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Analytical Thomism
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<h2 id="history-19th-centuryworld-war">History 19th century—World War</h2> <p>The modern revival of Aquinas's thought can be traced to the work of mid-19th Century thomists, such as <a href="/facts/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara/CWSQIX3Q">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a>, <a href="/facts/Josef_Kleutgen/EUGf45VD">Josef Kleutgen</a>, <a href="/facts/Gaetano_Sanseverino/RgyoLjX7">Gaetano Sanseverino</a>, and <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi/nqyMxnht">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a>. This movement received an enormous impetus by <a href="/facts/Pope_Leo_XIII/bdovwR3o">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s <a href="/facts/Encyclical/LQArTSVj">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/facts/Aeterni_Patris/PNNIJImX">Aeterni Patris</a></i> of 1879. In the first half of the twentieth century, <a href="/facts/Edouard_Hugon/7ArJ92cb">Edouard Hugon</a>, <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange/ewlWEtNk">Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a>, <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589tienne_Gilson/ws7I3sD7">Étienne Gilson</a>, and <a href="/facts/Jacques_Maritain/rfKgEoT8">Jacques Maritain</a>, among others, carried on Leo's call for a Thomist revival.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Gilson and Maritain in particular taught and lectured throughout Europe and North America, influencing a generation of English-speaking <a href="/facts/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians/QgazqkFe">Catholic philosophers</a>. Some of the latter then began to harmonize Thomism with broader contemporary philosophical trends. </p><p>Similarly, the <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25B3zef_Maria_Boche%25C5%2584ski/nWsm4IKA">Kraków Circle</a> in Poland used <a href="/facts/Mathematical_logic/SaI7Y3wN">mathematical logic</a> in presenting Thomism, which the Circle judged to have "a structured body of propositions connected in meaning and subject matter, and linked by logical relations of compatibility and incompatibility, entailment, etc."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The Circle has been said to be "the most significant expression of Catholic thought between the two World Wars".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="postwar-philosophical-reception-of-aquinas">Postwar philosophical reception of Aquinas</h2> <p>By the middle of the 20th century Aquinas's thought came into dialogue with the analytical tradition through the work of <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Anscombe/PCehf8T7">G. E. M. Anscombe</a>, <a href="/facts/Peter_Geach/FmYBsP7z">Peter Geach</a>, and <a href="/facts/Anthony_Kenny/rJI51wK0">Anthony Kenny</a>. Anscombe was <a href="/facts/Ludwig_Wittgenstein/wN9bAgMz">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>'s student, and his successor at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a>; she was married to Geach, himself an accomplished logician and <a href="/facts/Philosopher_of_religion/1yI4cqMx">philosopher of religion</a>. Geach had converted to Roman Catholicism while studying at Oxford, Anscombe had converted before she came up, and both were instructed in the Faith in Oxford by the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Order/n9l5y8Yk">Dominican</a> Richard Kehoe, who received them both into the Church before they met one another. Kenny, an erstwhile priest and former Catholic, became a prominent philosopher at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Oxford/ExVVQL6V">University of Oxford</a> and an editor and executor of Wittgenstein's literary estate, and is still portrayed by some as a promoter of Aquinas (Paterson & Pugh, xiii-xxiii), though his denial of some basic Thomist doctrines (e.g. divine timelessness) casts doubt on this. </p><p>Anscombe, and other <a href="/facts/Aristotelianism/wEhHXC5B">Aristotelians</a> such as <a href="/facts/Alasdair_MacIntyre/VSVUsVck">Alasdair MacIntyre</a>, <a href="/facts/Philippa_Foot/gpwJcI1a">Philippa Foot</a>, <a href="/facts/Mortimer_Adler/nvKEUUxH">Mortimer Adler</a>, and <a href="/facts/John_Finnis/fU3GCmvz">John Finnis</a>, can largely be credited with the revival of "<a href="/facts/Virtue_ethics/g6d88jYN">virtue ethics</a>" in <a href="/facts/Meta-ethics/a8pTEKr2">analytic moral theory</a> and "<a href="/facts/Natural_law_theory/LoBqj5pT">natural law theory</a>" in <a href="/facts/Jurisprudence/wNTsXP4F">jurisprudence</a>. Both movements draw significantly upon Aquinas. </p> <h2 id="notable-analytical-thomists">Notable analytical Thomists</h2> <p>Philosophers and theologians working in the intersection of Thomism and analytic philosophy include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mortimer_Adler/nvKEUUxH">Mortimer Adler</a> (1902-2001)</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Braine_(philosopher)/9kDpSpdb">David Braine</a></li> <li>David Burrell</li> <li>John C. Cahalan (independent