Samanala Dam

<h2 id="location">Location</h2>
The Samanala Dam is located in the Uda Walawe basin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> It was built at the confluence of the <a href="/facts/Walawe/NrhTYwkF">Walawe</a> river and the <a href="/facts/Belihul_Oya/NrhTYwkF">Belihul Oya</a>, a location 400 metres (1,300 ft) above mean sea level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> It is near the town of <a href="/facts/Balangoda/bbnLFLqq">Balangoda</a>, 160 kilometres (99 mi) southeast of the capital <a href="/facts/Colombo/dcLPUe6t">Colombo</a>. The ground of the project area is <a href="/facts/Karstic/IzJYhjVN">karstic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>

<h2 id="background-and-development">Background and development</h2>

With the <a href="/facts/Mahaweli_Project/J5lyoQ3s">Mahaweli</a> and Laxapana <a href="/facts/Hydroelectric/zEeJIK2B">hydroelectric</a> power projects implemented, the demand for electricity in <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a> rapidly increased. When it became clear that it would not be possible to meet the demand with <a href="/facts/Fossil_fuel_power_plant/ryQElUJs">coal-fired power plants</a>, the government of Sri Lanka decided to initiate another hydroelectric power project. A reservoir type hydroelectric power plant was planned to be constructed across the <a href="/facts/Walawe_river/NrhTYwkF">Walawe river</a>, which would address the shortage of electricity in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Detailed investigations for a hydroelectric power plant in this area have been carried out since 1958, but the scheme was initiated only in 1986.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> The financing for the project was given by the governments of <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
<a href="/facts/Sir_Alexander_Gibb_%2526_Partners/TNx7Jfsp">Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners</a> did the design work and <a href="/facts/Balfour_Beatty/mUtWUnVx">Balfour Beatty</a> were the contracts to lay roads, drive a tunnel and build the power station.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
The cost of the project was estimated to be 60,176 million <a href="/facts/Yen/Txz0CFhd">yen</a>, but with the remedial measures taken to control the leak, the cost increased to 74,313 million yen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The Samanalawewa power plant was commissioned in 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> The Samanalawewa project is the second largest hydroelectric scheme in Sri Lanka after the Mahaweli project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

<h2 id="dam-reservoir-and-the-power-station">Dam, reservoir and the power station</h2>

The Samanala Dam is 110 metres (360 ft) in height<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> and has a length of 530 metres (1,740 ft) at crest level. The volume of the dam is about 4,500,000 cubic metres (160,000,000 cu ft). Rainfall in the area has an annual average of 2,867 millimetres (112.9 in), and the catchment area is 372 square kilometres (144 sq mi).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The dam is of rock fill, central earth core type. The <a href="/facts/Spillway/PBPNrfc2">spillway</a> of the dam has three gates, each 14 metres (46 ft) high and 11 metres (36 ft) wide. It can discharge water at a rate of 3,600 cubic metres (130,000 cu ft) per second. Its tunnel is 4.5 metres (15 ft) in diameter and 5,159 metres (16,926 ft) in length.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
The reservoir created by the dam has a total live storage capacity of 218,000,000 cubic metres (7.7×109 cu ft). Its gross storage capacity is 278,000,000 cubic metres (9.8×109 cu ft), of which 60,000,000 cubic metres (2.1×109 cu ft) is dead storage. The reservoir's full supply level is 460 metres (1,510 ft) above main sea level, and the reservoir spreads 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) upstream at this level. The reservoir is u-shaped.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> It covers an area of 897 <a href="/facts/Hectare/DPz2HDGr">ha</a>. However, with the water leakage the water level was reduced to 430 metres (1,410 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> It is one of the largest reservoirs in Sri Lanka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
The power house contains two <a href="/facts/Francis_turbine/IWMpSmS6">Francis turbines</a>, each with a capacity of 62 MW,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> and generates 405 GWh of energy annually.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The powerplant is managed by the <a href="/facts/Ceylon_Electricity_Board/4L0oAwfE">Ceylon Electricity Board</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h2 id="leak">Leak</h2>

