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Salmo marmoratus
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<h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>In Italy, marble trout inhabits left tributaries of the upper northwestern reaches of the <a href="/facts/Po_(river)/jtwDSkgw">Po River</a>, and Italian northeastern sub-Alpine region's direct Adriatic watersheds, namely the <a href="/facts/Adige/X6xe3hpt">Adige</a>, the <a href="/facts/Brenta_(river)/LHnbFPDc">Brenta</a>, the <a href="/facts/Piave_(river)/QWWJv7c4">Piave</a>, the <a href="/facts/Tagliamento/7hMSubFa">Tagliamento</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Livenza/Thok9ad6">Livenza</a>; in shared Slovenia and Italy drainage of the <a href="/facts/So%25C4%258Da/mjJKccv3">Soča</a> with <a href="/facts/Natisone/SLBmnW32">Natisone</a>; in shared Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia drainage of the <a href="/facts/Neretva/R0jUSYGn">Neretva</a> river, and in shared Montenegro and Albania drainage of the <a href="/facts/Mora%25C4%258Da/EV4Ke5ms">Morača</a> with <a href="/facts/Zeta/FrAnlRnX">Zeta</a> river, and the tributary <a href="/facts/Cem_(river)/Kgh5k12d">Cem</a> (Cijevna).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> While once present in the <a href="/facts/Drin_(river)/3LFqaXkF">Drin</a> river basin in Albania, with <a href="/facts/White_Drin/BalMFyv2">White Drin</a> in <a href="/facts/Kosovo/lbyzI6UW">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/facts/Black_Drin/pxdoKrHT">Black Drin</a> in <a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a> and Albania (as well as the Zalli i Bulqizes and the Okshtuni tributaries), and the <a href="/facts/Aoos/RTMIlVr0">Aoos</a> river basin in Albania and <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a> (as well as the <a href="/facts/Sarantaporos_(Epirus)/QR980zYE">Sarantaporos</a> and the <a href="/facts/Drino/YmJTAAET">Drino</a> tributaries), the fish is almost certainly <a href="/facts/Local_extinction/DbRYtFPq">extirpated</a> there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="appearance-biology-and-ecology">Appearance, biology, and ecology</h2> <p>The marble trout has a long, cylindrical body, slightly compressed laterally, with a large head (22–25% of the body length), which is why it is also known as <i>glavatica</i> (<i>glava</i> = head) in <a href="/facts/Bosnian_language/T6magSgv">Bosnian</a>. The most obvious characteristic of the marble trout is its marble pattern. The intensity of colour varies considerably upon the surroundings. Some marble trout have red spots that merge with the rest of the pigment, always only along the lateral line.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>Its typical size is 30–70 cm (12–28 in). The largest specimen in Slovenia was a 117 cm (46 in), 24 kg (52 lb 15 oz) female (found dead),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> largest living specimen caught was 120 cm (47 in) and 22.5 kg (49 lb 10 oz).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Individuals weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb) have been reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The largest specimens were found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, inhabiting the <a href="/facts/Neretva/R0jUSYGn">Neretva</a> River from below town of <a href="/facts/Konjic/7VLA7pdD">Konjic</a> downstream to town of <a href="/facts/%25C4%258Capljina/aylauS1t">Čapljina</a>, mostly in canyon section from town of <a href="/facts/Jablanica%2c_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/hBmAI9WW">Jablanica</a> to city of <a href="/facts/Mostar/phdVBAjf">Mostar</a>, and later after construction of Jablanica Dam on the <a href="/facts/Neretva/R0jUSYGn">Neretva</a> River in <a href="/facts/Jablani%25C4%258Dko_Lake/KYg6jykU">Jablaničko Lake</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Trout/ptMf8sS2">Trout</a> become sexually mature at the age 3+ years (males) and 4+ years (females), and they spawn during November and December. </p><p>The marble trout is <a href="/facts/Piscivorous/7zDxvByo">piscivorous</a>, feed mainly on smaller fish and <a href="/facts/Benthic/N3lM6P7I">benthic</a> invertebrates. </p> <p>Its natural <a href="/facts/Habitat/zo1DN2gA">habitat</a> is <a href="/facts/River/GxdjEX21">rivers</a> with a summer temperature of 15 °C (59 °F). It suffers numerous threats to its existence throughout its range, these include <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybridisation</a> with foreign trout species stocked for angling, water extraction, and pollution. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, its main threats are <a href="/facts/Habitat_loss/pyPMkBCY">habitat loss</a> (<a href="/facts/Habitat_destruction/pyPMkBCY">habitat destruction</a>) due to construction of five large dams on the Neretva River and plans for construction of several new dams on the upper course of the Neretva, water pollution, overfishing (sportfishing, food, including <a href="/facts/Poaching/UgYKJV0E">poaching</a>), and hybridisation with <a href="/facts/Introduced_species/s0aHefyp">introduced species</a> of trout. </p><p>An <a href="/facts/Anadromous/obNpLAUD">anadromous</a> form <i>Salmo marmoratus</i> <a href="/facts/Form_(zoology)/phkeMfuD">f.</a> <i>marinus</i> has been proposed, that would have a biological adaptation to high salinity waters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The capture of a 955 mm (37.6 in), 10,220 g (22 lb 8 oz) specimen from the Eastern Adriatic Sea off <a href="/facts/Igrane/2ly9eWbE">Igrane</a> by a <a href="/facts/Commercial_fishing/8XF3oLTc">commercial</a> <a href="/facts/Spearfishing/qcDpbCPu">spearfisher</a> supports this hypothesis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>All eight remaining genetically pure marble trout populations were found in remote streams of the River <a href="/facts/So%25C4%258Da/mjJKccv3">Soča</a> basin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> From these populations the <a href="/facts/Tolmin/bdp0jNpf">Tolmin</a> Angler's Society launched a reintroduction programme.