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Adamic language
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<h2 id="patristic-period">Patristic period</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Augustine_of_Hippo/RJI1otNA">Augustine</a> addresses the issue in <i><a href="/facts/The_City_of_God/xE9WHvwF">The City of God</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> While not explicit, the implication of there being but one human language prior to the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_Babel/K0fANFqH">Tower of Babel</a>'s collapse is that the language, which was preserved by <a href="/facts/Eber/888AL8aW">Heber</a> and his son <a href="/facts/Peleg/w6IJHlhq">Peleg</a>, and which is recognized as the language passed down to <a href="/facts/Abraham/gHguuYch">Abraham</a> and his descendants, is the language that would have been used by Adam. </p> <h2 id="middle-ages">Middle Ages</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Confusion_of_tongues/K0fANFqH">Confusion of tongues</a> and <a href="/facts/Lingua_ignota/yaWdoCyX">Lingua ignota</a></p> <p>Traditional Jewish exegesis such as <a href="/facts/Midrash/I7xJG8jn">Midrash</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> says that Adam spoke the <a href="/facts/Hebrew_language/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew language</a> because the names he gives Eve – <i>Isha</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and <i>Chava</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> – only make sense in Hebrew. By contrast, <a href="/facts/Kabbalah/sqfKq2wu">Kabbalah</a> assumed an "eternal Torah" which was not identical to the <a href="/facts/Torah/BdJr9IFo">Torah</a> written in Hebrew. Thus, <a href="/facts/Abraham_Abulafia/bp6LVNzc">Abraham Abulafia</a> in the 13th century assumed that the language spoken in <a href="/facts/Paradise/NB9KrK61">Paradise</a> had been different from Hebrew, and rejected the claim then-current also among Christian authors, that <a href="/facts/Language_deprivation_experiments/4PWxnn16">a child left unexposed to linguistic stimulus</a> would automatically begin to speak in Hebrew.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Both Muslim and Christian Arabs, such as <a href="/facts/Sulayman_al-Ghazzi/VGp9UI3m">Sulayman al-Ghazzi</a>, considered <a href="/facts/Syriac_language/mLhEtdSW">Syriac</a> the language spoken by Adam and Eve.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Umberto_Eco/tDTJHXe6">Umberto Eco</a> (1993) notes that <a href="/facts/Book_of_Genesis/uFEgtYrb">Genesis</a> is ambiguous on whether the language of Adam was preserved by Adam's descendants until the <a href="/facts/Confusion_of_tongues/K0fANFqH">confusion of tongues</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> or if it began to evolve naturally even before Babel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Dante_Alighieri/rXX7fIg0">Dante Alighieri</a> addresses the topic in his <i><a href="/facts/De_vulgari_eloquentia/xHctF1jr">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i> (1302–1305). He argues that the Adamic language is of divine origin and therefore unchangeable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> He also notes that according to Genesis, the first speech act is due to Eve, addressing <a href="/facts/Serpents_in_the_Bible/fg5usKpy">the serpent</a>, and not to Adam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/facts/Divine_Comedy/yAQgsN3V">Divine Comedy</a></i> (c. 1308–1320), however, Dante changes his view to another that treats the Adamic language as the product of Adam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> This had the consequence that it could no longer be regarded as immutable, and hence Hebrew could not be regarded as identical with the language of Paradise. Dante concludes (<i>Paradiso</i> XXVI) that Hebrew is a derivative of the language of Adam. In particular, the chief Hebrew name for God in scholastic tradition, <i><a href="/facts/El_(god)/p0yIVEhU">El</a></i>, must be derived of a different Adamic name for God, which Dante gives as <i><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">I</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="early-modern-period">Early modern period</h2> <h3>Proponents</h3> <p>Elizabethan scholar <a href="/facts/John_Dee/YKm1t4ru">John Dee</a> makes references to a language he called "<a href="/facts/Enochian/oSNpmSXT">Angelical</a>", which he recorded in his private journals and those of <a href="/facts/Scryer/GNTAMFeC">scryer</a> <a href="/facts/Edward_Kelley/CTNkr0VG">Edward Kelley</a>. Dee's journals did not describe the language as "<a href="/facts/Enochian/oSNpmSXT">Enochian</a>", instead preferring "Angelical", the "Celestial Speech", the "Language of Angels", the "First Language of God-Christ", the "Holy Language", or "Adamical" because, according to Dee's Angels, it was used by Adam in Paradise to name all things. The language was later dubbed Enochian, due to Dee's assertion that the <a href="/facts/Patriarchs_(Bible)/X8kP2VKU">Biblical Patriarch</a> <a href="/facts/Enoch/kN9wlEDP">Enoch</a> had been the last human (before Dee and Kelley) to know the language. </p><p>Dutch physician, linguist, and humanist <a href="/facts/Johannes_Goropius_Becanus/9oJXCv2v">Johannes Goropius Becanus</a> (1519–1572) theorized in <i>Origines Antwerpianae</i> (1569) that <a href="/facts/Antwerp/v3Rwa1Mu">Antwerpian</a> <a href="/facts/Brabantian_Dutch/nJ4ch05d">Babrantic</a>, spoken in the region between the <a href="/facts/Scheldt/aEAo82f3">Scheldt</a> and <a href="/facts/Meuse/NBSBxVqp">Meuse</a> Rivers, was the original language spoken in Paradise. Goropius believed that the most ancient language on