Augustin Robespierre

<h2 id="early-life">Early life</h2>
Robespierre was born in <a href="/facts/Arras%2c_France/YCvFqaMw">Arras</a>, the youngest of four children of the lawyer Maximilien-Barthelemy-François de Robespierre and Jacqueline-Marguerite Carrault, the daughter of a brewer. His mother died when he was one year old, and his grief-stricken father abandoned the family to go to Bavaria, where he died in 1777.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>: 17–19  Augustin was brought up by his grandparents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>: 4  His brother Maximilien had won a scholarship from the <a href="/facts/Abbey_of_St._Vaast/kr9KT8a9">Abbey of St. Vaast</a> to pay for his studies at the <a href="/facts/Lyc%25C3%25A9e_Louis-le-Grand/mGgB0Jqf">Lycée Louis-le-Grand</a> and had been such an outstanding student that when he obtained his degree in law, he asked the Abbot, <a href="/facts/Cardinal_de_Rohan/GFDz4CWJ">Cardinal de Rohan</a>, if he would transfer the scholarship to his younger brother to allow him to follow the same career. The Cardinal agreed and Augustin Robespierre took up his brother's place studying law.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>: 31 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>: 16 
Although his political views were very similar to those of his brother, Robespierre was very different in character. Handsome, he was also fond of good food, gaming and the company of women,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>: 169  and called "<a href="/facts/Bonbon/kkM9oxgz">Bonbon</a>". At the outset of the Revolution, Robespierre was prosecutor-syndic of Arras.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>: 292  Together with <a href="/facts/Martial_Herman/y2wCHlvA">Martial Herman</a> he founded a political club in the town and wrote to his brother to secure its affiliation with the <a href="/facts/Jacobins/423QnNv4">Jacobins</a> in Paris.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>: 115  In 1791, he was appointed administrator of the <a href="/facts/Departments_of_France/KVnaWaqQ">département</a> of <a href="/facts/Pas-de-Calais/YJfkmpMe">Pas-de-Calais</a>.

<h2 id="convention">Convention</h2>

Robespierre stood for election to the new <a href="/facts/Legislative_Assembly_(France)/3pYCfocu">Legislative Assembly</a> in Arras in August 1791, but his views were too radical for the town, which elected another young lawyer, Sixte François Deusy instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>: 122  However, on 16 September 1792, Robespierre was elected to the <a href="/facts/National_Convention/uydJyJ4S">National Convention</a>, 19th out of 24 deputies, with 392 votes out of 700 cast,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> by the voters of Paris,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>: 565  and he joined his brother in <a href="/facts/The_Mountain/yCqN8EEf">The Mountain</a> and the <a href="/facts/Jacobin_Club/423QnNv4">Jacobin Club</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>: 208  At the Convention he distinguished himself by the vehemence of his attacks on the royal family and on aristocrats. During the <a href="/facts/Trial_of_Louis_XVI/gejem8S2">trial of Louis XVI</a> he voted for the death penalty to be applied within 24 hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>: 565 
When he first came to Paris to take his seat he was accompanied by his sister <a href="/facts/Charlotte_de_Robespierre/7odLPE2S">Charlotte</a>, and they both lodged with Maximilien in the house of <a href="/facts/Maurice_Duplay/mflWWaFW">Maurice Duplay</a> in the <a href="/facts/Rue_Saint_Honor%25C3%25A9/CIRqLyHn">Rue Saint Honoré</a>. Like his brother Maximilien, Augustin refused to marry Duplay's daughter <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589l%25C3%25A9onore_Duplay/Kz4A70vF">Éléonore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Soon, Charlotte persuaded Maximilien to come with them to a new lodging in the nearby <a href="/facts/Rue_Saint-Florentin%2c_Paris/ah4SmKzM">Rue Saint-Florentin</a> because of his increased prestige and her tensions with Madame Duplay. However, this arrangement did not last long. 
