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German-speaking Community of Belgium
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The area known today as the <a href="/facts/Eupen-Malmedy/UGsL7r8c">East Cantons</a> consists of the German-speaking Community and the municipalities of <a href="/facts/Malmedy/KaIaYxRz">Malmedy</a> and <a href="/facts/Waimes/MsPtQga8">Waimes</a> (German: <i>Weismes</i>), which belong to the <a href="/facts/French_Community_of_Belgium/uc0kCqGB">French Community of Belgium</a>. The East Cantons were part of the <a href="/facts/Rhine_Province/00ERTdAL">Rhine Province</a> of <a href="/facts/Prussia/fs1wEGrk">Prussia</a> in the <a href="/facts/German_Empire/lwQutJyN">German Empire</a> until 1920 (as the counties (<a href="/facts/Districts_of_Germany/qNDD9Gud">Landkreise</a>) of <a href="/facts/Eupen-Malmedy/UGsL7r8c">Eupen and Malmedy</a>), but were annexed by <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a> following Germany's defeat in World War I and the subsequent <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Versailles/BsNmjaqV">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Thus they also became known as the <i><i>cantons rédimés</i></i>, "redeemed cantons". The peace treaty of Versailles demanded the "questioning" of the local population. People who were unwilling to become Belgians and wanted the region to remain a part of Germany were required to register themselves along with their full name and address with the Belgian military administration, headed by <a href="/facts/Herman_Baltia/Va5VFYt0">Herman Baltia</a>, and many feared reprisals or even expulsion for doing so. </p><p>In the mid-1920s, there were secret negotiations between Germany and the kingdom of Belgium that seemed to be inclined to sell the region back to Germany as a way to improve Belgium's finances. A price of 200 million <a href="/facts/Gold_mark/24C1RjmQ">gold marks</a> has been mentioned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> At this point, the French government, fearing for the stability of the broader postwar order, intervened with Brussels and the Belgian-German talks were called off. </p><p>The new cantons had been part of Belgium for just 20 years when, in 1940, they were retaken by Germany in World War II. The majority of people of the east cantons welcomed this as they considered themselves German. Following the defeat of Germany in 1945, the cantons were once again annexed by Belgium, and as a result of alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany an attempt was made to de-Germanize the local population by the Belgian and Walloon authorities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <p>In the early 1960s, Belgium was divided into four linguistic areas, the <a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a>-speaking <a href="/facts/Flanders/JDsTRuR4">Flemish</a> area, the <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a>-speaking area, the bilingual capital of <a href="/facts/Brussels/tNzHrQYP">Brussels</a>, and the German-speaking area of the east cantons. In 1973, three communities and three regions were established and granted internal autonomy. The legislative <a href="/facts/Parliament_of_the_German-speaking_Community/QG8QsvGd">Parliament of the German-speaking Community</a>, <i><i>Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft</i></i>, was set up. Today the German-speaking Community has a fair degree of autonomy, especially in language and cultural matters, but it still remains part of the region of predominantly French-speaking <a href="/facts/Wallonia/rXg1nkTV">Wallonia</a>. There has been much argument in the past few years[<i>which?</i>] that the German-speaking Community should also become its own region, which is an ongoing process with the permanent transfer with the previous accord of some competences concerning social policy, conservation of sites and monuments, environment protection policy, transport, the financing of municipalities, among other things from the Walloon Region. One of the proponents of full regional autonomy for the German-speaking Community is <a href="/facts/Karl-Heinz_Lambertz/W7j8w1FY">Karl-Heinz Lambertz</a>, the minister-president from 1999 to 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> According to the government of the German-speaking Community, special consideration should be given to regional autonomy for spatial planning, city building, and housing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <h3>Location</h3> <p>The territory of the German-speaking Community is bounded on the north by the Belgium-Germany-Netherlands border <a href="/facts/Tripoint/j9IFVW6w">tripoint</a>, on the east by Germany and on the south by Luxembourg, and on the west by the territory of the French-speaking Community of Belgium. </p><p>Within Belgium, the German-speaking Community exercises its political powers on the German-speaking territory, which comprises nine municipalities. Eupen is the seat of the government, the parliament and the administrative centre. </p><p>The municipalities of Malmedy and Weismes belong to the territorial community of the French Community