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1832 in science
open-in-new
<h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>Dr. <a href="/facts/Thomas_Bell_(zoologist)/9ptoY8kH">Thomas Bell</a> begins publication of <i>A Monograph of the Testudinata</i>, the first comprehensive study of the world's <a href="/facts/Turtle/X0ImnxYt">turtles</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Isidore_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire/YIvfg7z1">Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire</a> begins publication of <i>Histoire générale et particulière des anomalies de l'organisation chez l'homme et les animaux</i>, a key text on <a href="/facts/Teratology/j4BN6lsB">teratology</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Pierre_Jean_Robiquet/SNgXPP0n">Pierre Jean Robiquet</a> isolates the <a href="/facts/Analgesic/xLj4XBcq">analgesic</a> <a href="/facts/Codeine/lr7WHXmX">codeine</a>.</li> <li>Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig discover and explain <a href="/facts/Functional_group/GXkSPsjM">functional groups</a> and <a href="/facts/Radical_(chemistry)/qFymuVoT">radicals</a> in relation to organic chemistry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pittacal/gKnfkNat">Pittacal</a> was discovered by German chemist <a href="/facts/Carl_Ludwig_Reichenbach/81kjTvcL">Carl Ludwig Reichenbach</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="exploration">Exploration</h2> <ul><li>April 21 – <a href="/facts/Cyrille_Pierre_Th%25C3%25A9odore_Laplace/WWpG4nod">Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace</a> completes a four-year global <a href="/facts/Circumnavigation/8R6vSgTM">circumnavigation</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/%25C3%2589variste_Galois/T0BPM1zP">Évariste Galois</a> presents a general condition for the solvability of <a href="/facts/Algebra/nMdqczjo">algebraic equations</a>, thereby essentially founding <a href="/facts/Group_theory/NfowcI5H">group theory</a> and <a href="/facts/Galois_theory/54wscJfj">Galois theory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> On May 29, the eve of a duel from which he will die, he writes his "mathematical testament", a letter to <a href="/facts/Auguste_Chevalier/E967Xy26">Auguste Chevalier</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet/b5UIU7Uy">Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet</a> proves <a href="/facts/Fermat%2527s_Last_Theorem/fHRc2t8z">Fermat's Last Theorem</a> for <i>n</i> = 14.</li> <li><a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A1nos_Bolyai/JeXBranr">János Bolyai</a>'s system of <a href="/facts/Non-Euclidean_geometry/efKa7De2">non-Euclidean geometry</a> is first published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li>February 12 – In <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>, a <a href="/facts/Second_cholera_pandemic/oy7UzeC0">second cholera pandemic</a> begins to spread, starting from the <a href="/facts/East_End_of_London/20qrEv2Q">East End of London</a>. It is declared officially over in early May but deaths continue. It will claim at least 3000 victims. In <a href="/facts/Liverpool/kTqATlxg">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/facts/Kitty_Wilkinson/2nrLWIr1">Kitty Wilkinson</a> becomes the "Saint of the Slums"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> by promoting hygiene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>July 19 – <a href="/facts/Anatomy_Act_1832/8rdcFKvm">Anatomy Act</a> in the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> provides for licensing and inspection of <a href="/facts/Anatomist/p8TCWJuV">anatomists</a>, and for unclaimed bodies from public institutions to be available for their dissection.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sir_James_Kay-Shuttleworth%2c_1st_Baronet/KA7HcNdt">Dr James Kay</a> publishes <i>The moral and physical condition of the working-class employed in the cotton manufacture in Manchester</i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Hodgkin/nqyNU6vS">Thomas Hodgkin</a> first describes abnormalities in the <a href="/facts/Lymph_system/yw5QLgMT">lymph system</a> later known as <a href="/facts/Hodgkin%2527s_lymphoma/mCeqnGty">Hodgkin's lymphoma</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="oceanography">Oceanography</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/James_Rennell/4bExeVKm">James Rennell</a>'s <i>An Investigation of the Currents of the Atlantic Ocean, and of those which prevail between the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic</i> is published posthumously by his daughter. It will not be significantly superseded for more than a century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Michael_Faraday/NDcc3lyt">Michael Faraday</a> states his laws of electrolysis.