ChatGPT gained over 100 million users in only two months following its release, becoming the fastest-growing consumer software application in history. Similar chatbots include Gemini and Claude.
Proponents argue for integrating ChatGPT into educational frameworks responsibly, leveraging its potential to enhance learning outcomes through personalized approaches. Student perceptions of ChatGPT are generally positive, with many finding it to be an effective tool for learning, productivity, and problem-solving. A global study found that approximately 58% of students reported finding the AI tool useful in their daily lives. When asked to describe their views on ChatGPT in writing, the most common terms used were "good", "helpful", and "tool", reflecting an overall favorable perception of the platform. The study also highlighted that ChatGPT was particularly beneficial in blended learning environments, where a significant portion of learning is conducted online. Though the majority of students still expressed a preference for in-person assistance over AI, they acknowledged the value of ChatGPT as a helpful resource, especially when in-person support was unavailable.
A global survey from 2024 found that students primarily use ChatGPT for brainstorming, summarization, and research assistance, finding it effective for simplifying complex information but less reliable for factual accuracy and classroom learning. While students recognized its potential to enhance AI literacy and digital communication professors highlighted significant limitations in critical thinking, interpersonal communication, and decision-making skills.
AI tools like ChatGPT have shown promise in enhancing literacy skills among adolescents and adults learning English as a second language. They provide instant feedback on writing, aid in idea generation, and help improve grammar and vocabulary. These tools can also support students with disabilities, such as dyslexia, by assisting with spelling and grammar. Additionally, AI can facilitate higher-order thinking by automating lower-order tasks, allowing students to focus on complex conceptual work. On the other hand, LLMs may perpetuated biases in the training data and it is unclear how to treat student's data privacy.
Daniel Herman's perspective reflects concerns about the potential devaluation of writing skills if AI can generate text as easily as humans. Similarly, Naomi S. Baron wrote "If AI text generation does our writing for us, we diminish opportunities to think out problems for ourselves". She also mentioned the risk of a slippery slope, where students start letting generative AI control the content and style of their writing, leading to a diminished sense of ownership. Others highlight the need for educators to adapt their methods to focus more on critical thinking and reasoning, as AI tools like ChatGPT could potentially be used for plagiarism or produce biased content.
Jordan MacDonald noted that students who use ChatGPT to retrieve information on a topic may lack the knowledge required to identify false or misleading information. Students' over-reliance on ChatGPT may impact their cognitive offloading and memory retention.
ChatGPT's capability to generate assignments has prompted concerns about academic integrity, particularly in essay writing, with critics foreseeing potential misuse and devaluation of traditional writing skills. A survey conducted between March and April 2023 revealed 58% of American students acknowledged using ChatGPT, with 38% admitting use without teacher consent, highlighting challenges in enforcing bans. Students have shown strongly differing opinions on the extent to which the use of ChatGPT should be viewed as misconduct. Kevin Roose stated that ChatGPT's prohibition was impractical to enforce. Students can access the internet outside of schools, effectively rendering a ban obsolete; he further suggested that teachers allow it openly for some assignments similar to calculators, and that teaching with the AI is the best approach.
Universities have stated serious concerns with the integrity of their curriculum due to students using ChatGPT and other AI tools. Baylor University asked students to submit handwritten essays in order to uphold academic integrity. The oral exam has also been used as an example of an instruction method which could circumvent the assignment and test students' knowledge more effectively on a 1:1 basis.
Placing digital watermarks on AI-generated content to distinguish it from original student work may ameliorate this problem in the future.
In response to educational demand, OpenAI launched "ChatGPT Edu" in May 2024, aiming to offer universities affordable access to this technology.
Some educational institutions have chosen to ban access to ChatGPT. The reasons behind these decisions likely vary, but concerns about potential misuse, such as plagiarism or reliance on AI for writing tasks, could be driving factors. ChatGPT has been met with various bans from certain educational institutions. One of the earliest districts to ban the tool was the Los Angeles Unified School District, which blocked access to the tool less than a month after its official release. The New York City Department of Education blocked access to ChatGPT announced a ban around January 4, 2023.
Some schools in the United States for the 2023–24 school year announced a repeal of their bans for ChatGPT. In May 2023, New York City repealed its ban on ChatGPT. Davis Banks, the head of New York City’s public schools at the time, explained that the initial decision to ban the tool was driven by a "knee-jerk fear [that] overlooked the potential of generative AI to support students and teachers". He also recognized that AI would inevitably be a part of students' future workplaces and argued that teaching them to use it ethically would be more beneficial than imposing a blanket ban. With the ban lifted, educators in New York City now have the opportunity to use ChatGPT for various educational purposes, including teaching about AI prejudice and creating lessons. To assist in this transition, the city's Department of Education committed to providing educators with “resources, real-life examples of successful AI implementation in schools, and an AI toolkit”.
Some companies have responded to the influx of ChatGPT and generative AI usage among students by developing detection software which flags down essays likely written by AI. Among the first companies to develop solutions like this was Turnitin. A corporate blog post from the company stated that the company's database of numerous student essays was used to train its own detection system. When tested by The Washington Post, it was noted that Turnitin's detector flagged an innocent student for using ChatGPT to generate the conclusion of her essay. The company reported that its detector was 98% accurate. There have been numerous other cases similar to this in which a student is falsely accused of using AI and report not knowing how to prove their innocence. This is especially prevalent among already marginalized groups such as non-native English speakers, black students, and neurodiverse students due to AI detection tools being more likely to flag writing by these groups as a result of linguistic differences.
To combat false accusations of academic dishonesty, AI detection creators and educators recommend not relying solely on these tools. Educators should clearly state their policies on what qualifies as AI-usage and learn more about AI tools themselves. In 2023, some scholars predicted that truly reliable AI text detection may never be possible. As generative AI models continue to closely replicate human language, distinguishing between human- and AI-generated text is expected to become increasingly challenging.
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