of Belgium. The German minority has its own rights there. Occasionally, the nine German-speaking communities, together with the communities of Malmedy and Weismes, are historically called East Belgium or East Cantons because of their common political past, formerly also as Eupen-Malmedy-St. Vith. </p><p>In March 2017, the government of the German-speaking community decided to market the area as East Belgium. Analogous to South Tyrol (officially: Autonomous Region of Bolzano – South Tyrol), the name of the German-speaking Community of Belgium will continue to be used on official documents, on the external presentation, on the Internet and on the official posters of the ministry, the government and the parliament. </p> <h2 id="government">Government</h2> <p>The German-speaking Community has <a href="/facts/Government_of_the_German-speaking_Community/mJEfJwbH">its own government</a>, which is appointed for five years by <a href="/facts/Parliament_of_the_German-speaking_Community/QG8QsvGd">its own parliament</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The Government is headed by a <a href="/facts/Minister-President/Hdmq5bul">Minister-President</a>, who acts as the "<a href="/facts/Prime_minister/RKQSQbMy">prime minister</a>" of the Community, and is assisted by the Ministry of the German-speaking Community. The 2024–2029 government is formed by four Ministers:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Oliver_Paasch/t2TtAy5r">Oliver Paasch</a> (<a href="/facts/ProDG_(Belgium)/ehh5M9m9">ProDG</a>), Minister-President and Minister for Local Government</li> <li>Gregor Freches (<a href="/facts/Partei_f%25C3%25BCr_Freiheit_und_Fortschritt/Nr5GP4LB">PFF</a>), Minister for Culture, Media and Tourism</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lydia_Klinkenberg/psqkNfzK">Lydia Klinkenberg</a> (<a href="/facts/ProDG_(Belgium)/ehh5M9m9">ProDG</a>), Minister for Family, Social Affairs, Housing and Health</li> <li>Jérôme Franssen (<a href="/facts/Christlich_Soziale_Partei_(Belgium)/26FoUx0k">CSP</a>), Minister for Education, Training and Employment</li></ul> <h3>Municipalities</h3> <p>The German-speaking Community consists of nine municipalities, listed in the table below.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Numbers on the map to the right correspond to the "Map #" column in the table below. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Map #</th><th>Municipality</th><th><a href="/facts/Cantons_of_Belgium/IMAm3EeI">Canton</a></th><th>Population(2020)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></th><th>Area(km2)</th><th>Area(sq mi)</th></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Amel/RJGKB4Vh">Amel</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Belgian_Eifel/Utj7jv73">Sankt Vith</a></td><td>5,486</td><td>125.15</td><td>48.32</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/B%25C3%25BCllingen/SczQX3qs">Büllingen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Belgian_Eifel/Utj7jv73">Sankt Vith</a></td><td>5,456</td><td>150.49</td><td>58.10</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Burg-Reuland/kxnDV7mj">Burg-Reuland</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Belgian_Eifel/Utj7jv73">Sankt Vith</a></td><td>3,974</td><td>108.96</td><td>42.07</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/facts/B%25C3%25BCtgenbach/RtcFy4dR">Bütgenbach</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Belgian_Eifel/Utj7jv73">Sankt Vith</a></td><td>5,629</td><td>97.31</td><td>37.57</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Eupen/gvyYxKFu">Eupen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Land_of_Eupen/71YaE4LE">Eupen</a></td><td>19,762</td><td>103.74</td><td>40.05</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Kelmis/kdqDCXvC">Kelmis</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Land_of_Eupen/71YaE4LE">Eupen</a></td><td>11,212</td><td>18.12</td><td>7.00</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Lontzen/EvembRkN">Lontzen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Land_of_Eupen/71YaE4LE">Eupen</a></td><td>5,833</td><td>28.73</td><td>11.09</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Raeren/PFgIdUvJ">Raeren</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Land_of_Eupen/71YaE4LE">Eupen</a></td><td>10,818</td><td>74.21</td><td>28.65</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/St._Vith/msY13xP0">St. Vith</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Belgian_Eifel/Utj7jv73">Sankt Vith</a></td><td>9,779</td><td>146.93</td><td>56.73</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Total</td><td>77,949</td><td>853.64</td><td>329.59</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>( = comparable to previous year). </p><p>The population figures are those on 1 January 2020 (compare to a total of 73,675 on 1 January 2007). The municipalities are grouped into two <a href="/facts/Cantons_of_Belgium/IMAm3EeI">cantons</a>, namely the <a href="/facts/Land_of_Eupen/71YaE4LE">Canton of Eupen</a> in the north and the <a href="/facts/Belgian_Eifel/Utj7jv73">Canton of Sankt Vith</a> in the south. The wider region is included in the <a href="/facts/Arrondissement_of_Verviers/2xgq6ywC">Arrondissement of Verviers</a>. </p> <h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2> <p>In 2007, 73,675 inhabitants (86.3 inhabitants / km2) lived in the area of the German-speaking community. However, the population density in the canton of Eupen (north) and the canton of St. Vith (south) is very different: </p> <ul><li>District of Eupen: 44 159 inhabitants – 196.4 inhabitants / km2.