Daxinzhuang

<h2 id="archaeology">Archaeology</h2>
<a href="/facts/Frederick_Seguier_Drake/xvTDxyBe">Fredrick S. Drake</a>, a professor at <a href="/facts/Cheeloo_University/RhL53D4U">Cheeloo University</a> in <a href="/facts/Jinan/MWXCPRjU">Jinan</a>, discovered the Daxinzhuang site in 1935, following archaeological surveys along the <a href="/facts/Qingdao%25E2%2580%2593Jinan_railway/FcHJlwjN">Qingdao–Jinan railway</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> He recorded various features in a series of four research reports published in 1939 and 1940, noting <a href="/facts/Shang_dynasty/6JYKH4wP">Shang</a> bronzes, bone artifacts, stone tools, and pottery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a>

<a href="/facts/Shandong_University/p5q1u9p3">Shandong University</a> and the Shandong Provincial Committee of Cultural Resource Management conducted a series of surveys and small-scale excavations at Daxinzhuang from the 1950s to 1980s. A 1955 test excavation found artifacts identified with the <a href="/facts/Erligang_culture/3ytN5Q5m">Erligang culture</a> (c. 1500 – c. 1400 BCE), the first Erligang artifacts in Shandong. In 1984, a team comprising Shandong University, Jinan Museum, and the Shandong Provincial Institute of Antiquity and Archaeology excavated a variety of structural foundations, graves, wells, a well containing a number of human skulls, and over a hundred <a href="/facts/Oracle_bone/x1dbSl7D">oracle bone</a> fragments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> A timespan stretching over the late Erligang and Anyang periods was established by <a href="/facts/Zou_Heng/gRBs8rST">Zou Heng</a> (邹衡) in 1964, based on the stylistic attributes of collected ceramics. Periodization was refined over the course of the 1990s with increased stratigraphic data as well as analyses of <a href="/facts/Li_(cookware)/ICxsj5fX">li tripods</a> and oracle bones from the site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> A large scale regional survey begun in 2002 identified limited earlier occupation at the site, dating to the <a href="/facts/Longshan_culture/qlXW2uLJ">Longshan</a> (c. 3000 – c. 1900 BCE) and <a href="/facts/Yueshi_culture/eEmSwd7h">Yueshi culture</a> (c. 1900 – c. 1500 BCE), alongside later use during the <a href="/facts/Zhou_dynasty/70beuGpa">Zhou</a> and <a href="/facts/Han_dynasty/hanfxS9D">Han dynasties</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> The following year, a large assemblage of bone tools totaling 218 artifacts was recovered, the largest found at the site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h2 id="site">Site</h2>
The Daxinzhuang site is located in a farming field adjacent to the <a href="/facts/Qingdao%25E2%2580%2593Jinan_railway/FcHJlwjN">Qingdao–Jinan railway</a>, south of the modern village of Daxinzhuang in <a href="/facts/Licheng%2c_Jinan/7gwTCLHQ">Licheng, Jinan</a>. It sits on the southern slopes of the Taiyi Range foothills, slightly under 3 kilometers south of the <a href="/facts/Xiaoqing_River/XyvmN97M">Xiaoqing River</a>. A number of seasonal streams, draining into the Xiaoqing, run through the area; one of these was dammed by early 20th century railway construction, creating the Xiezigou (蝎子沟; 'Scorpion ditch') which runs through much of the site. Erosion and sediment buildup from farming has filled and widened the Xiezigou, exposing Shang-era <a href="/facts/Sherds/5axlcVQ4">sherds</a> and creating a channel about one meter deep, 500 meters long, and 120 meters wide at its thickest. No notable surface fields such as mounds distinguish the site from the surrounding farmland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

