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Tris
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<h2 id="buffering-features">Buffering features</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Conjugate_acid/hohgQ07M">conjugate acid</a> of tris has a <a href="/facts/Acid_dissociation_constant/t4YyRtKC">p<i>K</i>a</a> of 8.07 at 25 °C, which implies that the buffer has an effective <a href="/facts/PH/RnSv8D7y">pH</a> range between 7.1 and 9.1 (p<i>K</i>a ± 1) at room temperature. </p> <h3>Buffer details</h3> <ul><li>In general, as temperature decreases from 25 °C to 5 °C the pH of a tris buffer will increase an average of 0.03 units per degree. As temperature rises from 25 °C to 37 °C, the pH of a tris buffer will decrease an average of 0.025 units per degree.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>In general, a 10-fold increase in tris buffer concentration will lead to a 0.05 unit increase in pH and vice versa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Silver</a>-containing single-junction pH electrodes (e.g., <a href="/facts/Silver_chloride_electrode/It5jz1e1">silver chloride electrodes</a>) are incompatible with tris since an Ag-tris precipitate forms which clogs the junction. Double-junction electrodes are resistant to this problem, and non-silver containing electrodes are immune.</li></ul> <h3>Buffer inhibition</h3> <ul><li>Tris inhibits a number of enzymes,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and therefore should be used with care when studying proteins.</li> <li>Tris can also inhibit enzyme activity via <a href="/facts/Chelation/4G79sXBB">chelation</a> of metal ions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="preparation">Preparation</h2> <p>Tris is prepared industrially by the exhaustive condensation of <a href="/facts/Nitromethane/mfVA2AA1">nitromethane</a> with <a href="/facts/Formaldehyde/Ck8RLfqk">formaldehyde</a> under basic conditions (i.e. repeated <a href="/facts/Henry_reaction/QFK28e6r">Henry reactions</a>) to produce the intermediate (HOCH2)3CNO2, which is subsequently <a href="/facts/Hydrogenation/l7EzNSA7">hydrogenated</a> to give the final product.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>The useful buffer range for tris (pH 7–9) coincides with the physiological pH typical of most living organisms. This, and its low cost, make tris one of the most common buffers in the biology/biochemistry laboratory. Tris is also used as a <a href="/facts/Primary_standard/h8nX7X9K">primary standard</a> to standardize acid solutions for chemical analysis. </p><p>Tris is used to increase permeability of cell membranes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> It is a component of the <a href="/facts/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine/2rlX6oWc">Moderna COVID-19 vaccine</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Pfizer%25E2%2580%2593BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine/T0AYCJ9p">Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine</a> for use in children 5 through 11 years of age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h3>Medical</h3> <p>Tris (usually known as THAM in this context) is used as alternative to <a href="/facts/Sodium_bicarbonate/S9oSol0R">sodium bicarbonate</a> in the treatment of <a href="/facts/Metabolic_acidosis/sSKCKBHA">metabolic acidosis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/MOPS/LNrGqqxk">MOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/HEPES/5otHNeT8">HEPES</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MES_(buffer)/59100vyW">MES</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Buffer_solution/zrLz9eaa">Common buffer compounds used in biology</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Gomori, G., Preparation of Buffers for Use in Enzyme Studies. Methods Enzymology., 1, 138-146 (1955). <a href="http://2008.igem.org/wiki/images/8/84/Protein_Buffers.pdf" target="_blank">http://2008.igem.org/wiki/images/8/84/Protein_Buffers.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>FISCHER, Beda E.; HARING, Ulrich K.; TRIBOLET, Roger; SIGEL, Helmut (1979). "Metal Ion/Buffer Interactions. Stability of Binary and Ternary Complexes Containing 2-Amino-2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Tris) and Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate (ATP)". European Journal of Biochemistry. 94 (2). Wiley: 523–530. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12921.x. ISSN 0014-2956. PMID 428398. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1979.tb12921.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1979.tb12921.x</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Stanley, David; Tunnicliffe, William (June 2008). "Management of life-threatening asthma in adults". Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain. 8 (3): 95–99. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkn012. Retrieved 21 July 2017. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/8/3/95/293339/Management-of-life-threatening-asthma-in-adults" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/8/3/95/293339/Management-of-life-threatening-asthma-in-adults</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hoste, Eric A.; Colpaert, Kirsten; Vanholder, Raymond C.; Lameire, Norbert H.; De Waele, Jan J.; Blot, Stijn I.; Colardyn, Francis A. (May 2005). "Sodium bicarbonate versus THAM in ICU patients with mild metabolic acidosis". Journal of Nephrology. 