</li> <li>District of St. Vith: 29 516 inhabitants – 46.9 inhabitants / km2</li></ul> <p>The North-South demographic gap is particularly evident when comparing the North and South of the community: </p> <ul><li>The most densely populated municipality is Kelmis (577.9 inhabitants / km2);</li> <li>The least densely populated municipality is Büllingen (36.2 inhabitants / km2).</li></ul> <p>By comparison, the population density is 346.7 in <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>, 204.0 in Wallonia and 452.4 in Flanders. Men represent 49.72% with a slightly lower proportion of the total population of the German-speaking community, women are in the majority with 50.28%. </p><p>As of 2020 over 21% of the community is foreign-born, with Germans representing the overwhelming majority of that group, followed by Turks. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Belgium portal</li><li>Germany portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Parliament_of_the_German-speaking_Community/QG8QsvGd">Parliament of the German-speaking Community</a> and <a href="/facts/Government_of_the_German-speaking_Community/mJEfJwbH">Government of the German-speaking Community</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Minister-President_of_the_German-speaking_Community/leESqThW">Minister-President of the German-speaking Community</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/German-speaking_electoral_college/CQMyC1d8">German-speaking electoral college</a> (European Parliament constituency)</li> <li><a href="/facts/German-speaking_Europe/jkYdpwBh">German-speaking Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/German_diaspora/5o71h9xS">German diaspora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Belgischer_Rundfunk/nUdLSqs5">Belgischer Rundfunk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lists_of_protected_heritage_sites_in_the_German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium/uJ2Ls4Tr">Lists of protected heritage sites in the German-speaking Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Belgian_annexation_plans_after_the_Second_World_War/SGsARU9j">Belgian annexation plans after the Second World War</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to German-speaking Community of Belgium. <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: German-speaking Community of Belgium <ul><li><i><a href="http://www.dglive.be/">Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft</a></i>, the official site of the German-speaking Community in Belgium.</li> <li><a href="http://www.dgregierung.be/">Government website</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.dgparlament.be/">Parliament website</a></li> <li>Kokaisl, Petr; Kokaislova, Pavla (July 2015). <a href="http://www.jsrp.ro/site/jrspone/content/Vol6_Iss1_Kokaisil">"Belgian Germans or East-Belgians?"</a>. <i>Journal of Social Research & Policy</i>. 6 (1): 31–43.</li> <li><a href="https://timestrata.be/en">Prospecting an In-Between, East Belgium 1920–2020</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>French: Communauté germanophone (de Belgique) [kɔmynote ʒɛʁmanofɔn də bɛlʒik]; Dutch: Duitstalige Gemeenschap (van België) [ˈdœytsˌtaːlɪɣə ɣəˈmeːnˌsxɑp vɑm ˈbɛlɣijə]. <a href="/wiki/French_language" target="_blank">/wiki/French_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Rankin, Jennifer (2 May 2017). "Separatism fears grow in Belgium as German speakers assert themselves". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2021. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/02/belgium-german-speaking-community-ostbelgien" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/02/belgium-german-speaking-community-ostbelgien</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>French: Belgique de l'Est [bɛlʒik də lɛst]; Dutch: Oost-België [ˌoːstˈbɛlɣijə]. <a href="/wiki/French_language" target="_blank">/wiki/French_language</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"The German-speaking Community". Dglive.be. Archived from the original on 2014-05-04. Retrieved 2014-06-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140504234715/http://www.dglive.be/en/Desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1263/2264_read-27181/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140504234715/http://www.dglive.be/en/Desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1263/2264_read-27181/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"België telde 11.763.650 inwoners op 1 januari 2024". Statistics Belgium. 