new

Projection-slice theorem