</li> <li>c. December – Following a paper by Faraday, Belgian physicist <a href="/facts/Joseph_Plateau/mve0khny">Joseph Plateau</a> and Austrian professor of practical geometry <a href="/facts/Simon_Stampfer/AH449VXC">Simon Stampfer</a> simultaneously and independently devise the <a href="/facts/Phenakistiscope/GkD57Mzu">phenakistiscope</a>, an <a href="/facts/Animation/093f9nUg">animation</a> device creating an optical illusion of motion.</li></ul> <h2 id="psychology">Psychology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Swiss_people/3ecWX2K6">Swiss</a> <a href="/facts/Crystallography/9B5toeqG">crystallographer</a> <a href="/facts/Louis_Albert_Necker/CfADdXYa">Louis Albert Necker</a> first publishes the <a href="/facts/Optical_illusion/8wfWwjFI">optical illusion</a> which becomes known as the <a href="/facts/Necker_cube/0V4vU52d">Necker cube</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>The first commutator DC <a href="/facts/Electric_motor/ArD7BGDa">electric motor</a>, capable of turning machinery, is demonstrated by <a href="/facts/William_Sturgeon/pQEK9pDB">William Sturgeon</a> in London.</li> <li>The first drum-type <a href="/facts/Rotary_printing_press/Nj4XAfhw">rotary printing press</a> is completed by anarchist <a href="/facts/Josiah_Warren/4UAyBSJQ">Josiah Warren</a> in New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Copley_Medal/bBwd6QzN">Copley Medal</a>: <a href="/facts/Michael_Faraday/NDcc3lyt">Michael Faraday</a>; <a href="/facts/Sim%25C3%25A9on_Poisson/zmsDITrY">Siméon Poisson</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>June 17 – <a href="/facts/William_Crookes/q8U8VVwR">William Crookes</a> (died <a href="/facts/1919_in_science/1IXTj2Qm">1919</a>), <a href="/facts/English_people/IeI9c7BK">English</a> <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a> and <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a>.</li> <li>August 16 – <a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Wundt/hcUsPDoA">Wilhelm Wundt</a> (died <a href="/facts/1920_in_science/FcwHBQPg">1920</a>), <a href="/facts/Germans/F7mBCrJ4">German</a> <a href="/facts/Physiologist/fh25y2pQ">physiologist</a> and <a href="/facts/Psychologist/J4l4QdX2">psychologist</a>.</li> <li>September 26 – <a href="/facts/Zs%25C3%25B3fia_Torma/kEyWgIaK">Zsófia Torma</a> (died <a href="/facts/1899_in_science/eeGQg6tL">1899</a>), Hungarian archaeologist, anthropologist and paleontologist.</li> <li>October 4 – <a href="/facts/Thorborg_Rappe/rCWNlWco">Thorborg Rappe</a> (died <a href="/facts/1902_in_science/W8wVthdY">1902</a>), Swedish pioneer in the education of students with Intellectual disability.</li> <li>December 12 – <a href="/facts/Ludwig_Sylow/G046M90K">Ludwig Sylow</a> (died <a href="/facts/1918_in_science/pShT8ADH">1918</a>), Norwegian <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>December 15 – <a href="/facts/Gustave_Eiffel/6lo8SFob">Gustave Eiffel</a> (died <a href="/facts/1923_in_science/P8DhUfan">1923</a>), <a href="/facts/French_people/984axQ8y">French</a> <a href="/facts/Structural_engineer/6uVVnoKG">structural engineer</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>May 13 – <a href="/facts/Georges_Cuvier/4mmE7NzN">Georges Cuvier</a> (born <a href="/facts/1769_in_science/lFjpwjHJ">1769</a>), French <a href="/facts/Zoologist/6Kj13mBt">zoologist</a>.</li> <li>May 31 – <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589variste_Galois/T0BPM1zP">Évariste Galois</a> (born <a href="/facts/1811_in_science/m3LYWec5">1811</a>), French <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>August 24 – <a href="/facts/Nicolas_L%25C3%25A9onard_Sadi_Carnot/atzzIKJB">Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot</a> (born <a href="/facts/1796_in_science/Crrn5owT">1796</a>), French mathematician</li> <li>September 2 – <a href="/facts/Franz_Xaver%2c_Baron_Von_Zach/ekElRuLY">Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach</a> (born <a href="/facts/1754_in_science/2po4T7ft">1754</a>), Hungarian <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a>.</li> <li>October 31 – <a href="/facts/Antonio_Scarpa/Er1wTC3J">Antonio Scarpa</a> (born <a href="/facts/1752_in_science/HCVUKvAK">1752</a>), <a href="/facts/Italians/dsdUeJ1n">Italian</a> <a href="/facts/Anatomist/p8TCWJuV">anatomist</a>.</li> <li>November 8 – <a href="/facts/Marie-Jeanne_de_Lalande/dl08sDbN">Marie-Jeanne de Lalande</a> (born <a href="/facts/1768_in_science/HmU2rre0">1768</a>), French astronomer.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 619. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" target="_blank">/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Science History Institute. <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/justus-von-liebig-and-friedrich-w%C3%B6hler" target="_blank">https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/justus-von-liebig-and-friedrich-w%C3%B6hler</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Chemical achievers: the human face of the chemical sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 83–87. ISBN 9780941901123. <a href="9780941901123" target="_blank">9780941901123</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8. <a href="978-1-84724-008-8" target="_blank">978-1-84724-008-8</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>As an appendix to a mathematics textbook by his father, Farkas Bolyai, published in Maros Vásárhelyini. <a href="/wiki/Farkas_Bolyai" target="_blank">/wiki/Farkas_Bolyai</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"'Slum Saint' honoured with statue". BBC News. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2011. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/8499533.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/8499533.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Rathbone, Herbert R. (1927), Memoir of Kitty Wilkinson of Liverpool, 1786-1860, H. Young & Sons <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hellman, S. (2007). "Brief Consideration of Thomas Hodgkin and His Times". In Hoppe, R. T.; Mauch, P. T.; Armitage, J. O.; Diehl, V.; Weiss, L. M. (eds.). Hodgkin Lymphoma (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-0-7817-6422-3. <a href="978-0-7817-6422-3" target="_blank">978-0-7817-6422-3</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Hodgkin, T. (1832). "On some morbid experiences of the absorbent glands and spleen". Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. 17. London: 69–97. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"James Rennell – the father of oceanography". Southampton: National Oceanography Centre, James Rennell Division for Ocean Circulation and Climate. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2011-04-05. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516035320/http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/JRD/history/rennell.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110516035320/http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/JRD/history/rennell.php</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Necker, L. A. (1832). "Observations on some remarkable optical phaenomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phaenomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid". London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1 (5): 329–337. doi:10.1080/14786443208647909. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1430991" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/1430991</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bailie, William (1906). "X. Inventions in Printing". Josiah Warren, the First American Anarchist: A Sociological Study. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. <a href="https://archive.org/details/josiahwarrenfirs00bailiala/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/josiahwarrenfirs00bailiala/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Butler, Ann (1978). "Josiah Warren, peaceful revolutionist". Virtual Press. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-29. <a href="http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/handle/175361" target="_blank">http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/handle/175361</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"16. Josiah Warren". libcom.org. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-29. <a href="http://libcom.org/library/16-josiah-warren" target="_blank">http://libcom.org/library/16-josiah-warren</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Wilbur, Shawn P. (2017-07-20). "Josiah Warren, "Reduction in the Cost of Printing Apparatus" (1830)". The Libertarian Labyrinth. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-29. <a href="https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/uncategorized/josiah-warren-reduction-in-the-cost-of-printing-apparatus-1830/" target="_blank">https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/uncategorized/josiah-warren-reduction-in-the-cost-of-printing-apparatus-1830/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Josiah Warren's Universal Typography". faculty.evansville.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-29. <a href="https://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/warren1.html" target="_blank">https://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/warren1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Reece, Erik (2016). "A Simple Act of Moral Commerce". Utopia Drive: A Road Trip through America's Most Radical Idea (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-10657-7. LCCN 2015041553. Archived from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 2022-03-25. <a href="978-0-374-10657-7" target="_blank">978-0-374-10657-7</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>