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Tin(II) fluoride
open-in-new
<h2 id="oral-health-benefits">Oral health benefits</h2> <p>Stannous fluoride is an alternative to <a href="/facts/Sodium_fluoride/HHcvwK7s">sodium fluoride</a> for the prevention of cavities (<a href="/facts/Tooth_decay/trECbk2z">tooth decay</a>). It was first released commercially in 1956, in <a href="/facts/Crest_(brand)/ttrFeoeB">Crest</a> toothpaste. It was discovered and developed by <a href="/facts/Joseph_C._Muhler/Wa9u6lF9">Joseph Muhler</a> and William Nebergall. In recognition of their innovation, they were inducted into the <a href="/facts/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame/YIULqGDT">Inventor's Hall of Fame</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>The fluoride in stannous fluoride helps to convert the calcium mineral <a href="/facts/Hydroxyapatite/SqcXuXVQ">hydroxyapatite</a> in teeth into <a href="/facts/Fluorapatite/T41AaVmK">fluorapatite</a>, which makes <a href="/facts/Tooth_enamel/ffUMmssl">tooth enamel</a> more resistant to bacteria-generated <a href="/facts/Acid/FySU18n1">acid</a> attacks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The calcium present in plaque and saliva reacts with fluoride to form <a href="/facts/Calcium_fluoride/fCKHAvp1">calcium fluoride</a> on the tooth surface; over time, this calcium fluoride dissolves to allow calcium and fluoride ions to interact with the tooth and form fluoride-containing apatite within the tooth structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> This chemical reaction inhibits demineralisation and can promote remineralisation of tooth decay. The resulting fluoride-containing apatite is more insoluble, and more resistant to acid and tooth decay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>In addition to fluoride, the stannous ion has benefits for oral health when incorporated in a toothpaste. At similar fluoride concentrations, toothpastes containing stannous fluoride have been shown to be more effective than toothpastes containing sodium fluoride for reducing the incidence of dental caries and <a href="/facts/Acid_erosion/7WVbSogY">dental erosion</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> as well as reducing <a href="/facts/Gingivitis/YwqwTGEv">gingivitis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Some stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes also contain ingredients that allow for better stain removal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Stabilised stannous fluoride formulations allow for greater bioavailability of the stannous and fluoride ion, increasing their oral health benefits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> A systematic review revealed stabilised stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes had a positive effect on the reduction of <a href="/facts/Dental_plaque/b67GE1pA">plaque</a>, gingivitis and staining, with a significant reduction in <a href="/facts/Calculus_(dental)/nsvBI3Hz">calculus</a> and <a href="/facts/Bad_breath/8RGDp13v">halitosis</a> (bad breath) compared to other toothpastes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> A specific formulation of stabilised stannous fluoride toothpastes has shown superior protection against dental erosion and <a href="/facts/Dentin_hypersensitivity/vYDmbVd8">dentine hypersensitivity</a> compared to other fluoride-containing and fluoride-free toothpastes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>Stannous fluoride was once used under the <a href="/facts/Drug_nomenclature/eUlpjE7T">trade name</a> Fluoristan in the original formulation of the toothpaste brand <a href="/facts/Crest_(brand)/ttrFeoeB">Crest</a>, though it was later replaced with <a href="/facts/Sodium_monofluorophosphate/EdWqKV3p">sodium monofluorophosphate</a> under the trade name Fluoristat. Stabilised stannous fluoride is now the active ingredient in Crest/<a href="/facts/Oral-B/q6J9NjVr">Oral B</a> Pro-Health brand toothpaste. Although concerns have been previously raised that stannous fluoride may cause tooth staining, this can be avoided by proper brushing and by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Any stannous fluoride staining that occurs due to improper brushing is not permanent, and Crest/Oral B Pro-Health states that its particular formulation is resistant to staining. </p> <h2 id="production">Production</h2> <p>SnF2 can be prepared by evaporating a solution of SnO in 40% <a href="/facts/Hydrofluoric_acid/wdXqu4bE">HF</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> SnO + 2 HF → SnF2 + H2O <h2 id="aqueous-solutions">Aqueous solutions</h2> <p>Readily soluble in water, SnF2 is hydrolysed. At low concentration, it forms species such as SnOH+, Sn(OH)2 and Sn(OH)3−. At higher concentrations, predominantly polynuclear species are formed, including Sn2(OH)22+ and Sn3(OH)42+.