Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Back-chaining
open-in-new
<h2 id="english">English</h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a>, back-chaining retains <a href="/facts/Phonology/qWAsvnok">phonological</a> structure better than front-chaining. Normally there is no difference in <a href="/facts/Stress_(linguistics)/rsHpCK5H">stress</a> between a word spoken in isolation and one spoken at the end of a sentence<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and it is arguably better to start with the final syllable (main stress in bold): </p><p><i>Chaining sequences for the English word 'aroma':</i> </p> <ol><li><i>Front-chaining:</i> [ə] - [ə.ˈɹoʊ] - [ə.ˈɹoʊ.mə]</li> <li><i>Back-chaining:</i> [mə] - [ˈɹoʊ.mə] - [ə.ˈɹoʊ.mə]</li></ol> <p>Syllables tend to follow a stressed-unstressed pattern in English, example: <i>happy</i> (though there are many exceptions). The order <i>-ma,</i> <i>-roma</i> and <i>aroma</i> respects this. Starting with <i>a-</i> and <i>aro-</i> entails reversing this pattern, which complicates learning. Teachers could choose to present a chain as pairs of syllables too, beginning with <i>-roma,</i> then <i>aroma</i> which introduces the strong-weak stress pattern from the outset. </p> <h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Backchaining." Glossary. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/backchaining.html <a href="http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/backchaining.html" target="_blank">http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/backchaining.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Backchaining." Teaching English. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/backchaining Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/backchaining" target="_blank">http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/backchaining</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Backchaining." Glossary. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/backchaining.html <a href="http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/backchaining.html" target="_blank">http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/backchaining.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wolfgang Butzkamm & J.A.W. Caldwell (2009). The bilingual reform. A paradigm shift in foreign language teaching. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, p.148. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Butzkamm" target="_blank">/wiki/Wolfgang_Butzkamm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Compare psychological in isolation, it's psychological and psychological profile, where only in the last does the main stress shift to another syllable. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>