Carbon–carbon bond

<h2 id="chains-and-branching">Chains and branching</h2>
<p>Carbon is one of the few elements that can form long chains of its own atoms, a property called <a href="/facts/Catenation/vm7k4zsv">catenation</a>. This coupled with the <a href="/facts/Bond_strength/q4be3EeR">strength</a> of the carbon–carbon bond gives rise to an enormous number of molecular forms, many of which are important structural elements of life, so carbon compounds have their own field of study: <a href="/facts/Organic_chemistry/djxhxaNg">organic chemistry</a>.
</p>

<p><a href="/facts/Branching_(polymer_chemistry)/KYF9YA1j">Branching</a> is also common in C−C skeletons. Carbon atoms in a molecule are categorized by the number of carbon neighbors they have:
</p>
<ul><li>A <a href="/facts/Primary_carbon/1bKAIPsv">primary carbon</a> has one carbon neighbor.</li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Secondary_carbon/cwAIzjwt">secondary carbon</a> has two carbon neighbors.</li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Tertiary_carbon/Don0lYjN">tertiary carbon</a> has three carbon neighbors.</li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Quaternary_carbon/If4CEJy1">quaternary carbon</a> has four carbon neighbors.</li></ul>
<p>In "structurally complex organic molecules", it is the three-dimensional orientation of the carbon–carbon bonds at quaternary loci which dictates the shape of the molecule.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a>  Further, quaternary loci are found in many biologically active small molecules, such as <a href="/facts/Cortisone/z5GUmvNG">cortisone</a> and <a href="/facts/Morphine/8ngpXHDc">morphine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="synthesis">Synthesis</h2>
<p>Carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions are <a href="/facts/Organic_reaction/SESmeGWm">organic reactions</a> in which a new carbon–carbon bond is formed. They are important in the production of many human-made chemicals such as <a href="/facts/Pharmaceutical/h9mhwWP2">pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/facts/Plastic/Kla5QItn">plastics</a>. The reverse reaction, where a carbon-carbon bond is broken, is known as <a href="/facts/Carbon-carbon_bond_activation/CcvkYNKY">carbon-carbon bond activation</a>.
</p><p>Some examples of reactions which form carbon–carbon bonds are the <a href="/facts/Aldol_reaction/L194Bx0g">aldol reaction</a>, <a href="/facts/Diels%25E2%2580%2593Alder_reaction/zc6dVpKl">Diels–Alder reaction</a>, <a href="/facts/Grignard_reaction/DfhXQ6SG">Grignard reaction</a>, <a href="/facts/Cross-coupling_reaction/cF8RBvCx">cross-coupling reactions</a>, the <a href="/facts/Michael_reaction/yqLD22AQ">Michael reaction</a> and the <a href="/facts/Wittig_reaction/7Cjao2HI">Wittig reaction</a>.
</p><p>The directed synthesis of desired three-dimensional structures for tertiary carbons was largely solved during the late 20th century, but the same ability to direct quaternary carbon synthesis did not start to emerge until the first decade of the 21st century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="bond-strengths-and-lengths">Bond strengths and lengths</h2>
<p>The carbon–carbon single bond is <a href="/facts/Bond_strength/q4be3EeR">weaker</a> than C–H, O–H, N–H, H–H, H–Cl, C–F, and many double or triple bonds, and comparable in strength to C–O, Si–O, P–O, and S–H bonds,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> but is commonly considered as strong.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>C–C bond</th><th>Molecule</th><th><a href="/facts/Bond_dissociation_energy/wdDb5yHN">Bond dissociation energy</a> (kcal/mol)</th></tr><tr><td>CH3−CH3</td><td><a href="/facts/Ethane/BGCzc6yh">ethane</a></td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>C6H5−CH3</td><td><a href="/facts/Toluene/Pzdt8dwD">toluene</a></td><td>102</td></tr><tr><td>C6H5−C6H5</td><td><a href="/facts/Biphenyl/WWuTjvpd">biphenyl</a></td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td>CH3C(O)−CH3</td><td><a href="/facts/Acetone/cVyJxKqw">acetone</a></td><td>84</td></tr><tr><td>CH3−CN</td><td><a href="/facts/Acetonitrile/fNpbvRp6">acetonitrile</a></td><td>136</td></tr><tr><td>CH3−CH2OH</td><td><a href="/facts/Ethanol/3lCLfBSP">ethanol</a></td><td>88</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The values given above represent C–C bond dissociation energies that are commonly encountered; occasionally, outliers may deviate drastically from this range.