<h3>History</h3>

Daxinzhuang is the <a href="/facts/Type_site/GmpVEq2Q">type site</a> of a cluster of contemporary sites labeled the Daxinzhuang type, situated along the <a href="/facts/Ji_River/5drXGKzY">Ji River</a> valley in northwestern Shandong. Daxinzhuang, alongside Qianzhangda (前掌大) and its associated sites to the south (along the Xue River [zh] in <a href="/facts/Tengzhou/FAHAAMkx">Tengzhou</a>) are the earliest known outposts of the Erligang in Shandong.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
The identification of the Erligang with the early Shang dynasty or a centralized state polity remains an active debate in Chinese archaeology. Archaeologists and historians in China generally associate the Erligang as a centralized state corresponding to the Shang dynasty, although critics instead view the culture as loose networks and confederations of local polities. Daxinzhuang may have been an administrative and military outpost, or the result of Erligang's cultural shift eastward.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Historian Yuan Guangkuo (袁广阔) described the site as a second-tier settlement of the Erligang, similar to other cities serving as auxiliary capitals or military centers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
The period of eastward expansion began in the 13th century BCE, including into areas occupied by the Yueshi culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> This eastward growth also corresponded to increased political instability and decentralization in the Erligang heartland of <a href="/facts/Henan/jCKtYLXv">Henan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> However, Erligang expansion did not proceed further into Shandong beyond Daxinzhuang, possibly due to military resistance from the <a href="/facts/Dongyi/wbvbWHeP">Dongyi</a> of the Yueshi culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
<a href="/facts/Chinese_ritual_bronzes/HUmfvAv4">Bronzes</a> produced by the Daxinzhuang type are similar to those from <a href="/facts/Zhengzhou_Shang_City/RugfHqKB">Zhengzhou</a>. Ceramics of the subculture are divided into two types, stylistically associated with the Erligang and Yueshi respectively; the latter type became less differentiated over time and ceased to exist as a distinct style during the Anyang period. Due to its proximity to the Ji River, the settlement sat along a major trade route to northern Shandong, procuring grain and metal for the heartland, alongside exotic goods such as <a href="/facts/Pearl/7ombxKgg">pearls</a> and <a href="/facts/Seashell/5AyVlBwo">shells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
Daxinzhuang grew as the Erligang transitioned into the <a href="/facts/Late_Shang/nupSx5Bg">Late Shang</a>. Although major Shang cities such as <a href="/facts/Anyang/FhtaKTSD">Anyang</a> were over ten times larger, the settlement became one of the largest outside of the <a href="/facts/Zhongyuan/Q1uxstQ0">Central Plain</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The Late Shang period saw the emergence of extensive <a href="/facts/Saltworks/wFvFzHFS">saltworks</a> along <a href="/facts/Bohai_Bay/pr6YGwnV">Bohai Bay</a>. Daxinzhuang, due to its advantageous position along the <a href="/facts/Ji_River/5drXGKzY">Ji River</a>, likely connected the salt trade to the heartland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> This advantageous location also facilitated Shang political control of Eastern Shandong.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

<h3>Artifacts</h3>
Large numbers of bone tools have been recovered from the Daxinzhuang site. These were the result of small-scale, formalized craftsmanship, distinct from the informally produced tools of <a href="/facts/Guandimiao/4HdNhQsN">Guandimiao</a> or the mass-produced tools of Anyang. Small amounts of bone crafts such as hair pins were imported from Anyang, but production in the settlement was largely self-sufficient.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h4>Oracle bones and writing</h4>

Alongside Zhengzhou, Zhouyuan, and Anyang, Daxinzhuang is one of four primary sites where Shang-era oracle bones—the first attested examples of <a href="/facts/Written_Chinese/F3QbQvtk">written Chinese</a>—have been discovered. While the vast majority of inscriptions have been found within the temple and palace at Anyang,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> there is considerable evidence for Daxinzhuang having a local variety of the Shang script and its own tradition of literacy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
In March 2003, a <a href="/facts/Turtle_plastron/HRERph7C">turtle plastron</a> was found at Daxinzhuang featuring inscriptions in a regional variant of the <a href="/facts/Oracle_bone_script/xj9TSlNq">oracle bone script</a>, likely dating to the <a href="/facts/Yinxu/0ALa8wPq">Yinxu</a> II or early Yinxu III subperiods (c. 12th century BCE). Like other examples, bones were subject to <a href="/facts/Pyromancy/wChfQu85">pyromancy</a>— early forms of <a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">Chinese characters</a> were carved into them to ask questions, and answers were interpreted from the cracks formed upon exposing the bones to fire. Initially divided into seven fragments, four of the Daxinzhuang pieces were reconnected by archaeologist Fang Hui (方辉).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Analysis of finds at the site since then support the notion that some direct form of Shang royal influence extended as far east as Daxinzhuang, as the inscriptions seem to have been created in a similar context as those in Anyang, which suggests communication between local populations of diviners and scribes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Some aspects of Daxinzhuang inscriptions are unique to the site, including the preparation of materials, the layout of characters on the bones, and occurrence of certain vocabulary and sentence structures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>

