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Linux Unified Key Setup
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>LUKS is used to encrypt a <a href="/facts/Block_device/t8ISnXft">block device</a>. The contents of the encrypted device are arbitrary, and therefore any filesystem can be encrypted, including <a href="/facts/Swap_partition/KR889x5k">swap partitions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> There is an unencrypted <a href="/facts/Header_(computing)/DSbn3tM1">header</a> at the beginning of an encrypted volume, which allows up to 8 (LUKS1) or 32 (LUKS2) <a href="/facts/Encryption_key/5W5PAmT4">encryption keys</a> to be stored along with encryption parameters such as cipher type and key size.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>The presence of this header is a major difference between LUKS and <a href="/facts/Dm-crypt/DpsfvyrW">dm-crypt</a>, since the header allows multiple different passphrases to be used, with the ability to change and remove them. If the header is lost or corrupted, the device will no longer be decryptable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>Encryption is done with a multi-layer approach. First, the block device is encrypted using a <i>master key.</i> This master key is encrypted with each active <i>user key</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> User keys are derived from passphrases, <a href="/facts/FIDO_Alliance/MJWesQXW">FIDO2</a> security keys, <a href="/facts/Trusted_Platform_Module/3XHCGYkX">TPMs</a> or <a href="/facts/Smart_card/K7b9lowS">smart cards</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The multi-layer approach allows users to change their passphrase without re-encrypting the whole block device. Key slots can contain information to verify user passphrases or other types of keys. </p><p>There are two versions of LUKS, with LUKS2 featuring resilience to header corruption, and using the <a href="/facts/Argon2/8sAkGSch">Argon2</a> <a href="/facts/Key_derivation_function/3jL2jTTb">key derivation function</a> by default, whereas LUKS1 uses <a href="/facts/PBKDF2/nIq55BCh">PBKDF2</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Conversion between both versions of LUKS is possible in certain situations, but some features may not be available with LUKS1 such as Argon2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> LUKS2 uses <a href="/facts/JSON/bs1rUAhd">JSON</a> as a metadata format.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Available cryptographic algorithms depend on individual kernel support of the host. <a href="/facts/Libgcrypt/Fsj9wNw3">Libgcrypt</a> can be used as a backend for hashing, which supports all of its algorithms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> It is up to the operating system vendor to choose the default algorithm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> LUKS1 makes use of an <a href="/facts/Anti-forensics/EAfjJnns">anti-forensics</a> technique called AFsplitter, allowing for secure <a href="/facts/Data_erasure/3XagLr8M">data erasure</a> and protection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>LUKS with LVM</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)/HV86mJw0">Logical Volume Management</a> can be used alongside LUKS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> LVM on LUKS When LVM is used on an unlocked LUKS container, all underlying partitions (which are LVM logical volumes) can be encrypted with a single key. This is akin to splitting a LUKS container into multiple partitions. The LVM structure is not visible until the disk is decrypted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> LUKS on LVM When LUKS is used to encrypt LVM logical volumes, an encrypted volume can span multiple devices. The underlying LVM volume group is visible without decrypting the encrypted volumes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> <h3>Full disk encryption</h3> <p>A common usage of LUKS is to provide <a href="/facts/Full_disk_encryption/v7E50jGw">full disk encryption</a>, which involves encrypting the <a href="/facts/Root_directory/oJN5waeT">root partition</a> of an operating system installation, which protects the operating system files from being <a href="/facts/Evil_maid_attack/bHjANJG7">tampered with</a> or read by <a href="/facts/Adversary_(cryptography)/X211CFfE">unauthorized parties</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>On a Linux system, the <a href="/facts/Boot_partition/2pqs8Eqc">boot partition</a> (/boot) may be encrypted if the <a href="/facts/Bootloader/6sNpcLMK">bootloader</a> itself supports LUKS (e.g. <a href="/facts/GRUB/pbwqDCh1">GRUB</a>). This is undertaken to prevent tampering with the <a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a>. However, the <a href="/facts/Bootloader/6sNpcLMK">first stage bootloader</a> or an <a href="/facts/EFI_system_partition/Ul5sE2zY">EFI system partition</a> cannot be encrypted (see <a href="/facts/Full_disk_encryption/v7E50jGw">Full disk encryption#The boot key problem</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>On mobile Linux systems, <a href="/facts/PostmarketOS/8l5V9M3C">postmarketOS</a> has developed <a href="https://wiki.postmarketos.org/wiki/Osk-sdl">osk-sdl</a> to allow a full disk encrypted system to be unlocked using a touch screen. </p><p>For systems running <a href="/facts/Systemd/zls5HoVh">systemd</a>, the systemd-homed component can be used to encrypt individual <a href="/facts/Home_directory/cQpQ4nvp">home directories</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="operating-system-support">Operating