Earth would be the simplest language, and that the simplest language would contain mostly short words. Since Brabantic has a higher number of short words than do Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, Goropius reasoned that it was the older language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> His work influenced that of <a href="/facts/Simon_Stevin/Nb7y9QvD">Simon Stevin</a> (1548–1620), who espoused similar ideas in "Uytspraeck van de weerdicheyt der Duytse tael", a chapter in <i><a href="/facts/De_Beghinselen_Der_Weeghconst/cyQf7kYl">De Beghinselen Der Weeghconst</a></i> (1586). </p> <h3>Opponents</h3> <p>By the 17th century, the existence and nature of the alleged Adamic language was commonly discussed amongst European Jewish and Christian mystics and primitive linguists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Robert_Boyle/6tUs448C">Robert Boyle</a> (1627–1691) was skeptical that Hebrew was the language best capable of describing the nature of things, stating: </p> <blockquote><p>I could never find, that the Hebrew names of animals, mentioned in the beginning of Genesis, argued a (much) clearer insight into their natures, than did the names of the same or some other animals in Greek, or other languages (1665:45).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/facts/John_Locke/NlpkCxcX">John Locke</a> (1632–1704) expressed similar skepticism in his <i><a href="/facts/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding/5yghQmX3">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i> (1690).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="modern-period">Modern period</h2> <h3>Latter Day Saint movement</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Joseph_Smith/qgolfeUd">Joseph Smith</a>, founder of the <a href="/facts/Latter_Day_Saint_movement/RI3Vm3ze">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, in his <a href="/facts/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible/Hsl1eV6F">revision of the Bible</a>, declared the Adamic language to have been "pure and undefiled".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Some <a href="/facts/Mormons/2DPWLeVJ">Mormons</a> believe it to be the language of <a href="/facts/God/EITpdL9t">God</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Glossolalia/3mUjw1oN">Glossolalia</a>, or speaking in tongues, was commonplace in the early years of the movement, and it was commonly believed that the incomprehensible language spoken during these incidents was the language of Adam. However, this belief seems to have never been formally or officially adopted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Some other early Latter Day Saint leaders, including <a href="/facts/Brigham_Young/wzy30LT0">Brigham Young</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Orson_Pratt/1qKFUMNN">Orson Pratt</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Ann_Whitney/QL664AJJ">Elizabeth Ann Whitney</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> claimed to have received several words in the Adamic language by <a href="/facts/Revelation_(Latter_Day_Saints)/WfMQ3avu">revelation</a>. Some Latter Day Saints believe that the Adamic language is the "pure language" spoken of by <a href="/facts/Zephaniah/1NNvqX1p">Zephaniah</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> and that it will be restored as the <a href="/facts/Universal_language/Rlff9skB">universal language</a> of humankind at the end of the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Apostle_(LDS_Church)/lvrurw9p">Apostle</a> <a href="/facts/Orson_Pratt/1qKFUMNN">Orson Pratt</a> declared that "Ahman", part of the name of the settlement "<a href="/facts/Adam-ondi-Ahman/lygjqzM8">Adam-ondi-Ahman</a>" in <a href="/facts/Daviess_County%2c_Missouri/RSz1k8ae">Daviess County, Missouri</a>, was the name of God in the Adamic language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> An 1832 handwritten page from the <a href="/facts/Joseph_Smith_Papers/2KpnD033">Joseph Smith Papers</a>, titled "A Sample of the Pure Language", and reportedly dictated by Smith to "Br. Johnson", asserts that the name of God is <i>Awman</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>The Latter Day Saint <a href="/facts/Endowment_(Latter_Day_Saints)/zD3MrWBX">endowment</a> <a href="/facts/Prayer_circle/fS0xWwlF">prayer circle</a> once included use of the words "Pay Lay Ale".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> These untranslated words are no longer used in <a href="/facts/Temple_(LDS_Church)/mkT6zN3A">temple</a> <a href="/facts/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)/4LuWV4gh">ordinances</a> and have been replaced by an English version, "O God, hear the words of my mouth".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Some believe that the "Pay Lay Ale" sentence is derived from the Hebrew phrase "pe le-El" (פה לאל), "mouth to God".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> "Pay Lay Ale" was identified in the temple ceremony as words from the "pure Adamic language".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>Other words thought by some Latter Day Saints to derive from the Adamic language include <i><a href="/facts/Deseret_(Book_of_Mormon)/xDzI3EH6">deseret</a></i> ("honey bee")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> and <i>Ahman</i> ("God").