Value-added theory

<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
<p>Smelser porter considered social movements to be the side-effects of rapid <a href="/facts/Social_change/koLr0mLY">social change</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> He argued that six things were necessary and sufficient for <a href="/facts/Collective_behavior/aVy8omc7">collective behavior</a> to emerge,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> and that social movements must evolve through the following relevant stages:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>
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<ul><li>Structural conduciveness: the structure of society must be organized in such a way that certain protest actions become more likely.</li>
<li>Structural strain: there must be a <a href="/facts/Strain_theory_(sociology)/akz19pPW">strain</a> on society that is caused by factors related to the structure of the current <a href="/facts/Social_system/crIBHftt">social system</a>, such as inequality or injustice, and existing power holders are unwilling or unable to address the problem.</li>
<li>Generalized belief: the strain should be clearly defined, agreed upon, and understood by participants in group action.</li>
<li>Precipitating factors: event(s) must occur that act as the proverbial spark that ignites the flame of action.</li>
<li>Mobilization for action: participants must have a network and organization that allows them to take <a href="/facts/Collective_action/dQVaLvdn">collective action</a>.</li>
<li>Operation (failure) of social control: authorities either will or will not react. High levels of <a href="/facts/Social_control/TaKTLlr9">social control</a> by those in power, like politicians or police, often makes it more difficult for social movements to achieve their goals.</li></ul>
<h2 id="in-academia">In academia</h2>
<p>The concept of <a href="/facts/Value_added/TCDUk1bH">value added</a> is also utilized in the field of <a href="/facts/Economics/HYctA2Dn">economics</a>; in this case it refers to the total value of the revenue created by a product minus intermediate consumption.
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<h2 id="criticism">Criticism</h2>
<p>Critics of value-added theory note that it is overly focused on the <a href="/facts/Structural_functionalism/4GGGknC3">structural-functional</a> approach because it views all strain on society as disruptive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a>
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<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Value_theory/VW3CJD2x">Value theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Relative_deprivation/fhKNkGtN">Relative deprivation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Framing_(social_sciences)/YtEUJxWj">Framing</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Political_opportunity/AJ9kGJFf">Political opportunity</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Resource_mobilization/XW1s5SSP">Resource mobilization</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Piotr_Sztompka/u4jymQKc">Piotr Sztompka</a> in <i>Shaping sociological imagination: The importance of theory</i>, <a href="/facts/Jeffrey_C._Alexander/f3DGfSeD">Jeffrey C. Alexander</a>, Gary T. Marx, Christine L. Williams (ed.), <i>Self, Social Structure, and Beliefs</i>, University of California Press, 2004, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-520-24136-3, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCOIoAGnz54C&dq=value+added+Smelser+1963&pg=PA254">Google Print, p.254</a></li>
<li>Diana Kendall, <i>Sociology In Our Times</i>, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-534-64629-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzU-gtx2VfoC&dq=%22Resource+Mobilization%22&pg=PA530">Google Print, p.530</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Donatella_della_Porta/PGvU4US8">Donatella della Porta</a>, Mario Diani, <i>Social Movements: An Introduction</i>, Blackwell Publishing, 2006, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-4051-0282-9, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LPzuN07KYgEC&dq=value+added+Smelser+1963&pg=PA7">Google Print, p.7</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Neil_J._Smelser/EMvNyfVc">Neil J. Smelser</a>, <i>Theory of collective behavior</i>, various, 1962</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Kendall, 2005 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Porta & Diani, 2006 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Kendall, 2005 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Porta & Diani, 2006 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Sztompka, 2004 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Kendall, 2005 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Porta & Diani, 2006 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
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Value-added theory open-in-new

Value-added theory