system support</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Reference_implementation_(computing)/k9B97xel">reference implementation</a> for LUKS operates on Linux and is based on an enhanced version of <a href="/facts/Cryptsetup/DpsfvyrW">cryptsetup</a>, using <a href="/facts/Dm-crypt/DpsfvyrW">dm-crypt</a> as the disk encryption backend. Under <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> <a href="/facts/Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a>, LUKS-encrypted disks can be used via the <a href="/facts/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux/ou97bFN2">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> (Formerly, this was possible with LibreCrypt,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> which currently has fundamental security holes,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> and which succeeded <a href="/facts/FreeOTFE/QM6pwR3n">FreeOTFE</a>, formerly DoxBox.) </p><p><a href="/facts/DragonFly_BSD/U6cvpDJR">DragonFly BSD</a> supports LUKS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>Installer support</h3> <p>Several Linux distributions allow the root device to be encrypted upon OS installation. These installers include <a href="/facts/Calamares_(software)/BGGXaIGS">Calamares</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Ubiquity_(software)/8q23Lsy1">Ubiquity</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Debian-Installer/myFHqKju">Debian-Installer</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> and more. </p> <h2 id="on-disk-format">On-disk format</h2> <p>LUKS headers are backward compatible; newer versions of LUKS are able to read headers of previous versions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h3>LUKS1</h3> LUKS1 Header<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Offset</th><th>Data type</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td>000</td><td>000hex</td><td>char[6]</td><td><a href="/facts/Magic_number_(programming)/Xg7mVI7V">Magic number</a> {'L', 'U', 'K', 'S', 0xBA, 0xBE }</td></tr><tr><td>006</td><td>006hex</td><td>uint16_t</td><td>LUKS Version (0x0001 for LUKS1)</td></tr><tr><td>008</td><td>008hex</td><td>char[32]</td><td>Cipher Algorithm (e.g. "twofish", "aes")</td></tr><tr><td>040</td><td>028hex</td><td>char[32]</td><td>Cipher mode (e.g. "cbc-essiv:sha256")</td></tr><tr><td>072</td><td>048hex</td><td>char[32]</td><td><a href="/facts/Cryptographic_hash_function/cuxkgbST">Cryptographic hash function</a> (e.g. "sha1", "ripemd160")</td></tr><tr><td>104</td><td>068hex</td><td>uint32_t</td><td>Payload offset (position of encrypted data) in 512 byte offsets</td></tr><tr><td>108</td><td>06Chex</td><td>uint32_t</td><td>Number of key bytes</td></tr><tr><td>112</td><td>070hex</td><td>char[20]</td><td><a href="/facts/PBKDF2/nIq55BCh">PBKDF2</a> master key <a href="/facts/Checksum/AqxQ0I8g">checksum</a></td></tr><tr><td>132</td><td>084hex</td><td>char[32]</td><td>PBKDF2 master key salt parameter</td></tr><tr><td>164</td><td>0A4hex</td><td>uint32_t</td><td>PBKDF2 master key iterations (Default: 10)</td></tr><tr><td>168</td><td>0A8hex</td><td>char[40]</td><td><a href="/facts/UUID/SUtkYJPe">UUID</a> of the partition (e.g. "504c9fa7-d080-4acf-a829-73227b48fb89")</td></tr><tr><td>208</td><td>0D0hex</td><td>(48 Bytes)</td><td>Keyslot 1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">…</td></tr><tr><td>544</td><td>220hex</td><td>(48 Bytes)</td><td>Keyslot 8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><i>592 Bytes total</i></td></tr></tbody></table> Format of each keyslot<table><tbody><tr><th>Offset</th><th>Data type</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td>00</td><td>uint32_t</td><td>State of keyslot: Active=0x00AC71F3; Disabled=0x0000DEAD</td></tr><tr><td>04</td><td>uint32_t</td><td>PBKDF2 iteration parameter</td></tr><tr><td>08</td><td>char[32]</td><td>PBKDF2 salt parameter</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>uint32_t</td><td>Start sector of key</td></tr><tr><td>44</td><td>uint32_t</td><td>Number of anti-forensic stripes (Default: 4000)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><i>48 Bytes total</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>LUKS2</h3> <p>LUKS2 devices begin with a binary header intended to allow recognition and fast detection by <a href="/facts/Blkid/S6hru6n4">blkid</a>, which also contains information such as <a href="/facts/Checksum/AqxQ0I8g">checksums</a>. All strings used in a LUKS2 header are <a href="/facts/Null-terminated_string/Vt75UxVG">null-terminated strings</a>. Directly after the binary header comes the JSON area, containing the objects config (configuration), keyslots, digests, segments (describes encrypted areas on the disk), and tokens containing extra metadata.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>The binary format for regular luks2 keyslots are mostly similar to their predecessor, with the addition of different per-keyslot algorithms. Another type of key exists to allow redundancy in the case that a re-encryption process is interrupted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Cryptsetup/DpsfvyrW">Cryptsetup</a> is the reference implementation of the LUKS frontend. </p><p>To encrypt a device with the path /dev/sda1: </p> # cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sda1 <p>To unlock an encrypted device, where name is the <a href="/facts/Dm-crypt/DpsfvyrW">mapped</a> device name: </p> # cryptsetup open /dev/sda1 name <h3>Re-encrypting</h3> <p>Re-encrypting a LUKS container can be done either with the cryptsetup tool itself, or with a legacy tool called cryptsetup-reencrypt. These tools can also be used to add encryption to an existing unencrypted filesystem, or remove encryption from a block device.