Michael Tonry

<h2 id="education">Education</h2>
Tonry received his B.A. in history from the <a href="/facts/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill/Wrd3mBWz">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> in 1966 and his L.L.B. from <a href="/facts/Yale_Law_School/N3Etmhrn">Yale Law School</a> in 1970. In 1994, Tonry was a visiting fellow at <a href="/facts/All_Souls_College%2c_Oxford/Hk1AXUAI">All Souls College, Oxford</a>. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from <a href="/facts/Free_University_Amsterdam/lq9TDu0c">Free University Amsterdam</a> in 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a>

<h2 id="career">Career</h2>
Tonry worked at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago/z6zRMUmV">University of Chicago</a>'s Center for Studies in Criminal Justice from 1971 to 1973. From 1973 until joining the faculty of the University of Minnesota in 1990, he was on the faculty of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Birmingham/b2YEFk2X">University of Birmingham</a> and the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland</a>, and also spent some of this time in private practice at different law firms, including <a href="/facts/Dechert/BYIeUTCS">Dechert</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> In 1990, he joined the University of Minnesota as the McKnight Presidential Professor of Criminal Law and Policy and the director of their Institute on Crime and Public Policy, positions he has held ever since, except for from 1999 to 2005, when he was a professor of law and public policy and director of the Institute of Criminology at <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University/0la7aX9o">Cambridge University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>