</p>
Comparison of bond lengths in simple hydrocarbons<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th>Molecule</th><td><a href="/facts/Ethane/BGCzc6yh">Ethane</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ethylene/QMNBYLYn">Ethylene</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Acetylene/yaDh6cmJ">Acetylene</a></td></tr><tr><th>Formula</th><td>C2H6</td><td>C2H4</td><td>C2H2</td></tr><tr><th>Class</th><td><a href="/facts/Alkane/Qam7Hvmf">alkane</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Alkene/RtYcS6kU">alkene</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Alkyne/VHI4N5Wo">alkyne</a></td></tr><tr><th>Structure</th><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Hybridisation of carbon</th><td>sp3</td><td>sp2</td><td>sp</td></tr><tr><th>C–C bond length</th><td>153.5 pm</td><td>133.9 pm</td><td>120.3 pm</td></tr><tr><th>Proportion of C–C single bond</th><td>100%</td><td>87%</td><td>78%</td></tr><tr><th>Structure determination method</th><td><a href="/facts/Rotational_spectroscopy/QakXReKL">microwave spectroscopy</a></td><td>microwave spectroscopy</td><td><a href="/facts/Infrared_spectroscopy/u1Hzx617">infrared spectroscopy</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="extreme-cases">Extreme cases</h2>
<h3>Long, weak C–C single bonds</h3>
<p>Various extreme cases have been identified where the C–C bond is elongated.  In <a href="/facts/Gomberg%2527s_dimer/SoJ2744w">Gomberg's dimer</a>, one C–C bond is rather long at 159.7 <a href="/facts/Picometer/Cb54mVBX">picometers</a>.  It is this bond that reversibly and readily breaks at room temperature in solution:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a>
</p>

<p>In the even more congested molecule <a href="/facts/Hexaphenylethane/LrHynGNA">hexakis(3,5-di-<i>tert</i>-butylphenyl)ethane</a>, the bond dissociation energy to form the stabilized triarylmethyl radical is only 8 kcal/mol. Also a consequence of its severe steric congestion, hexakis(3,5-di-<i>tert</i>-butylphenyl)ethane has a greatly elongated central bond with a length of 167 pm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a>
</p>
<h3>Twisted, weak C–C double bonds</h3>
<p>The structure of <a href="/facts/Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene/NJyvACq9">tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene</a> (TDAE) is highly distorted. The <a href="/facts/Dihedral_angle/C9WEJsuS">dihedral angle</a> for the two N2C ends is 28º although the C=C distance is normal 135 pm. The nearly isostructural tetraisopropylethylene also has a C=C distance of 135 pm, but its C6 core is planar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a>
</p>
<h3>Short, strong C–C triple bonds</h3>
<p>On the opposite extreme, the central carbon–carbon single bond of <a href="/facts/Diacetylene/Ak1oISkg">diacetylene</a> is very strong at 160 kcal/mol, as the single bond joins two carbons of sp hybridization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Carbon–carbon multiple bonds are generally stronger; the double bond of ethylene and triple bond of acetylene have been determined to have bond dissociation energies of 174 and 230 kcal/mol, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> A very short triple bond of 115 pm has been observed for the iodonium species [HC≡C–I+Ph] [CF3SO3–], due to the strongly electron-withdrawing <a href="/facts/Iodonium/8MasweuU">iodonium</a> <a href="/facts/Moiety_(chemistry)/WxKqcJe1">moiety</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Carbon%25E2%2580%2593hydrogen_bond/yA8K48Ga">Carbon–hydrogen bond</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Carbon%25E2%2580%2593oxygen_bond/HSte9D8r">Carbon–oxygen bond</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Carbon%25E2%2580%2593nitrogen_bond/pV4FkKzI">Carbon–nitrogen bond</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Dembicki, Harry (2016-10-06). Practical Petroleum Geochemistry for Exploration and Production. Elsevier. p. 7. ISBN 9780128033517. <a href="9780128033517" target="_blank">9780128033517</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1 <a href="978-0-471-72091-1" target="_blank">978-0-471-72091-1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Quasdorf, Kyle W.; Overman, Larry E. (2014). "Review: Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of quaternary carbon stereocentres". Nature (paper). 