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Book_of_Moses/Rh956bh0">Book of Moses</a> refers to "a book of remembrance" written in the language of Adam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h3>Goidelic languages</h3> <p>Nicholas Wolf writes that 19th-century <a href="/facts/Irish_language/Kw97s2l4">Irish language</a> speakers and publications claim that Irish (or some <a href="/facts/Goidelic_language/gJPUYXlc">Goidelic language</a>) is a language of Biblical primacy comparable to Hebrew, with some claiming it was the language of Adam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-popular-culture">In popular culture</h2> <p>In the videogame <i><a href="/facts/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Great_Circle/dehdz61K">Indiana Jones and the Great Circle</a></i>, the language Adamic is discovered by the protagonist as an early human language spoken by <a href="/facts/Nephilim/C46e8WMm">giants</a>, which was adapted into <a href="/facts/Egyptian_language/mSqys6jC">Egyptian</a> and <a href="/facts/Sumerian_language/LM6x88vp">Sumerian</a> in ancient times. It is also represented on stone tablets, resembling <a href="/facts/List_of_writing_systems/lMVN4qrb">logographic</a> writing systems of the early Bronze Age. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_linguistics/rrmYb5tI">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mythical_origins_of_language/tsQp4vW1">Mythical origins of language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Origin_of_language/j8QkTM86">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Proto-Human_language/bDQxE2cA">Proto-Human language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Universal_language/Rlff9skB">Universal language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Enochian/oSNpmSXT">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sacred_language/557K2NXD">Sacred language</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Allison P. Coudert (ed.), <i>The Language of Adam = Die Sprache Adams</i>, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1999.</li> <li>Angelo Mazzocco, <i>Linguistic Theories in Dante and the Humanists</i>, (chapter 9: "Dante's Reappraisal of the Adamic language", 159–181).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Umberto_Eco/tDTJHXe6">Umberto Eco</a>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Search_for_the_Perfect_Language/rEWM7BU8">The Search for the Perfect Language</a></i> (1993).</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Is 'Ge'ez' the original language of humanity? | Ethiopia The Kingdom of God". ethiopiathekingdomofgod.org. Retrieved 3 January 2023. <a href="https://ethiopiathekingdomofgod.org/content/%E2%80%98geez%E2%80%99-original-language-humanity" target="_blank">https://ethiopiathekingdomofgod.org/content/%E2%80%98geez%E2%80%99-original-language-humanity</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Book XVI, chs. 10 – 12. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Genesis Rabbah 38 <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" target="_blank">/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Book of Genesis 2:23 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" target="_blank">/wiki/Book_of_Genesis</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Genesis 3:20 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (1993), p. 32 f. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Noble, Samuel; Treiger, Alexander (15 March 2014). The Orthodox Church in the Arab World, 700–1700: An Anthology of Sources. Cornell University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-5017-5130-1. Retrieved 17 March 2024. <a href="978-1-5017-5130-1" target="_blank">978-1-5017-5130-1</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Genesis 11:1–9 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Genesis 10:5 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (1993), 7–10. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Mazzocco, p. 159 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>mulierem invenitur ante omnes fuisse locutam. Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (1993), p. 50. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Mazzocco, p. 170 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Pria ch’i’ scendessi a l’infernale ambascia, I s’appellava in terra il sommo bene onde vien la letizia che mi fascia Before I was sent down to Hell’s torments, on earth, the Highest Good—from which derives the joy that now enfolds me—was called I. Paradiso 26.133f.; Mazzocco, p. 178f. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Gorporius Becanus, Johannes (2014). Van Adam tot Antwerpen: Een bloemlezing uit de Origines Antwerpianae en de Opera van Johannes Goropius Becanus. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 265–77. ISBN 9789087044312. <a href="9789087044312" target="_blank">9789087044312</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Noordegraaf, Jan (1983). "Nog eens Hedendaagsch fetischisme". Voortgang. 4 (10). Stichting Neerlandistiek VU: 193–230. Retrieved 16 January 2018. <a href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_voo004198301_01/_voo004198301_01_0009.php" target="_blank">http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_voo004198301_01/_voo004198301_01_0009.php</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Noordegraaf, Jan (1983). "Nog eens Hedendaagsch fetischisme". Voortgang. 4 (10). Stichting Neerlandistiek VU: 193–230. Retrieved 16 January 2018. <a href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_voo004198301_01/_voo004198301_01_0009.php" target="_blank">http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_voo004198301_01/_voo004198301_01_0009.php</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Noordegraaf, Jan (1983). "Nog eens Hedendaagsch fetischisme". Voortgang. 4 (10). Stichting Neerlandistiek VU: 193–230. Retrieved 16 January 2018. <a href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_voo004198301_01/_voo004198301_01_0009.php" target="_blank">http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_voo004198301_01/_voo004198301_01_0009.php</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Book of Moses 6:6. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" target="_blank">/wiki/Book_of_Moses</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Robertson, John S. (1992), "Adamic Language", in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 18–19, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140 <a href="0-02-879602-0" target="_blank">0-02-879602-0</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Copeland, Lee. "Speaking in Tongues in the Restoration Churches", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Vol 24, No. 1 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Brigham Young, "History of Brigham Young" Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Millennial Star, vol. 25, no. 28, p. 439 (1863-07-11), cited in History of the Church 1:297, footnote (Young prays in the Adamic tongue). <a href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/MStar&CISOPTR=7661&filename=7662.pdf" target="_blank">http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/MStar&CISOPTR=7661&filename=7662.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Journal of Discourses 2:342 Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine (God = "Ahman"; Son of God = "Son Ahman"; Men = "Sons Ahman"; Angel = "Anglo-man"). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses" target="_blank">/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Woman's Exponent 7:83 Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine (1 November 1878) (Whitney sings a hymn in the Adamic tongue). <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Exponent" target="_blank">/wiki/Woman%27s_Exponent</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Zephaniah 3:9 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" target="_blank">/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Oliver Cowdery, "The Prophecy of Zephaniah"[permanent dead link], Evening and Morning Star, vol. 2, no. 18, p. 142 (March 1834). <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" target="_blank">/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Bruce R. McConkie (1966, 2d ed.). Mormon Doctrine (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) p. 19. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Ezra Taft Benson (1988). Teachings of Ezra Taft Benson (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) p. 93. <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" target="_blank">/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Journal of Discourses 2:342 Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine (God = "Ahman"; Son of God = "Son Ahman"; Men = "Sons Ahman"; Angel = "Anglo-man"). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses" target="_blank">/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"Sample of the Pure Language" ca. March 1832 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122044333/http://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/sample-of-pure-language-between-circa-4-and-circa-20-march-1832/1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161122044333/http://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/sample-of-pure-language-between-circa-4-and-circa-20-march-1832/1</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith, The Mormon Murders (New York: St. Martins's Press, 1988) ISBN 0-312-93410-6, p. 69. "the sign of the Second Token [is] raising both hands and then lowering them while repeating the incantation "Pay Lay Ale" three times" <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Current Mormon Temple Ceremony Now Available", Salt Lake City Messenger, no. 76, November 1990. <a href="http://www.utlm.org/newsletters/no76.htm" target="_blank">http://www.utlm.org/newsletters/no76.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Current Mormon Temple Ceremony Now Available", Salt Lake City Messenger, no. 76, November 1990. <a href="http://www.utlm.org/newsletters/no76.htm" target="_blank">http://www.utlm.org/newsletters/no76.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Scott, Latayne (2009). The Mormon Mirage: A Former Member Looks at the Mormon Church Today. Zondervan. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-310-29153-4. <a href="978-0-310-29153-4" target="_blank">978-0-310-29153-4</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Book of Mormon. Ether 2:3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/ether/2.3?lang=eng" target="_blank">https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/ether/2.3?lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Doctrine and Covenants. Doctrine and Covenants 78:20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/doctrineandcovenants/78.20?lang=eng" target="_blank">https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/doctrineandcovenants/78.20?lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Moses 6:5, 46. <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/6.5,46?lang=eng" target="_blank">https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/6.5,46?lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Wolf, Nicholas M. "When Irish was still the greatest little language in the world". The Irish Times. Retrieved 9 February 2019, citing Wolf, Nicholas M. (November 2014). An Irish-Speaking Island: State, Religion, Community, and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-299-30274-0. See also an overview at McEwan, Emily (27 February 2015). "Gaelic design for the 21st century: A laptop decal". Gaelic.co. Retrieved 9 February 2019. <a href="978-0-299-30274-0" target="_blank">978-0-299-30274-0</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>