At the end of July 1793, Robespierre was sent on a mission to <a href="/facts/Alpes-Maritimes/lewKU3sx">Alpes-Maritimes</a> to suppress the <a href="/facts/Federalist_revolts/WxdanDL3">Federalist revolt</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> together with another deputy from the convention, Jean François Ricord. Charlotte accompanied him. Much of southeastern France (Midi) was in rebellion against the Republic, and they barely made it alive after an attack by counter-revolutionaries in <a href="/facts/Manosque/E0DlrGqD">Manosque</a> on August 12, 1793. In September 1793, they arrived in Nice where they felt secure enough to attend the theatre, but on the third occasion they did so, they were pelted with rotten apples.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>: 252  Meanwhile Robespierre discovered a pamphlet entitled <a href="/facts/Le_souper_de_Beaucaire/nldAxfmM">Le souper de Beaucaire</a> (The supper at Beaucaire), written by <a href="/facts/Napoleon/8TKBIjPM">Napoleon</a>, and was impressed by the revolutionary context.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>: 21  Napoleon was promoted into the position of senior gunner at <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)/1eR5VuGr">Toulon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> On 17 December Augustin stayed in <a href="/facts/Ollioules/VFthxhkb">Ollioules</a>. On 19 December 1793 Augustin did not take part in the military action, led by <a href="/facts/Jacques_Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Dugommier/eMIjd4cS">Dugommier</a> and Napoleon, which retook Toulon from the British.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>: 258  He seems to have left a few hours before or the day after and was not present when <a href="/facts/Louis-Marie_Stanislas_Fr%25C3%25A9ron/HNJrW8LE">Fréron</a> took revenge on the population. When he returned to Paris, Augustin decided not to move in with Charlotte; they were no longer on speaking terms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> In early January Augustin Robespierre was shocked at the changed atmosphere in the Jacobin club.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> By now the revolutionaries feared one another.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Augustin went to live with Ricord and his wife.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>: 170–171  Maximilien returned to the Duplays' house in February 1794, being sick. 
At the end of January Robespierre was dispatched once again as a <a href="/facts/Representant_en_mission/C16C1uVP">representant en mission</a>, now to the <a href="/facts/Army_of_Italy_(France)/cBjvwCR0">Army of Italy</a> in <a href="/facts/Haute-Sa%25C3%25B4ne/9rzJ9YsH">Haute-Saône</a>. This time he took with him his mistress, La Saudraye, the creole wife of a literary man.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>: 484  She accompanied him to the local Popular Society in <a href="/facts/Besan%25C3%25A7on/a2xUhy08">Besançon</a>, where members reacted indignantly to the active role she took in debates, and to the fact that Robespierre listened to and thought highly of her opinions on politics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>: 239  He also used his influence while with the Army of Italy to advance Napoleon's career.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>: 21 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>: 136  On his return to Paris he served as a secretary to the convention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h2 id="death">Death</h2>

Robespierre was in the hall of the Convention on the day of <a href="/facts/9_Thermidor/DqcCJ8wk">9 Thermidor II</a> (27 July 1794), when the deputies voted for the arrests of Maximilien, <a href="/facts/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just/HqRycIg9">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a> and <a href="/facts/Georges_Couthon/PuFzyBMf">Georges Couthon</a> after a heated discussion. Robespierre then rose from his place on the benches and said, "I am as guilty as him; I share his virtues, I want to share his fate. I ask also to be charged." He was joined by <a href="/facts/Philippe-Fran%25C3%25A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas/KCoCPMPD">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>: 571  The five were kept under guard in the rooms of the <a href="/facts/Committee_of_General_Security/UjrH2rDb">Committee of General Security</a>, where they remained until a place could be found for them. Hearing of the arrests, the <a href="/facts/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)/z0PYEHGg">Commune of Paris</a> issued orders to all prisons in the city, forbidding them to take any prisoner in, sent by the Convention. Robespierre was refused at <a href="/facts/Prison_Saint-Lazare/1Q42t2hh">Prison Saint-Lazare</a> and taken to the prison of <a href="/facts/La_Force_prison/dIz0VXCK">La Force</a> while Maximilien was taken to the <a href="/facts/Luxembourg_Palace/TkUpquQW">Luxembourg</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>: 320  Because of the Commune's orders, they were released and made their way to the <a href="/facts/H%25C3%25B4tel_de_Ville%2c_Paris/5Q6x9KwL">Hôtel de Ville</a>. Escorted by two municipal officers, Robespierre was the first to arrive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>: 322 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> There they spent the rest of the evening vainly trying to coordinate an insurrection. In the early morning of 10 Thermidor, the forces of the Convention under <a href="/facts/Paul_Barras/u2Wy0k24">Paul Barras</a> burst in and succeeded in taking most of them alive, except Le Bas, who had shot himself, and <a href="/facts/Jean-Baptiste_Coffinhal/vFPIGxRs">Jean-Baptiste Coffinhal</a>, who succeeded in escaping but turned himself in after a week.