<ul><li>Li, Min (2008). Conquest, Concord, and Consumption: Becoming Shang in Eastern China (Ph.D thesis). <a href="/facts/University_of_Michigan/6e1Ea5xh">University of Michigan</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866">2027.42/60866</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Liu_Li_(archaeologist)/bzAxgI7E">Liu, Li</a>; <a href="/facts/Chen_Xingcan/9WHjbbm0">Chen, Xingcan</a> (2003). State Formation in Early China. London: <a href="/facts/Bloomsbury_Publishing/TSWtV2Bl">Bloomsbury</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-715-63224-6.</li>
<li>———; ——— (2012). <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-china/E6A914976791CED133661146FD88E467">The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age</a>. <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139015301">10.1017/CBO9781139015301</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-64310-8.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.29/html">"Inscribed Oracle Bones of the Shang Period Unearthed from the Daxinzhuang Site in Jinan City"</a>. Chinese Archaeology. 4 (1). Oriental Archaeology Research Center, Shandong University; Jinan Municipal Institute of Archaeology. 2004. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FCHAR.2004.4.1.29">10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.29</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ken-ichi_Takashima/3ja4Bw5A">Takashima, Ken-ichi</a> (2011). "Literacy to the South and the East of Anyang in Shang China: Zhengzhou and Daxinzhuang". In <a href="/facts/Li_Feng_(sinologist)/kW5zI2SG">Li, Feng</a>; Branner, David Prager (eds.). Writing and Literacy in Early China: Studies from the Columbia Early China Seminar. Seattle: <a href="/facts/University_of_Washington_Press/2H7KMe02">University of Washington Press</a>. pp. 141–172. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-295-80450-7. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11">j.ctvcwng4z.11</a>.</li>
<li>Thorp, Robert L. (2006). China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization. Philadelphia: <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press/UXWfjeRv">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-812-20361-5. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhxmw">j.ctt3fhxmw</a>.</li>
<li>Underhill, Anne P., ed. (2013). A Companion to Chinese Archaeology. Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/facts/John_Wiley_%2526_Sons/53g3LqJc">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118325698">10.1002/9781118325698</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-118-32578-0.
<ul><li>Fang, Hui. "The Eastern Territories of the Shang and Western Zhou: Military Expansion and Cultural Assimilation". In Underhill (2013), pp. 473–493.</li>
<li>Yuan, Guangkuo. "The Discovery and Study of the Early Shang Culture". In Underhill (2013), pp. 323–342.</li></ul></li>
<li>Wang, H.; Campbell, R.; Fang, H.; Hou, Y.; Li, Z. (2022). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416522000198">"Small-scale bone working in a complex economy: The Daxinzhuang worked bone assemblage"</a>. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 66. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2022.101411">10.1016/j.jaa.2022.101411</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.en.sdu.edu.cn/info/1173/5532.htm">Exhibition of Cultural Relics</a>, Shandong University Museum, including several objects from Daxinzhuang.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Li 2008, p. 70. - Li, Min (2008). Conquest, Concord, and Consumption: Becoming Shang in Eastern China (Ph.D thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/60866. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866" target="_blank">https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Li 2008, p. 70. - Li, Min (2008). Conquest, Concord, and Consumption: Becoming Shang in Eastern China (Ph.D thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/60866. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866" target="_blank">https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Shandong 2004, p. 29. - "Inscribed Oracle Bones of the Shang Period Unearthed from the Daxinzhuang Site in Jinan City". Chinese Archaeology. 4 (1). Oriental Archaeology Research Center, Shandong University; Jinan Municipal Institute of Archaeology. 2004. doi:10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.29. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.29/html" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.29/html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Li 2008, p. 71. - Li, Min (2008). Conquest, Concord, and Consumption: Becoming Shang in Eastern China (Ph.D thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/60866. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866" target="_blank">https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Li 2008, pp. 72–76. - Li, Min (2008). Conquest, Concord, and Consumption: Becoming Shang in Eastern China (Ph.D thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/60866. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866" target="_blank">https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Li 2008, p. 76. - Li, Min (2008). Conquest, Concord, and Consumption: Becoming Shang in Eastern China (Ph.D thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/60866. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866" target="_blank">https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Wang et al. 2022, pp. 2–3. - Wang, H.; Campbell, R.; Fang, H.; Hou, Y.; Li, Z. (2022). "Small-scale bone working in a complex economy: The Daxinzhuang worked bone assemblage". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 66. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2022.101411. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416522000198" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416522000198</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Shandong 2004, p. 29. - "Inscribed Oracle Bones of the Shang Period Unearthed from the Daxinzhuang Site in Jinan City". Chinese Archaeology. 4 (1). Oriental Archaeology Research Center, Shandong University; Jinan Municipal Institute of Archaeology. 2004. doi:10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.29. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.29/html" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.29/html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Li 2008, pp. 68–69. - Li, Min (2008). Conquest, Concord, and Consumption: Becoming Shang in Eastern China (Ph.D thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/60866. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866" target="_blank">https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Liu & Chen 2003, pp. 114–115. - Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2003). State Formation in Early China. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-715-63224-6. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Liu & Chen 2012, pp. 284–285, 363. - ———; ——— (2012). The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139015301. ISBN 978-0-521-64310-8. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-china/E6A914976791CED133661146FD88E467" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-china/E6A914976791CED133661146FD88E467</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Fang 2013, pp. 474–475. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Wang et al. 2022, pp. 2–3. - Wang, H.; Campbell, R.; Fang, H.; Hou, Y.; Li, Z. (2022). "Small-scale bone working in a complex economy: The Daxinzhuang worked bone assemblage". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 66. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2022.101411. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416522000198" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416522000198</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Fang 2013, p. 478. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Yuan 2013, pp. 324–328. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Fang 2013, p. 478. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Liu & Chen 2012, pp. 284–285. - ———; ——— (2012). The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139015301. ISBN 978-0-521-64310-8. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-china/E6A914976791CED133661146FD88E467" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-china/E6A914976791CED133661146FD88E467</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Fang 2013, p. 478. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Liu & Chen 2003, pp. 114–115. - Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2003). State Formation in Early China. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-715-63224-6. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Liu & Chen 2012, pp. 284–285. - ———; ——— (2012). The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139015301. ISBN 978-0-521-64310-8. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-china/E6A914976791CED133661146FD88E467" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-china/E6A914976791CED133661146FD88E467</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Li 2008, p. 76. - Li, Min (2008). Conquest, Concord, and Consumption: Becoming Shang in Eastern China (Ph.D thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/60866. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866" target="_blank">https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F60866</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Liu & Chen 2003, pp. 114–115. - Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2003). State Formation in Early China. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-715-63224-6. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Liu & Chen 2003, pp. 363–364. - Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2003). State Formation in Early China. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-715-63224-6. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Fang 2013, p. 478. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Wang et al. 2022, pp. 17–18. - Wang, H.; Campbell, R.; Fang, H.; Hou, Y.; Li, Z. (2022). "Small-scale bone working in a complex economy: The Daxinzhuang worked bone assemblage". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 66. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2022.101411. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416522000198" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416522000198</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Wang et al. 2022, pp. 2–3. - Wang, H.; Campbell, R.; Fang, H.; Hou, Y.; Li, Z. (2022). "Small-scale bone working in a complex economy: The Daxinzhuang worked bone assemblage". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 66. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2022.101411. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416522000198" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416522000198</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Takashima 2011, pp. 141–143. - Takashima, Ken-ichi (2011). "Literacy to the South and the East of Anyang in Shang China: Zhengzhou and Daxinzhuang". In Li, Feng; Branner, David Prager (eds.). Writing and Literacy in Early China: Studies from the Columbia Early China Seminar. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 141–172. ISBN 978-0-295-80450-7. JSTOR j.ctvcwng4z.11. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Takashima 2011, p. 171. - Takashima, Ken-ichi (2011). "Literacy to the South and the East of Anyang in Shang China: Zhengzhou and Daxinzhuang". In Li, Feng; Branner, David Prager (eds.). Writing and Literacy in Early China: Studies from the Columbia Early China Seminar. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 141–172. ISBN 978-0-295-80450-7. JSTOR j.ctvcwng4z.11. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Takashima 2011, pp. 160. - Takashima, Ken-ichi (2011). "Literacy to the South and the East of Anyang in Shang China: Zhengzhou and Daxinzhuang". In Li, Feng; Branner, David Prager (eds.). Writing and Literacy in Early China: Studies from the Columbia Early China Seminar. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 141–172. ISBN 978-0-295-80450-7. JSTOR j.ctvcwng4z.11. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Thorp 2006, p. 125. - Thorp, Robert L. (2006). China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-812-20361-5. JSTOR j.ctt3fhxmw. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhxmw" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhxmw</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Takashima 2011, pp. 161–162, 170. - Takashima, Ken-ichi (2011). "Literacy to the South and the East of Anyang in Shang China: Zhengzhou and Daxinzhuang". In Li, Feng; Branner, David Prager (eds.). Writing and Literacy in Early China: Studies from the Columbia Early China Seminar. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 141–172. ISBN 978-0-295-80450-7. JSTOR j.ctvcwng4z.11. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Takashima 2011, pp. 164–167. - Takashima, Ken-ichi (2011). "Literacy to the South and the East of Anyang in Shang China: Zhengzhou and Daxinzhuang". In Li, Feng; Branner, David Prager (eds.). Writing and Literacy in Early China: Studies from the Columbia Early China Seminar. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 141–172. ISBN 978-0-295-80450-7. JSTOR j.ctvcwng4z.11. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwng4z.11</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Daxinzhuang open-in-new

Daxinzhuang