scholar)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Brian_Davies_(philosopher)/aK9dBEMF">Brian Davies</a> (Fordham)</li> <li>Gabriele De Anna (Udine) (Bamberg)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edward_Feser/rPsChCmH">Edward Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Finnis/fU3GCmvz">John Finnis</a> (Oxford)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Geach/FmYBsP7z">Peter Geach</a> (Deceased)</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Joseph_Haldane/CDEXdYca">John Haldane</a> (St Andrews) (Baylor University)</li> <li>Simon Hewitt (Leeds)</li> <li>Jonathan Jacobs (Colgate)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Anthony_Kenny/rJI51wK0">Anthony Kenny</a> (Oxford)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fergus_Kerr/6vXG7rJc">Fergus Kerr</a> (Oxford)</li> <li>Gyula Klima (Fordham)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Norman_Kretzmann/E0jTqJEw">Norman Kretzmann</a></li> <li>John Lamont</li> <li><a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Anscombe/PCehf8T7">Elizabeth Anscombe</a> (Deceased)</li> <li>Michał Głowala (University of Wroclaw)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Anthony_J._Lisska/V6SbwYAj">Anthony J. Lisska</a> (Denison)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alasdair_MacIntyre/VSVUsVck">Alasdair MacIntyre</a> (Notre Dame)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bruce_D._Marshall/g9wL6lgf">Bruce D. Marshall</a> (Southern Methodist Univ)</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Marshner/jQKbdMrl">William Marshner</a> (Christendom)</li> <li>Christopher Martin (St Thomas, Houston)</li> <li>Cyrille Michon (Nantes, France)</li> <li>Mark Murphy (Georgetown)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Herbert_McCabe/bhsaNCEK">Herbert McCabe</a> (Deceased)</li> <li>John P. O'Callaghan (Notre Dame)</li> <li>Robert Pasnau (CU Boulder)</li> <li>Craig Paterson (Independent Scholar)</li> <li>Roger Pouivet (Nancy, France)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alexander_Pruss/dUEl09wl">Alexander Pruss</a> (Baylor University)</li> <li>Matthew S. Pugh (Providence College)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eleonore_Stump/V732ATcc">Eleonore Stump</a> (<a href="/facts/Saint_Louis_University/GJwW0jLu">Saint Louis</a>)</li> <li>Stanislav Sousedík</li> <li>Michael Staron (Saint Anselm's Abbey School)</li> <li>Thomas Sullivan and Sandra Menssen (University of St. Thomas, MN)</li> <li>Stephen Theron, <a href="/facts/Denys_Turner/cwrTQNvF">Denys Turner</a> (Yale), Michael Thompson (Pittsburgh)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ventimiglia_Giovanni/PmUsafnb">Giovanni Ventimiglia</a> (Lugano, Switzerland)</li> <li>James Madden (Benedictine College)</li> <li>Jeffrey Brower (Purdue University)</li> <li>Andrew Jaeger (Benedictine College)</li> <li>Robert Alspaugh (St. Anselm's Abbey School)</li> <li>Christopher Bobier (Central Michigan University)</li> <li>T. Adam Van Wart (Ave Maria University)</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/J%25C3%25B3zef_Maria_Boche%25C5%2584ski/nWsm4IKA">Józef Maria Bocheński</a> (<a href="/facts/Cracow_Circle_Thomism/dUbSq3fT">Cracow Circle Thomism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Meta-ethics/a8pTEKr2">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philosophy_of_religion/1yI4cqMx">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Neo-scholasticism/5lFuKDU8">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Swinburne/KJlNnyPJ">Richard Swinburne</a> – English philosopher and Christian apologist</li></ul> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li>Haldane, John (2004). <i>Faithful Reason: essays Catholic and Philosophical</i>. London and New York: Routledge.</li></ul> <ul><li>Murawski, Roman (2014). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10516-014-9256-5">"Cracow Circle and Its Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics"</a>. <i>Axiomathes</i>. 25 (3): 359–376. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10516-014-9256-5">10.1007/s10516-014-9256-5</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1122-1151">1122-1151</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Paterson, Craig; Pugh, Matthew S., eds. (2006). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526201136/https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Analytical_Thomism_Intro.pdf">"Introduction"</a> (PDF). <i>Analytical Thomism: Traditions in Dialogue</i>. Aldershot and Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. Archived from <a href="https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Analytical_Thomism_Intro.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-05-26.</li></ul> <ul><li>Simons, Peter (2003). "Bocheński and Balance: System and History in Analytic Philosophy". <i>Studies in East European Thought</i>. 55 (4): 281–297. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1025344204927">10.1023/A:1025344204927</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F61823">2262/61823</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0925-9392">0925-9392</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142830603">142830603</a>., reprinted in Edgar Morscher, Otto Neumaier, and Peter Simons (2011), <i>Ein Philosoph mit "Bodenhaftung": Zu Leben und Werk von Joseph M. Bocheński</i>, Sankt Augustin: Academia, pp. 61-79.