18 (3): 303–307. ISSN 1121-8428. PMID 16013019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>BNF 73 March-September 2017. British Medical Association,, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. London. 21 March 2017. ISBN 978-0857112767. OCLC 988086079.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-0857112767" target="_blank">978-0857112767</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Holert, Johannes; Borker, Aron; Nübel, Laura Lucia; Daniel, Rolf; Poehlein, Anja; Philipp, Bodo (8 January 2024). "Bacteria use a catabolic patchwork pathway of apparently recent origin for degradation of the synthetic buffer compound TRIS". The ISME Journal. 18 (1): wrad023. doi:10.1093/ismejo/wrad023. ISSN 1751-7362. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ismej/article/doi/10.1093/ismejo/wrad023/7513125" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/ismej/article/doi/10.1093/ismejo/wrad023/7513125</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Stoll, Vincent S.; Blanchard, John S. (1 January 1990). "[4] Buffers: Principles and practice". Methods in Enzymology. 182: 24–38. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(90)82006-N. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Sigma tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane; Tris Technical Bulletin No. 106B" (PDF). Sigma-Aldrich. Retrieved 4 June 2020. <a href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Bulletin/1/106bbul.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Bulletin/1/106bbul.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Sigma tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane; Tris Technical Bulletin No. 106B" (PDF). Sigma-Aldrich. Retrieved 4 June 2020. <a href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Bulletin/1/106bbul.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Bulletin/1/106bbul.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Desmarais, WT; et al. (2002). "The 1.20 Å resolution crystal structure of the aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica complexed with tris: A tale of buffer inhibition". Structure. 10 (8): 1063–1072. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(02)00810-9. PMID 12176384. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0969-2126%2802%2900810-9" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0969-2126%2802%2900810-9</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Ghalanbor, Z; et al. (2008). "Binding of tris to Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase can affect its starch hydrolysis activity". Protein Pept. Lett. 15 (2): 212–214. doi:10.2174/092986608783489616. PMID 18289113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>FISCHER, Beda E.; HARING, Ulrich K.; TRIBOLET, Roger; SIGEL, Helmut (1979). "Metal Ion/Buffer Interactions. Stability of Binary and Ternary Complexes Containing 2-Amino-2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Tris) and Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate (ATP)". European Journal of Biochemistry. 94 (2). Wiley: 523–530. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12921.x. ISSN 0014-2956. PMID 428398. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1979.tb12921.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1979.tb12921.x</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Markofsky, Sheldon, B. (15 October 2011). "Nitro Compounds, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Vol. 24. p. 296. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_401.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-3527306732" target="_blank">978-3527306732</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Irvin, R.T.; MacAlister, T.J.; Costerton, J.W. (1981). "Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane Buffer Modification of Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Permeability". J. Bacteriol. 145 (3): 1397–1403. doi:10.1128/JB.145.3.1397-1403.1981. PMC 217144. PMID 7009585. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC217144" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC217144</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Factsheet modernatx.com <a href="https://www.modernatx.com/covid19vaccine-eua/eua-fact-sheet-recipients.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.modernatx.com/covid19vaccine-eua/eua-fact-sheet-recipients.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting October 26, 2021 fda.gov <a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/153447/download" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/153447/download</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Kallet, RH; Jasmer RM; Luce JM; et al. (2000). "The treatment of acidosis in acute lung injury with tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane (THAM)". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 161 (4): 1149–1153. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.9906031. PMID 10764304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Hoste, EA; Colpaert, K; Vanholder, RC; Lameire, NH; De Waele, JJ; Blot, SI; Colardyn, FA (2005). "Sodium bicarbonate versus THAM in ICU patients with mild metabolic acidosis". Journal of Nephrology. 18 (3): 303–7. PMID 16013019. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/PMID_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>