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Plumbane
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Until recently, it was uncertain whether plumbane had ever actually been synthesized,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> although the first reports date back to the 1920s<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and in 1963, Saalfeld and Svec reported the observation of PbH+4 by mass spectrometry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Plumbane has repeatedly been the subject of <a href="/facts/Paul_Dirac/6bt5yRdk">Dirac</a>–<a href="/facts/Hartree%25E2%2580%2593Fock/U9mlRWVR">Hartree–Fock</a> <a href="/facts/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry/8A1se1CS">relativistic calculation</a> studies, which investigate the stabilities, geometries, and relative energies of hydrides of the formula MH4 or MH2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="properties">Properties</h2> <p>Plumbane is an unstable colorless <a href="/facts/Gas/hVVAoodV">gas</a> and is the heaviest group IV hydride;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and has a <a href="/facts/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry/583AL1sP">tetrahedral (Td) structure</a> with an equilibrium distance between lead and hydrogen of 1.73 Å.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> By weight, plumbane is 1.91% hydrogen and 98.09% lead. In plumbane, the formal <a href="/facts/Oxidation_states/W53W6s6V">oxidation states</a> of hydrogen and lead are +1 and −4, respectively, because the <a href="/facts/Electronegativity/H7Vq7Uah">electronegativity</a> of lead(IV) is higher than that of hydrogen. The stability of hydrides MH4 (M = C–Pb) decreases as the atomic number of M increases. </p> <h2 id="preparation">Preparation</h2> <p>Early studies of PbH4 revealed that the molecule is unstable as compared to its lighter congeners <a href="/facts/Silane/XNevDLgE">silane</a>, <a href="/facts/Germane/BDKb4Wxl">germane</a>, and <a href="/facts/Stannane/aWHjxRe2">stannane</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> It cannot be made by methods used to synthesize GeH4 or SnH4. </p><p>In 1999, plumbane was synthesized from <a href="/facts/Lead(II)_nitrate/k2494KxQ">lead(II) nitrate</a>, Pb(NO3)2, and <a href="/facts/Sodium_borohydride/D2Hwts5x">sodium borohydride</a>, NaBH4.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> A non-nascent mechanism for plumbane synthesis was reported in 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>In 2003, Wang and Andrews carefully studied the preparation of PbH4 by <a href="/facts/Laser_ablation/VmXJnyLU">laser ablation</a> and additionally identified the <a href="/facts/Infrared/44XdJNcc">infrared</a> (IR) bands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="congeners">Congeners</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Congener_(chemistry)/8qy2rvGG">Congeners</a> of plumbane include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Methane/kBHneYnh">Methane</a>, CH4</li> <li><a href="/facts/Silane/XNevDLgE">Silane</a>, SiH4</li> <li><a href="/facts/Germane/BDKb4Wxl">Germane</a>, GeH4</li> <li><a href="/facts/Stannane/aWHjxRe2">Stannane</a>, SnH4</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Porritt, C. J. (1975). Chem. Ind-London. 9: 398. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_journal</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Hein, Thomas A.; Thiel, Walter; Lee, Timothy J. (1993). "Ab initio study of the stability and vibrational spectra of plumbane, methylplumbane, and homologous compounds". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 97 (17): 4381–4385. doi:10.1021/j100119a021. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0028-1862-2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G.; Murillo, C. A.; Bochman, M. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Wiley: New York, 1999 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Paneth, Fritz; Nörring, Otto (1920). "Über Bleiwasserstoff". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series). 53 (9): 1693–1710. doi:10.1002/cber.19200530915. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1426681" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/1426681</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Saalfeld, Fred E.; Svec, Harry J. (1963). "The Mass Spectra of Volatile Hydrides. I. The Monoelemental Hydrides of the Group IVB and VB Elements". Inorganic Chemistry. 2: 46–50. doi:10.1021/ic50005a014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Hein, Thomas A.; Thiel, Walter; Lee, Timothy J. (1993). "Ab initio study of the stability and vibrational spectra of plumbane, methylplumbane, and homologous compounds". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 97 (17): 4381–4385. doi:10.1021/j100119a021. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0028-1862-2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Desclaux, J. P.; Pyykko, P. (1974). "Relativistic and non-relativistic Hartree-Fock one-centre expansion calculations for the series CH4 to PbH4 within the spherical approximation". Chemical Physics Letters. 29 (4): 534–539. Bibcode:1974CPL....29..534D. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(74)85085-2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Pyykkö, P.; Desclaux, J. P. (1977). "Dirac–Fock one-centre calculations show (114)H4 to resemble PbH4". Nature. 266 (5600): 336–337. Bibcode:1977Natur.266..336P. doi:10.1038/266336a0. S2CID 4183019. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Online Edition. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" target="_blank">/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Visser, O.; Visscher, L.; Aerts, P. J. C.; Nieuwpoort, W. C. (1992). "Relativistic all-electron molecular Hartree-Fock-Dirac-(Breit) calculations on CH4, SiH4, GeH4, SnH4, PbH4". Theoretica Chimica Acta. 81 (6): 405–416. doi:10.1007/BF01134864. S2CID 97874625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Malli, Gulzari L.; Siegert, Martin; Turner, David P. (2004). "Relativistic and electron correlation effects for molecules of heavy elements: Ab initio fully relativistic coupled-cluster calculations for PbH4". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 99 (6): 940–949. doi:10.1002/qua.20142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Krivtsun, V. M.; Kuritsyn, Y. A.; Snegirev, E. P. (1999). "Observation of IR absorption spectra of the unstable PbH4 molecule" (PDF). Opt. Spectrosc. 86 (5): 686–691. Bibcode:1999OptSp..86..686K. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-12-31. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112423/http://www.isan.troitsk.ru/dms/tdl/publ/1999os_en.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112423/http://www.isan.troitsk.ru/dms/tdl/publ/1999os_en.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Zou, Y; Jin, FX; Chen, ZJ; Qiu, DR; Yang, PY (2005). "Non-nascent hydrogen mechanism of plumbane generation". Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu. 25 (10): 1720–3. PMID 16395924. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/PMID_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Wang, Xuefeng; Andrews, Lester (2003). "Infrared Spectra of Group 14 Hydrides in Solid Hydrogen: Experimental Observation of PbH4, Pb2H2, and Pb2H4". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 125 (21): 6581–6587. doi:10.1021/ja029862l. PMID 12785799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>