</li></ul> <h3>Further reading</h3> <ul><li>Alfred Freddoso, <a href="http://www.nd.edu/%7Eafreddos/papers/tworoles.htm">Two Roles for Catholic Philosophers</a></li> <li>Brian J Shanley, OP, <i>The Thomist Tradition</i> (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer, 2002).</li> <li>Entries by Stephen Theron in Haldane (ed.) (1997) and Paterson & Pugh (eds.) (2006).</li> <li>Entries by Shanley and <a href="/facts/John_Knasas/NdgY5FrE">John Knasas</a> in Paterson & Pugh (eds.) (2006).</li> <li><a href="http://www.philosophica.info/voces/tomismo_analitico/Tomismo_Analitico.html">"Tomismo analitico"</a> [Analytical Thomism] (in Spanish).</li></ul> <ul><li>John C. Cahalan, <i>Causal Realism: An Essay on Philosophical Method and the Foundations of Knowledge</i> (Routledge, 1985)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Frederick_Copleston/6y2pSsf1">Copleston, F.C.</a> (1955). <i>Aquinas</i>. Penguin.</li></ul> <ul><li>John Finnis, <i>Aquinas: Moral, Political, and Legal Theory</i> (Oxford, 1998).</li></ul> <ul><li>John Haldane (ed.), "Analytical Thomism" volume of <i>Monist</i> 80 (4) October, 1997.</li></ul> <ul><li>Haldane, John (1999). "Thomism and the Future of Catholic Philosophy". <i>New Blackfriars</i>. 80 (938): 158–169. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1999.tb01656.x">10.1111/j.1741-2005.1999.tb01656.x</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4289">0028-4289</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Kerr, Fergus (2004). "Aquinas and Analytic Philosophy: Natural Allies?". <i>Modern Theology</i>. 20 (1): 123–139. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0025.2004.00245.x">10.1111/j.1468-0025.2004.00245.x</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7177">0266-7177</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Anthony J Lisska,<i>Aquinas's Theory of Natural Law: An Analytic Reconstruction</i> (Oxford: New York, 1996).</li></ul> <ul><li>Pérez de Laborda, Miguel, "El tomismo analítico", <i>Philosophica: Enciclopedia filosófica on line</i> 2007</li></ul> <ul><li>Bruce D. Marshall, <i>Trinity and Truth</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).</li></ul> <ul><li>Roger Pouivet, <i>Après Wittgenstein, saint Thomas</i> (PUF, 1997).</li></ul> <ul><li>T. Adam Van Wart, <i>Neither Nature nor Grace: Aquinas, Barth, and Garrigou-Lagrange on the Epistemic Use of God's Effects</i> (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2020).</li></ul> <ul><li>Michał Głowała, <i>Możności i ich akty. Studium z tomizmu analitycznego</i> (Oficyna Wydawnicza Atut - Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe, 2016).</li></ul> <ul><li>Daniel D. Novotný, <i>In Defense of Baroque Scholasticism</i> (Studia Neoaristotelica 6 (2):209-233 (2009) <a href="https://philarchive.org/rec/NOVIDO">https://philarchive.org/rec/NOVIDO</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Ventimiglia, Giovanni (2012). <a href="http://www.carocci.it/index.php?option=com_carocci&task=schedalibro&isbn=9788843054619&Itemid=72"><i>To be o esse? La questione dell'essere nel tomismo analitico</i></a> [<i>To be or them? The question of being in analytic Thomism</i>]. Rome: Carocci.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Studia Neoaristotelica: A Journal of Analytic Scholasticism". <a href="https://www.pdcnet.org/studneoar/Studia-Neoaristotelica" target="_blank">https://www.pdcnet.org/studneoar/Studia-Neoaristotelica</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Haldane 2004, p. xii. - Haldane, John (2004). Faithful Reason: essays Catholic and Philosophical. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Paterson & Pugh 2006, pp. xiii–xxiii. - Paterson, Craig; Pugh, Matthew S., eds. (2006). "Introduction" (PDF). Analytical Thomism: Traditions in Dialogue. Aldershot and Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-26. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526201136/https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Analytical_Thomism_Intro.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110526201136/https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Analytical_Thomism_Intro.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Simons 2003, pp. 281–297. - Simons, Peter (2003). "Bocheński and Balance: System and History in Analytic Philosophy". Studies in East European Thought. 55 (4): 281–297. doi:10.1023/A:1025344204927. hdl:2262/61823. ISSN 0925-9392. S2CID 142830603. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1025344204927" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1025344204927</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Murawski 2014, pp. 359–376. - Murawski, Roman (2014). "Cracow Circle and Its Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics". Axiomathes. 25 (3): 359–376. doi:10.1007/s10516-014-9256-5. ISSN 1122-1151. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10516-014-9256-5" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10516-014-9256-5</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>