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-09. <a href="https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/themas/bevolking/structuur-van-de-bevolking" target="_blank">https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/themas/bevolking/structuur-van-de-bevolking</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Society for Threatened Peoples: gfbv.it <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Threatened_Peoples" target="_blank">/wiki/Society_for_Threatened_Peoples</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"History of the German-speaking Community". Dglive.be. Archived from the original on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2014-06-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626130648/http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1397/2268_read-27185/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070626130648/http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1397/2268_read-27185/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"History of the German-speaking Community". Dglive.be. Archived from the original on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2014-06-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626130648/http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1397/2268_read-27185/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070626130648/http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1397/2268_read-27185/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Asbrock, Frank; Van Hiel, Alain (21 November 2017). "An Insiders' Outside Perspective on the Flemish-Walloon Conflict: The Role of Identification and Disidentification for the German-Speaking Minority". Journal of the Belgian Association of Psychological Science. 57 (3): 115–131. doi:10.5334/pb.347. PMC 6194527. PMID 30479796. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194527" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194527</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>De Vries, J.; Tielemans, A. (2008-08-15). "De triangelspeler van België: Duitstalig België" [The triangle player of Belgium: German-speaking Belgium] (in Dutch). De Groene Amsterdammer. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927135349/http://www.groene.nl/2008/33/de-triangelspeler-van-belgie" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110927135349/http://www.groene.nl/2008/33/de-triangelspeler-van-belgie</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>De Vries, J.; Tielemans, A. (2008-08-15). "De triangelspeler van België: Duitstalig België" [The triangle player of Belgium: German-speaking Belgium] (in Dutch). De Groene Amsterdammer. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927135349/http://www.groene.nl/2008/33/de-triangelspeler-van-belgie" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110927135349/http://www.groene.nl/2008/33/de-triangelspeler-van-belgie</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Duitstalige Gemeenschap wil extra bevoegdheden" [German-speaking Community wants extra powers]. De Morgen (in Dutch). 2009-09-15. <a href="https://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/5036/Wetstraat/article/detail/995456/2009/09/15/Duitstalige-Gemeenschap-wil-extra-bevoegdheden.dhtml" target="_blank">https://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/5036/Wetstraat/article/detail/995456/2009/09/15/Duitstalige-Gemeenschap-wil-extra-bevoegdheden.dhtml</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"German-speaking Community: The jurisdiction of the Government". Dglive.be. Archived from the original on 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2014-06-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628233324/http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1403/2258_read-28095/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070628233324/http://www.dglive.be/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1403/2258_read-28095/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Die aktuelle Regierung der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft Belgiens". Das Bürgerinformationsportal der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft Belgiens (in German). Retrieved 17 August 2024. <a href="https://ostbelgienlive.be/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-218/8563_read-50493/" target="_blank">https://ostbelgienlive.be/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-218/8563_read-50493/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Bevölkerungsstruktur" [Population structure] (in German). <a href="http://www.dgstat.be/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2569/4686_read-32765" target="_blank">http://www.dgstat.be/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2569/4686_read-32765</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Bevölkerungsstruktur" [Population structure]. Ostbelgienstatistik.be (in German). Ministerium der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft Belgiens. 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-09-11. <a href="http://www.ostbelgienstatistik.be/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2569/4686_read-32765/" target="_blank">http://www.ostbelgienstatistik.be/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2569/4686_read-32765/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>