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>Both methods have similar syntax: </p> # cryptsetup reencrypt /dev/sda1 # cryptsetup-reencrypt /dev/sda1 <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_disk_encryption_software/8hF593RQ">Comparison of disk encryption software</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/README.md">Official website</a></li> <li><a href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/FrequentlyAskedQuestions">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/t-d-k/librecrypt">LibreCrypt: Implementation for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/Specification">LUKS1 Specification</a></li> <li><a href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/docs/on-disk-format-luks2.pdf">LUKS2 Specification</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Fruhwirth, Clemens (2018-01-20). "LUKS On-Disk Format Specification Version 1.2.3" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-09-23. <a href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/-/wikis/LUKS-standard/on-disk-format.pdf" target="_blank">https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/-/wikis/LUKS-standard/on-disk-format.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Encrypting drives using LUKS". Fedora Docs. Retrieved 6 May 2022. <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/encrypting-drives-using-LUKS/" target="_blank">https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/encrypting-drives-using-LUKS/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Chapter 12. Encrypting block devices using LUKS". Red Hat Customer Portal. <a href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/encrypting-block-devices-using-luks_security-hardening" target="_blank">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/encrypting-block-devices-using-luks_security-hardening</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"How to Encrypt Hard Disk (partition) using LUKS in Linux". 27 February 2019. <a href="https://www.golinuxcloud.com/how-to-encrypt-hard-disk-partition-luks-linux/" target="_blank">https://www.golinuxcloud.com/how-to-encrypt-hard-disk-partition-luks-linux/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"How to Encrypt Your Data with dm-crypt". Linode. 22 November 2022. <a href="https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/encrypt-data-disk-with-dm-crypt/" target="_blank">https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/encrypt-data-disk-with-dm-crypt/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Bossi, Simone; Visconti, Andrea (2015). "What Users Should Know About Full Disk Encryption Based on LUKS" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/274.pdf" target="_blank">https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/274.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"systemd-cryptenroll - ArchWiki". wiki.archlinux.org. Retrieved 2023-11-22. <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd-cryptenroll" target="_blank">https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd-cryptenroll</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"How to encrypt a LUKS container using a smart card or token". 20 April 2014. <a href="https://blog.g3rt.nl/luks-smartcard-or-token.html" target="_blank">https://blog.g3rt.nl/luks-smartcard-or-token.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"How LUKS works with Full Disk Encryption in Linux". 25 September 2021. <a href="https://infosecwriteups.com/how-luks-works-with-full-disk-encryption-in-linux-6452ad1a42e8" target="_blank">https://infosecwriteups.com/how-luks-works-with-full-disk-encryption-in-linux-6452ad1a42e8</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Chapter 12. Encrypting block devices using LUKS". Red Hat Customer Portal. <a href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/encrypting-block-devices-using-luks_security-hardening" target="_blank">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/encrypting-block-devices-using-luks_security-hardening</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Chapter 12. Encrypting block devices using LUKS". Red Hat Customer Portal. <a href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/encrypting-block-devices-using-luks_security-hardening" target="_blank">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/encrypting-block-devices-using-luks_security-hardening</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"on-disk-format-luks2.pdf" (PDF). 7 March 2024. <a href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/docs/on-disk-format-luks2.pdf" target="_blank">https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/docs/on-disk-format-luks2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>cryptsetup(8) – Linux Administration and Privileged Commands Manual <a href="https://linux.die.net/man/8/cryptsetup" target="_blank">https://linux.die.net/man/8/cryptsetup</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Breaking LUKS Encryption". eForensics. 