<h2 id="work">Work</h2>
Tonry has researched various subjects in the field of <a href="/facts/Criminal_law/XXfgv9as">criminal law</a>, including the increasing incarceration rate in the United States during the late 20th century. He has been described as "a leading authority on crime policy" by <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">the New York Times</a>' <a href="/facts/Adam_Liptak/hY7RJoYy">Adam Liptak</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> In a 2005 paper, he and <a href="/facts/David_P._Farrington/3lE0gj5a">David P. Farrington</a> argued that if this increase was responsible for the declining crime rate in the United States after 1990, then one must find another explanation for the decline in the crime rate in Canada during the same time, since their incarceration rate remained flat during the same period. They also noted that during this time, Finland's incarceration rate declined, but their crime rate did not subsequently go up.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> In his 1995 book <a href="/facts/Malign_Neglect%3a_Race%2c_Crime_and_Punishment_in_America/PsNg0LYa">Malign Neglect: Race, Crime and Punishment in America</a>, he acknowledged that racial disparities in the criminal justice system are mainly due to differences in criminal activity among races, but also found that the proportion of people arrested for murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault who were black had remained constant at about 45% since the mid-1970s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> However, in a 2008 article in <a href="/facts/Crime_and_Justice/hFIRjY2D">Crime and Justice</a> with Matthew Melewski, Tonry found that a disproportionate number of racial minorities are incarcerated in part because sentencing policies have a <a href="/facts/Disparate_impact/j3ceJ8wk">disparate impact</a> on those groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> In a 2009 article for <a href="/facts/Crime_and_Justice/hFIRjY2D">Crime and Justice</a>, he reviewed 200 years of evidence on <a href="/facts/Mandatory_minimums/QD5SHG7g">mandatory minimums</a> and concluded that they were unsupported by evidence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h2 id="views">Views</h2>
Tonry wrote in The Handbook of Crime and Punishment, published in 2008, that the United States' prison sentences are far harsher than those of other countries "to which the United States would ordinarily be compared," and that English-speaking countries in general tend to be exceptionally punitive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> He supports non-prison punishments for nonviolent offenders, but has acknowledged that the United States' prison population increasing to almost 2 million people (as of 1998) had reduced crime. That year, he told <a href="/facts/Eric_Schlosser/s17pkPaR">Eric Schlosser</a> that "You could choose another two million Americans at random and lock them up, and that would reduce the number of crimes too."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h2 id="professional-and-editorial-activities">Professional and editorial activities</h2>
Tonry has been president of both the <a href="/facts/American_Society_of_Criminology/FUFslgPw">American</a> and <a href="/facts/European_Society_of_Criminology/8SJmIzXn">European</a> Societies of Criminology. Since 1977, he has been the editor of <a href="/facts/Crime_and_Justice/hFIRjY2D">Crime and Justice</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jpPaZjUAAAAJ">Michael Tonry</a> publications indexed by <a href="/facts/Google_Scholar/FhEwS2QM">Google Scholar</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Michael Tonry". University of Minnesota Law School. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="https://www.law.umn.edu/profiles/michael-tonry" target="_blank">https://www.law.umn.edu/profiles/michael-tonry</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Michael Tonry CV" (PDF). University of Minnesota Law School. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="https://www.law.umn.edu/sites/law.umn.edu/files/tonry.cv-12.1.16.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.law.umn.edu/sites/law.umn.edu/files/tonry.cv-12.1.16.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Michael Tonry CV" (PDF). University of Minnesota Law School. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="https://www.law.umn.edu/sites/law.umn.edu/files/tonry.cv-12.1.16.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.law.umn.edu/sites/law.umn.edu/files/tonry.cv-12.1.16.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Michael Tonry CV" (PDF). University of Minnesota Law School. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="https://www.law.umn.edu/sites/law.umn.edu/files/tonry.cv-12.1.16.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.law.umn.edu/sites/law.umn.edu/files/tonry.cv-12.1.16.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Liptak, Adam (2008-04-23). "U.S. prison population dwarfs that of other nations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-18. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/23/world/americas/23iht-23prison.12253738.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/23/world/americas/23iht-23prison.12253738.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Tonry, Michael (2005). "Punishment and Crime across Space and Time". Crime and Justice. 33: 1–39. doi:10.1086/655361. JSTOR 3488331. S2CID 148141381. <a href="https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/493" target="_blank">https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/493</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Coates, Ta-Nehisi (October 2015). "The Black Family in the Age of Mass Incarceration". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/10/the-black-family-in-the-age-of-mass-incarceration/403246/" target="_blank">https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/10/the-black-family-in-the-age-of-mass-incarceration/403246/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Butterfield, Fox (5 October 1995). "More Blacks in Their 20s Have Trouble With the Law". New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/05/us/more-blacks-in-their-20-s-have-trouble-with-the-law.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/05/us/more-blacks-in-their-20-s-have-trouble-with-the-law.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Ajunwa, Ifeoma; Onwuachi-Willig, Angela (2018). "Combating Discrimination Against the Formerly Incarcerated in the Labor Market". Northwestern University Law Review. 112 (6): 1402, n. 85. Retrieved 24 February 2020. <a href="/wiki/Ifeoma_Ajunwa" target="_blank">/wiki/Ifeoma_Ajunwa</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Maki, John (30 September 2013). "Mandatory minimum prison sentences will not solve Chicago's epidemic of gun violence". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001144217/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-09-30/opinion/ct-oped-1001-prison-20131001_1_prison-population-gun-violence-sentences" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131001144217/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-09-30/opinion/ct-oped-1001-prison-20131001_1_prison-population-gun-violence-sentences</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Denvir, Daniel (6 November 2015). "What Clinton and Sanders both get wrong about gun control". Salon. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="http://www.salon.com/2015/11/06/what_clinton_and_sanders_both_get_wrong_about_gun_control/" target="_blank">http://www.salon.com/2015/11/06/what_clinton_and_sanders_both_get_wrong_about_gun_control/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Liptak, Adam (23 April 2008). "U.S. prison population dwarfs that of other nations". New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/23/world/americas/23iht-23prison.12253738.html?_r=0" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/23/world/americas/23iht-23prison.12253738.html?_r=0</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Schlosser, Eric (December 1998). "The Prison-Industrial Complex". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/98dec/pris3.htm" target="_blank">https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/98dec/pris3.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Michael Tonry". University of Minnesota Law School. Retrieved 12 February 2016. <a href="https://www.law.umn.edu/profiles/michael-tonry" target="_blank">https://www.law.umn.edu/profiles/michael-tonry</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Michael Tonry open-in-new

Michael Tonry