516 (7530): 181–191. Bibcode:2014Natur.516..181Q. doi:10.1038/nature14007. PMC 4697831. PMID 25503231. <a href="/wiki/Larry_E._Overman" target="_blank">/wiki/Larry_E._Overman</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Quasdorf, Kyle W.; Overman, Larry E. (2014). "Review: Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of quaternary carbon stereocentres". Nature (paper). 516 (7530): 181–191. Bibcode:2014Natur.516..181Q. doi:10.1038/nature14007. PMC 4697831. PMID 25503231. <a href="/wiki/Larry_E._Overman" target="_blank">/wiki/Larry_E._Overman</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Quasdorf, Kyle W.; Overman, Larry E. (2014). "Review: Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of quaternary carbon stereocentres". Nature (paper). 516 (7530): 181–191. Bibcode:2014Natur.516..181Q. doi:10.1038/nature14007. PMC 4697831. PMID 25503231. <a href="/wiki/Larry_E._Overman" target="_blank">/wiki/Larry_E._Overman</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Yu-Ran Luo and Jin-Pei Cheng "Bond Dissociation Energies" in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 96th Edition. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th edition <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" target="_blank">/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Bochkarev, L. N.; Molosnova, N. E.; Zakharov, L. N.; Fukin, G. K.; Yanovsky, A. I.; Struchkov, Y. T. (1995). "1-Diphenylmethylene-4-(triphenylmethyl)cyclohexa-2,5-diene Benzene Solvate". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 51 (3): 489–491. doi:10.1107/S0108270194009005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>Rösel, Sören; Balestrieri, Ciro; Schreiner, Peter R. (2017). "Sizing the role of London dispersion in the dissociation of all-meta tert-butyl hexaphenylethane". Chemical Science. 8 (1): 405–410. doi:10.1039/c6sc02727j. ISSN 2041-6520. PMC 5365070. PMID 28451185. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5365070" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5365070</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:10"><p>Bock, Hans; Borrmann, Horst; Havlas, Zdenek; Oberhammer, Heinz; Ruppert, Klaus; Simon, Arndt (1991). "Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethene: An Extremely Electron-Rich Molecule with Unusual Structure both in the Crystal and in the Gas Phase". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 30 (12): 1678–1681. doi:10.1002/anie.199116781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:11"><p>"NIST Webbook". <a href="https://webbook.nist.gov" target="_blank">https://webbook.nist.gov</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:12"><p>Blanksby, Stephen J.; Ellison, G. Barney (April 2003). "Bond Dissociation Energies of Organic Molecules". Accounts of Chemical Research. 36 (4): 255–263. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.616.3043. doi:10.1021/ar020230d. ISSN 0001-4842. PMID 12693923. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:13"><p>Streitwieser, Andrew; Heathcock, Clayton H.; Kosower, Edward M. (1992). Introduction to organic chemistry (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 574. ISBN 978-0139738500. OCLC 52836313. <a href="978-0139738500" target="_blank">978-0139738500</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Carbon–carbon bond open-in-new

Carbon–carbon bond