21 August 2020. <a href="https://eforensicsmag.com/breaking-luks-encryption-by-oleg-afonin/" target="_blank">https://eforensicsmag.com/breaking-luks-encryption-by-oleg-afonin/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"AFsplitter". <a href="https://clemens.endorphin.org/AFsplitter" target="_blank">https://clemens.endorphin.org/AFsplitter</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"dm-crypt/Encrypting an entire system". Retrieved 6 May 2022. <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Encrypting_an_entire_system" target="_blank">https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Encrypting_an_entire_system</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Arch with LVM on LUKS". <a href="https://tonisagrista.com/blog/2020/arch-encryption/" target="_blank">https://tonisagrista.com/blog/2020/arch-encryption/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"LUKS on LVM: encrypted logical volumes and secure backups". 12 September 2014. <a href="https://amkeisntall.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/luks-on-lvm-encrypted-logical-volumes-and-secure-backups/" target="_blank">https://amkeisntall.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/luks-on-lvm-encrypted-logical-volumes-and-secure-backups/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"dm-crypt/Encrypting an entire system". Retrieved 6 May 2022. <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Encrypting_an_entire_system" target="_blank">https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Encrypting_an_entire_system</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"dm-crypt/Encrypting an entire system". Retrieved 6 May 2022. <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Encrypting_an_entire_system" target="_blank">https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Encrypting_an_entire_system</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Home Directories". systemd. <a href="https://systemd.io/HOME_DIRECTORY/" target="_blank">https://systemd.io/HOME_DIRECTORY/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Servicing the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) 2 Linux Kernel". Microsoft Developer Blogs. 16 April 2021. <a href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/servicing-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux-wsl-2-linux-kernel/" target="_blank">https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/servicing-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux-wsl-2-linux-kernel/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"LibreCrypt". GitHub. 27 July 2022. <a href="https://github.com/t-d-k/LibreCrypt" target="_blank">https://github.com/t-d-k/LibreCrypt</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Flaw in driver allows privilege escalation. Feedback wanted · Issue #38 · t-d-k/LibreCrypt". GitHub. 30 September 2015. <a href="https://github.com/t-d-k/LibreCrypt/issues/38" target="_blank">https://github.com/t-d-k/LibreCrypt/issues/38</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Driver allows writing to arbitrary devices · Issue #39 · t-d-k/LibreCrypt". GitHub. 7 October 2015. <a href="https://github.com/t-d-k/LibreCrypt/issues/39" target="_blank">https://github.com/t-d-k/LibreCrypt/issues/39</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"DragonFly's Major Features List". Retrieved 6 May 2022. <a href="https://www.dragonflybsd.org/features/#index6h2" target="_blank">https://www.dragonflybsd.org/features/#index6h2</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Michael Larabel (8 May 2016). "Calamares Installer Adds LUKS Encryption Support". Phoronix. <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Calamares-LUKS-Support" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Calamares-LUKS-Support</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"How to Encrypt Your Hard Disk in Ubuntu". Make Tech Easier. 13 January 2017. <a href="https://www.maketecheasier.com/encrypt-hard-disk-in-ubuntu/" target="_blank">https://www.maketecheasier.com/encrypt-hard-disk-in-ubuntu/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"PartmanCrypto". Debian Wiki. Retrieved 6 May 2022. <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/PartmanCrypto" target="_blank">https://wiki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/PartmanCrypto</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"LUKS On-Disk Format Specification" (PDF). <a href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/LUKS-standard/on-disk-format.pdf" target="_blank">https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/LUKS-standard/on-disk-format.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"LUKS On-Disk Format Specification" (PDF). <a href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/LUKS-standard/on-disk-format.pdf" target="_blank">https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/LUKS-standard/on-disk-format.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"on-disk-format-luks2.pdf" (PDF). 7 March 2024. <a href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/docs/on-disk-format-luks2.pdf" target="_blank">https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/docs/on-disk-format-luks2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"on-disk-format-luks2.pdf" (PDF). 7 March 2024. <a href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/docs/on-disk-format-luks2.pdf" target="_blank">https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/docs/on-disk-format-luks2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>cryptsetup(8) – Linux Administration and Privileged Commands Manual <a href="https://linux.die.net/man/8/cryptsetup" target="_blank">https://linux.die.net/man/8/cryptsetup</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"CRYPTSETUP-REENCRYPT(8) Man page". man7.org. <a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/cryptsetup-reencrypt.8.html" target="_blank">https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/cryptsetup-reencrypt.8.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>