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Aqueous solutions readily oxidise to form insoluble precipitates of SnIV, which are ineffective as a dental prophylactic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Studies of the oxidation using <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25B6ssbauer_spectroscopy/GIhmBXL6">Mössbauer spectroscopy</a> on frozen samples suggests that O2 is the oxidizing species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="lewis-acidity">Lewis acidity</h2> <p>SnF2 acts as a <a href="/facts/Lewis_acid/qlLqRvg2">Lewis acid</a>. For example, it forms a 1:1 complex (CH3)3NSnF2 and 2:1 complex [(CH3)3N]2SnF2 with <a href="/facts/Trimethylamine/cj1dWmJq">trimethylamine</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> and a 1:1 complex with <a href="/facts/Dimethylsulfoxide/T4HSYfuC">dimethylsulfoxide</a>, (CH3)2SO·SnF2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> In solutions containing the fluoride ion, F−, it forms the fluoride complexes SnF3−, Sn2F5−, and SnF2(OH2).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Crystallization from an aqueous solution containing <a href="/facts/Sodium_fluoride/HHcvwK7s">NaF</a> produces compounds containing polynuclear anions, e.g. NaSn2F5 or Na4Sn3F10 depending on the reaction conditions, rather than NaSnF3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The compound NaSnF3, containing the pyramidal SnF3− anion, can be produced from a pyridine–water solution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Other compounds containing the pyramidal SnF3− anion are known, such as Ca(SnF3)2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="reducing-properties">Reducing properties</h2> <p>SnF2 is a <a href="/facts/Reducing_agent/CtfSGVXC">reducing agent</a>, with a standard reduction potential of Eo (SnIV/ SnII) = +0.15 V.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Solutions in HF are readily oxidised by a range of oxidizing agents (O2, SO2 or F2) to form the mixed-valence compound Sn3F8 (containing SnII and SnIV and no Sn–Sn bonds).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Monoclinic_crystal_system/5PCwXvzX">monoclinic</a> form contains tetramers, Sn4F8, where there are two distinct coordination environments for the Sn atoms. In each case, there are three nearest neighbours, with Sn at the apex of a trigonal pyramid, and the lone pair of electrons sterically active.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Other forms reported have the <a href="/facts/Germanium_difluoride/FkeznKfQ">GeF2</a> and <a href="/facts/Tellurium_dioxide/yrILUsAM">paratellurite</a> structures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="molecular-snf2">Molecular SnF2</h2> <p>In the vapour phase, SnF2 forms monomers, dimers, and trimers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Monomeric SnF2 is a non-linear with an Sn−F bond length of 206 pm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Complexes of SnF2, sometimes called difluorostannylene, with an <a href="/facts/Alkyne/VHI4N5Wo">alkyne</a> and aromatic compounds deposited in an argon matrix at 12 K have been reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="safety">Safety</h2> <p>Stannous fluoride can cause redness and irritation if it is inhaled or comes into contact with the eyes. If ingested, it can cause abdominal pains and shock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Rare but serious allergic reactions are possible; symptoms include itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Certain formulations of stannous fluoride in dental products may cause mild <a href="/facts/Tooth_discoloration/racRUapE">tooth discoloration</a>; this is not permanent and can be removed by brushing, or can be prevented by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"National Inventors Hall of Fame Announces 2019 Inductees at CES" (Press release). National Inventors Hall of Fame. 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