In order to avoid capture, Robespierre took off his shoes and jumped from a ledge. He landed on the steps, or on some bayonets, resulting in a <a href="/facts/Pelvic_fracture/uHke8YCQ">pelvic fracture</a> and several serious head contusions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>: 271  Barras ordered that Robespierre be carried back to the rooms of the Committee of General Security.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> After a couple of hours the prisoners were taken to the <a href="/facts/Conciergerie/ck5v4tCS">Conciergerie</a> prison; four of them were lying on stretchers. After identification at the <a href="/facts/Revolutionary_Tribunal/JUgQVpSW">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> according to the <a href="/facts/Law_of_22_Prairial/avjf0TzP">Law of 22 Prairial</a>, the twenty-two convicts were sent to the scaffold on Place de la Révolution in the early evening. Couthon was the second of the prisoners to be executed, with Robespierre as the third, <a href="/facts/Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Hanriot/ml8LEfar">Hanriot</a> as the ninth and Maximilien as the tenth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>: 210

<h3>Sources</h3>
<ul><li>Hampson, Norman (1974). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edpnAAAAMAAJ">The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre</a>. Duckworth. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7156-0741-1.</li>
<li>Robespierre, Charlotte (2006). Mémoires. Paris: Nouveau monde éd. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2847361766.</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Alexandre Cousin, Philippe Lebas et Augustin Robespierre, deux météores dans la Révolution française (2010). (in French)</li>
<li>Marisa Linton, Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2013).</li>
<li>Sergio Luzzatto, Bonbon Robespierre: la terreur à visage humain (2010). (in French)</li>
<li>Martial Sicard, Robespierre jeune dans les Basses-Alpes, Forcalquier, A. Crest (1900). (in French)</li>
<li>Mary Young, Augustin, the Younger Robespierre (2011, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9786054512089).</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326192222/http://www.amrid.net/spip.php?article125">"L'enfance de Maximilien"</a>, in L’association Maximilien Robespierre pour l’Idéal Démocratique bulletin n° 45. (in French)</li>
<li><a href="https://hyphen-21.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Mary-Young-Augustin-Robespierre-August-2021.pdf">"Augustin, the Younger Robespierre"</a>, by Mary Young (in English)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Augustin, Bon, Joseph de Robespierre (Biography)" (in French). National Assembly. Retrieved 17 April 2017. <a href="http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/11837" target="_blank">http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/11837</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Michelet, Jules (1973). History of the French Revolution. Livingston Publishing Company. p. 80. ISBN 9780870980381. <a href="9780870980381" target="_blank">9780870980381</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt & Sons. ISBN 9781466805781. <a href="9781466805781" target="_blank">9781466805781</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">McPhee, Peter (2012). Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300118117. <a href="978-0300118117" target="_blank">978-0300118117</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt & Sons. ISBN 9781466805781. <a href="9781466805781" target="_blank">9781466805781</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Carr, John Laurence (1972). Robespierre; the Force of Circumstance. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780094578500. <a href="9780094578500" target="_blank">9780094578500</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Matrat, Jean (1975). Robespierre, or the Tyranny of the Majority. Translated by Kendall, Alan. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 9780684140551. <a href="9780684140551" target="_blank">9780684140551</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Thompson, J. M. (2017) [1935]. Robespierre. Borodino Books. ISBN 9781787205185. <a href="9781787205185" target="_blank">9781787205185</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt & Sons. ISBN 9781466805781. <a href="9781466805781" target="_blank">9781466805781</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Matrat, Jean (1975). Robespierre, or the Tyranny of the Majority. Translated by Kendall, Alan. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 9780684140551. <a href="9780684140551" target="_blank">9780684140551</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Augustin, Bon, Joseph de Robespierre (Biography)" (in French). National Assembly. Retrieved 17 April 2017. <a href="http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/11837" target="_blank">http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/11837</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Robert, Jean Baptiste Magloire (1814). Vie politique de tous les députés à la Convention nationale (in French). Chez L. Saintmichel. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwgxAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pwgxAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt & Sons. ISBN 9781466805781. <a href="9781466805781" target="_blank">9781466805781</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Robert, Jean Baptiste Magloire (1814). Vie politique de tous les députés à la Convention nationale (in French). Chez L. Saintmichel. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwgxAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pwgxAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Mémoires de Charlotte Robespierre sur ses deux frères, pp. 90–91 <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5809871j/f1n198.pdf?download=1," target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5809871j/f1n198.pdf?download=1,</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Robespierre 2006. - Robespierre, Charlotte (2006). Mémoires. Paris: Nouveau monde éd. ISBN 978-2847361766. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Hampson 1974, p. 87. - Hampson, Norman (1974). The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre. Duckworth. ISBN 978-0-7156-0741-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edpnAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=edpnAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Augustin, Bon, Joseph de Robespierre (Biography)" (in French). National Assembly. Retrieved 17 April 2017. <a href="http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/11837" target="_blank">http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/11837</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt & Sons. ISBN 9781466805781. <a href="9781466805781" target="_blank">9781466805781</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Chandler, David (1973). Napoleon. The Great Commanders. ISBN 9780297765691. <a href="9780297765691" target="_blank">9780297765691</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Dwyer, p. 136. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt & Sons. ISBN 9781466805781. <a href="9781466805781" target="_blank">9781466805781</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Hamel, Ernest. Thermidor: d'après les sources originales et les documents authentiques. p. 133. OCLC 1096803462. <a href="http://bibliotheq.net/ernest-hamel/thermidor/page-133.html" target="_blank">http://bibliotheq.net/ernest-hamel/thermidor/page-133.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Leuwers, Hervé (24 January 2018). Camille et Lucile Desmoulins: Un rêve de république. Fayard. ISBN 9782213689463 – via Google Books. <a href="9782213689463" target="_blank">9782213689463</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Jacob, Louis (1 January 1960). Hébert: Le Père Duchesne, chef des Sans-Culottes. Gallimard (réédition numérique FeniXX). ISBN 9782072808562 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="9782072808562" target="_blank">9782072808562</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Andress, David (22 January 2015). Marisa Linton (2015) Terror and Politics, p. 480. In: The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191009914 – via Google Books. <a href="9780191009914" target="_blank">9780191009914</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Matrat, Jean (1975). Robespierre, or the Tyranny of the Majority. Translated by Kendall, Alan. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 9780684140551. <a href="9780684140551" target="_blank">9780684140551</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Thompson, J. M. (2017) [1935]. Robespierre. Borodino Books. ISBN 9781787205185. <a href="9781787205185" target="_blank">9781787205185</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Linton, Marisa (2013). Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199576302. <a href="9780199576302" target="_blank">9780199576302</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Chandler, David (1973). Napoleon. The Great Commanders. ISBN 9780297765691. <a href="9780297765691" target="_blank">9780297765691</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Dwyer, Philip (1 January 2008). Napoleon: The Path to Power 1769–1799. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300148206. <a href="9780300148206" target="_blank">9780300148206</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Augustin, Bon, Joseph de Robespierre (Biography)" (in French). National Assembly. Retrieved 17 April 2017. <a href="http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/11837" target="_blank">http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/11837</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Thompson, J. M. (2017) [1935]. Robespierre. Borodino Books. ISBN 9781787205185. <a href="9781787205185" target="_blank">9781787205185</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Baczko, Bronislaw (1994). Ending the Terror: The French Revolution After Robespierre. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-521-44105-6. <a href="978-0-521-44105-6" target="_blank">978-0-521-44105-6</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt & Sons. ISBN 9781466805781. <a href="9781466805781" target="_blank">9781466805781</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Hamel, Ernest (1897). Thermidor : d'après les sources originales et les documents authentiques (in French). <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k298640" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k298640</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Jones, Colin (2014). "The Overthrow of Maximilien Robespierre and the "Indifference" of the People". The American Historical Review. 119 (3): 689–713. doi:10.1093/ahr/119.3.689. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/119/3/689/13188" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/119/3/689/13188</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Lenotre, G. (1924). Robespierre's Rise and Fall. Translated by Stawell, Rodolph (Mrs.). Hutchinson & Co. <a href="https://archive.org/details/robespierresrise00lenouoft/page/n271" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/robespierresrise00lenouoft/page/n271</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Augustin, Bon, Joseph de Robespierre (Biography)" (in French). National Assembly. Retrieved 17 April 2017. <a href="http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/11837" target="_blank">http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/11837</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Sanson, Henri; Sanson, Charles Henri; Sanson, Henri; Olbreuze, d' (1876). Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688–1847. Chatto and Windus. <a href="http://archive.org/details/memoirsofsansons02sansuoft" target="_blank">http://archive.org/details/memoirsofsansons02sansuoft</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Augustin Robespierre open-in-new

Augustin Robespierre