A <a href="/facts/Permeability_(earth_sciences)/ja7dRwgU">permeable</a> area of ground was found during the construction of the dam in 1988. <a href="/facts/Curtain_grouting/hGmv3wvP">Curtain grouting</a> was used in an effort to remedy this.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> However, as the reservoir was being filled, a large leak occurred on the side of the right bank, about 300 metres (980 ft) downstream from the dam, causing a <a href="/facts/Landslip/sXSzA31e">landslip</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Subsequent measures taken to control the leakage were largely ineffective. The leakage of approximately 2,100 litres (460 imp gal) per second continues, but has not affected power production at the plant, which has been in full operation since its commissioning in 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
The leak is constantly monitored. If the leak remains stable and does not increase further, it does not pose a threat to the sustainability of the project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> The karstic ground has created complex geological conditions, and as a result the exact mechanism of the leak cannot be established, so remedial measures have been unsuccessful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h2 id="impact">Impact</h2>
The project was planned as a single purpose hydropower project. Therefore, the effects on the agriculture and the environment of the area were taken into consideration very little during the development. Although an irrigational release valve (IRV) is there in the dam to supply water to the farmlands in the downstream areas, the yield and cultivable acreage has declined since the Samanalawewa project was commissioned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
However, the necessity to constantly release water for agriculture in the downstream areas was reduced due to the leak. Of the water released from the Samanala Dam for agriculture in the downstream areas, two-thirds is from the leak and only one-third has to be supplied via the IRV.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Sri_Lanka/kHdn5g9m">List of dams and reservoirs in Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_power_stations_in_Sri_Lanka/1vAmqck4">List of power stations in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Uda Walawe (Sri Lanka)". UNESCO. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="http://portal.unesco.org/science/es/ev.php-URL_ID=3768&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html" target="_blank">http://portal.unesco.org/science/es/ev.php-URL_ID=3768&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Kumara, E.P.N. Udaya; Wijeratne, A.W. "Estimation of Economic Loss Due to Reduction of Paddy Land Areas: Construction of Samanalawewa Reservoir" (PDF). Geo-Informatics Society of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2009-06-27. [dead link] <a href="http://www.pgia.ac.lk/events/wp/acrobatpapers/Udaya_Kumara_5.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.pgia.ac.lk/events/wp/acrobatpapers/Udaya_Kumara_5.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Laksiri, L.B. Kamal. "Investigation of Water Leakage Mechanism in the Karstic Dam Site, Samanalawewa, Sri Lanka" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Shindo, Hiroyuki. "Samanalawewa Hydroelectric Power Project" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 2009-06-27. [dead link] <a href="http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/jbic_archive/post/2007/pdf/project22_full.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/jbic_archive/post/2007/pdf/project22_full.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Laksiri, L.B. Kamal. "Investigation of Water Leakage Mechanism in the Karstic Dam Site, Samanalawewa, Sri Lanka" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Laksiri, Kamal (2004-05-04). "A modern addition - uncovering Samanalawewa". International Water Power and Dam Construction. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109190934/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2023175" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100109190934/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2023175</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"The UK'S Forest Footprint 2001" (PDF). World Wide Fund for Nature. p. 32. Retrieved 29 October 2012. <a href="http://www.equilibriumresearch.com/upload/document/UK_Forest_Footprint.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.equilibriumresearch.com/upload/document/UK_Forest_Footprint.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Shindo, Hiroyuki. "Samanalawewa Hydroelectric Power Project" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 2009-06-27. [dead link] <a href="http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/jbic_archive/post/2007/pdf/project22_full.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/jbic_archive/post/2007/pdf/project22_full.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Hydro Power Generation". Ceylon Electricity Board. Ministry of Power and Energy of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://archive.today/20070420080055/http://www.mope.gov.lk/ceb-01.php" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20070420080055/http://www.mope.gov.lk/ceb-01.php</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Laksiri, Kamal (2004-05-04). "A modern addition - uncovering Samanalawewa". International Water Power and Dam Construction. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109190934/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2023175" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100109190934/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2023175</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Nagel, Karl-Heinz (1992). "Limits of the geological predictions constructing the samanalawewa pressure tunnel, Sri Lanka". Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology. 45. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg: 97–110. doi:10.1007/BF02594909. S2CID 107473099. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Laksiri, Kamal (2004-05-04). "A modern addition - uncovering Samanalawewa". International Water Power and Dam Construction. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109190934/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2023175" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100109190934/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2023175</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Laksiri, L.B. Kamal. "Investigation of Water Leakage Mechanism in the Karstic Dam Site, Samanalawewa, Sri Lanka" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Laksiri, Kamal (2004-05-04). "A modern addition - uncovering Samanalawewa". International Water Power and Dam Construction. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109190934/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2023175" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100109190934/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2023175</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Kumara, E.P.N. Udaya; Wijeratne, A.W. "Estimation of Economic Loss Due to Reduction of Paddy Land Areas: Construction of Samanalawewa Reservoir" (PDF). Geo-Informatics Society of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2009-06-27. [dead link] <a href="http://www.pgia.ac.lk/events/wp/acrobatpapers/Udaya_Kumara_5.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.pgia.ac.lk/events/wp/acrobatpapers/Udaya_Kumara_5.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Laksiri, L.B. Kamal. "Investigation of Water Leakage Mechanism in the Karstic Dam Site, Samanalawewa, Sri Lanka" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Nagel, Karl-Heinz (1992). "Limits of the geological predictions constructing the samanalawewa pressure tunnel, Sri Lanka". Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology. 45. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg: 97–110. doi:10.1007/BF02594909. S2CID 107473099. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Laksiri, L.B. Kamal. "Investigation of Water Leakage Mechanism in the Karstic Dam Site, Samanalawewa, Sri Lanka" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Uda Walawe (Sri Lanka)". UNESCO. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="http://portal.unesco.org/science/es/ev.php-URL_ID=3768&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html" target="_blank">http://portal.unesco.org/science/es/ev.php-URL_ID=3768&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Shindo, Hiroyuki. "Samanalawewa Hydroelectric Power Project" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 2009-06-27. [dead link] <a href="http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/jbic_archive/post/2007/pdf/project22_full.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/jbic_archive/post/2007/pdf/project22_full.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Kumara, E.P.N. Udaya; Wijeratne, A.W. "Estimation of Economic Loss Due to Reduction of Paddy Land Areas: Construction of Samanalawewa Reservoir" (PDF). Geo-Informatics Society of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2009-06-27. [dead link] <a href="http://www.pgia.ac.lk/events/wp/acrobatpapers/Udaya_Kumara_5.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.pgia.ac.lk/events/wp/acrobatpapers/Udaya_Kumara_5.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Laksiri, L.B. Kamal. "Investigation of Water Leakage Mechanism in the Karstic Dam Site, Samanalawewa, Sri Lanka" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074005/http://dlwww.dl.saga-u.ac.jp/contents/diss/GI00001552/GI00001552.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Laksiri, Kamal (2004-05-04). "A modern addition - uncovering Samanalawewa". International Water Power and Dam Construction. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109190934/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2023175" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100109190934/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2023175</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Lakshman, W.D. "Third Party Evaluator's Opinion on Samanalawewa Hydroelectric Power Project" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/evaluation/oda_loan/after/2007/pdf/project22_third.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/evaluation/oda_loan/after/2007/pdf/project22_third.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Laksiri, K.; Gunathilake, J.; Iwao, Y. "A Case Study of the Samanalawewa Reservoir on the Walawe River in an Area of Karst in Sri Lanka". American Society of Civil Engineers. Archived from the original on 2013-02-26. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="https://archive.today/20130226014419/http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0528026" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130226014419/http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0528026</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Lakshman, W.D. "Third Party Evaluator's Opinion on Samanalawewa Hydroelectric Power Project" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/evaluation/oda_loan/after/2007/pdf/project22_third.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/evaluation/oda_loan/after/2007/pdf/project22_third.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Lakshman, W.D. "Third Party Evaluator's Opinion on Samanalawewa Hydroelectric Power Project" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 2009-06-27. <a href="http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/evaluation/oda_loan/after/2007/pdf/project22_third.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/evaluation/oda_loan/after/2007/pdf/project22_third.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Samanala Dam open-in-new

Samanala Dam