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="marmorated-trout">Marmorated trout</h2> <p>Adding to the confusion of salmonid taxonomy, other trout have marble patterns beside <i>S. marmoratus</i>. One is trout from the river <a href="/facts/Otra/LjfPYNht">Otra</a>, <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norway</a>. A certain percentage of <a href="/facts/Brown_trout/hCeWeen7">brown trout</a> (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) from that river have a marble pattern. In all other aspects, these trout are identical to the nonmarble brown trout from the same river. This is an example of intrapopulational <a href="/facts/Polymorphism_(biology)/lf32kgfV">polymorphism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Fish Database - Save the Blue Heart of Europe". balkanrivers.net. Retrieved 1 July 2019. <a href="https://balkanrivers.net/en/fish-database/sa_ma" target="_blank">https://balkanrivers.net/en/fish-database/sa_ma</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Marble trout (Salmo marmoratus)". Balkan Trout Restoration Group. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 2009-03-10. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162011/http://www.balkan-trout.com/studied_taxa_7_marble_trout.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162011/http://www.balkan-trout.com/studied_taxa_7_marble_trout.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>S. MUHAMEDAGIĆ; H. M. GJOEN; M. VEGRA (2008). "Salmonids of the Neretva river basin - p" (PDF). EIFAC FAO Fisheries and Aqauculture Report No. 871. European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC): 224–233. Retrieved 6 January 2014. <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1373e/i1373e03.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1373e/i1373e03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Snoj, Aleš; Marić, Saša; Berrebi, Patrick; Crivelli, Alain J.; Shumka, Spase; Sušnik, Simona (2 February 2009). "Genetic architecture of trout from Albania as revealed by mtDNA control region variation". Genetics Selection Evolution. 41 (1): 22. doi:10.1186/1297-9686-41-22. ISSN 1297-9686. PMC 3225828. PMID 19284692. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225828" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225828</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Povž M; Jesenšek D; Berrebi P; Crivelli AJ (1996). The Marble Trout Salmo trutta marmoratus, Cuvier 1817 In the Soca River basin, Slovenia (PDF). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278735739" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278735739</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Pintar L (1991). "Najtežja soška postrv je končala pod peskom". Ribič. 50 (1–2): 16. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Soca (19) – Ribiška družina Tolmin" (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504212345/http://ribiska-druzina-tolmin.si/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1324&sid=e40b1d014fb87ba739958c7fb19e99df" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160504212345/http://ribiska-druzina-tolmin.si/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1324&sid=e40b1d014fb87ba739958c7fb19e99df</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Povž M; Jesenšek D; Berrebi P; Crivelli AJ (1996). The Marble Trout Salmo trutta marmoratus, Cuvier 1817 In the Soca River basin, Slovenia (PDF). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278735739" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278735739</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Mateš, Antun (2004). The Enchanted Angler. Zagreb: J&B d.o.o. ISBN 953-99019-3-6. <a href="953-99019-3-6" target="_blank">953-99019-3-6</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Glamuzina, B.; Pavličević, J.; Bogut, I.; Snoj, A. (2010). "Endemic trouts from Neretva River-problems of taxonomy" (PDF). Proceedings:"BH-FISH 2010" (in Croatian). Konjic: Centar zaribarstvo: 29–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412084541/http://www.unidu.hr/datoteke/glamuzin/Problemi_sistematike_neretvanskih_pastrva.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180412084541/http://www.unidu.hr/datoteke/glamuzin/Problemi_sistematike_neretvanskih_pastrva.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Alen Soldo (February 2013). "First marine record of marble trout Salmo marmoratus". Journal of Fish Biology. 82 (2): 700–2. Bibcode:2013JFBio..82..700S. doi:10.1111/jfb.12036. PMID 23398077. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Fumagalli L; Snoj A; Jesenšek D; Balloux F; Jug T; Duron O; Brossier F; Crivelli AJ; Berrebi P (2002). "Extreme genetic differentiation among the remnant populations of marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) in Slovenia" (PDF). Mol. Ecol. 11 (12): 2711–2716. Bibcode:2002MolEc..11.2711F. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01648.x. PMID 12453253. S2CID 23810662. <a href="http://www2.arnes.si/~asnoj2/prenos/PDF3_Fumagallimarmoratus.pdf" target="_blank">http://www2.arnes.si/~asnoj2/prenos/PDF3_Fumagallimarmoratus.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Fish farming". Angling Club of Tolmin. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831230404/http://flyfishing.si/ribogojstvo.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180831230404/http://flyfishing.si/ribogojstvo.php</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Skaala O; Solberg G (1997). "Biochemical genetic variability and the taxonomic position of the marmorated trout in River Otra, Norway". Nordic Journal of Freshwater Research. 73: 3–12. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Ford, M. (2024). "Salmo marmoratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T226403752A137328476. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T226403752A137328476.en. Retrieved 26 January 2025. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/226403752/137328476" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/226403752/137328476</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>