Multiplicative sequence

<h2 id="definition">Definition</h2>
Let Kn be polynomials over a <a href="/facts/Ring_(mathematics)/JnCUXz63">ring</a> A in indeterminates p1, ... weighted so that pi has weight i (with p0 = 1) and all the terms in Kn have weight n (in particular Kn is a polynomial in p1, ..., pn). The sequence Kn is multiplicative if the map

K
        :
        
          ∑
          
            n
            =
            0
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        
          q
          
            n
          
        
        
          z
          
            n
          
        
        ↦
        
          ∑
          
            n
            =
            0
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        
          K
          
            n
          
        
        (
        
          q
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        ⋯
        ,
        
          q
          
            n
          
        
        )
        
          z
          
            n
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle K:\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }q_{n}z^{n}\mapsto \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }K_{n}(q_{1},\cdots ,q_{n})z^{n}}

is an <a href="/facts/Endomorphism/s7NNlSea">endomorphism</a> of the multiplicative <a href="/facts/Monoid/6AHve7p8">monoid</a> 
 
 
 
 (
 A
 [
 
 x
 
 1
 
 
 ,
 
 x
 
 2
 
 
 ,
 ⋯
 ]
 [
 [
 z
 ]
 ]
 ,
 ⋅
 )
 
 
 {\displaystyle (A[x_{1},x_{2},\cdots ][[z]],\cdot )}
 
, where 
 
 
 
 
 q
 
 n
 
 
 ∈
 A
 [
 
 x
 
 1
 
 
 ,
 
 x
 
 2
 
 
 ,
 ⋯
 ]
 
 
 {\displaystyle q_{n}\in A[x_{1},x_{2},\cdots ]}
 
.
The <a href="/facts/Power_series/vYh6sTps">power series</a>

K
        (
        1
        +
        z
        )
        =
        ∑
        
          K
          
            n
          
        
        (
        1
        ,
        0
        ,
        …
        ,
        0
        )
        
          z
          
            n
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle K(1+z)=\sum K_{n}(1,0,\ldots ,0)z^{n}}

is the characteristic power series of the Kn. A multiplicative sequence is determined by its characteristic power series Q(z), and every <a href="/facts/Power_series/vYh6sTps">power series</a> with constant term 1 gives rise to a multiplicative sequence.
To recover a multiplicative sequence from a characteristic power series Q(z) we consider the coefficient of z j in the product

∏
          
            i
            =
            1
          
          
            m
          
        
        Q
        (
        
          β
          
            i
          
        
        z
        )
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle \prod _{i=1}^{m}Q(\beta _{i}z)\ }

for any m > j. This is symmetric in the βi and homogeneous of weight j: so can be expressed as a polynomial Kj(p1, ..., pj) in the <a href="/facts/Elementary_symmetric_function/9RFXe9b6">elementary symmetric functions</a> p of the β. Then Kj defines a multiplicative sequence.

<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
As an example, the sequence Kn = pn is multiplicative and has characteristic power series 1 + z.
Consider the power series

Q
        (
        z
        )
        =
        
          
            
              z
            
            
              tanh
              ⁡
              
                
                  z
                
              
            
          
        
        =
        1
        −
        
          ∑
          
            k
            =
            1
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        (
        −
        1
        
          )
          
            k
          
        
        
          
            
              2
              
                2
                k
              
            
            
              (
              2
              k
              )
              !
            
          
        
        
          B
          
            k
          
        
        
          z
          
            k
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle Q(z)={\frac {\sqrt {z}}{\tanh {\sqrt {z}}}}=1-\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{\frac {2^{2k}}{(2k)!}}B_{k}z^{k}\ }

where Bk is the k-th <a href="/facts/Bernoulli_number/RH0mblhs">Bernoulli number</a>. The multiplicative sequence with Q as characteristic power series is denoted Lj(p1, ..., pj).
The multiplicative sequence with characteristic power series

Q
        (
        z
        )
        =
        
          
            
              2
              
                
                  z
                
              
            
            
              sinh
              ⁡
              2
              
                
                  z
                
              
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle Q(z)={\frac {2{\sqrt {z}}}{\sinh 2{\sqrt {z}}}}\ }

is denoted Aj(p1,...,pj).
The multiplicative sequence with characteristic power series

Q
        (
        z
        )
        =
        
          
            z
            
              1
              −
              exp
              ⁡
              (
              −
              z
              )
            
          
        
        =
        1
        +
        
          
            x
            2
          
        
        −
        
          ∑
          
            k
            =
            1
          
          
            ∞
          
        
        (
        −
        1
        
          )
          
            k
          
        
        
          
            
              B
              
                k
              
            
            
              (
              2
              k
              )
              !
            
          
        
        
          z
          
            2
            k
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle Q(z)={\frac {z}{1-\exp(-z)}}=1+{\frac {x}{2}}-\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{\frac {B_{k}}{(2k)!}}z^{2k}\ }

is denoted Tj(p1,...,pj): these are the <a href="/facts/Todd_polynomial/o0sLwuKe">Todd polynomials</a>.

<h2 id="genus">Genus</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Genus_of_a_multiplicative_sequence/bUM7KXJ0">Genus of a multiplicative sequence</a>
The genus of a multiplicative sequence is a <a href="/facts/Ring_homomorphism/UptcMpFk">ring homomorphism</a>, from the <a href="/facts/Cobordism/ctN2FSTB">cobordism ring</a> of smooth oriented <a href="/facts/Compact_manifold/jMG6G6Bl">compact manifolds</a> to another ring, usually the ring of <a href="/facts/Rational_number/VJQmyY05">rational numbers</a>.
For example, the <a href="/facts/Todd_genus/o0sLwuKe">Todd genus</a> is associated to the Todd polynomials with characteristic power series 
 
 
 
 
 
 z
 
 1
 −
 exp
 ⁡
 (
 −
 z
 )
 
 
 
 
 
 {\displaystyle {\frac {z}{1-\exp(-z)}}}
 
.

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Friedrich_Hirzebruch/5MMEInjc">Hirzebruch, Friedrich</a> (1995) [1978]. Topological methods in algebraic geometry. Classics in Mathematics. Translation from the German and appendix one by R. L. E. Schwarzenberger. Appendix two by A. Borel (Reprint of the 2nd, corr. print. of the 3rd ed.). Berlin: <a href="/facts/Springer-Verlag/nAesf6nT">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-540-58663-6. <a href="/facts/Zbl_(identifier)/P6rFxKKx">Zbl</a> <a href="https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0843.14009">0843.14009</a>.</li></ul>

Multiplicative sequence open-in-new

Multiplicative sequence