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Dollar Tree
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Early years</h3> <p>In 1953, K. R. Perry<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> opened a <a href="/facts/Ben_Franklin_Stores/5Bcd7esL">Ben Franklin</a> variety store in <a href="/facts/Norfolk%2c_Virginia/PPAclcuM">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, which later became known as <i>K&K 5&10</i>. </p><p>In 1970, K. R. Perry, Doug Perry, and Macon Brock started <i>K&K Toys</i> in Norfolk, Virginia. This mall concept grew to over 130 stores on the <a href="/facts/East_Coast_of_the_United_States/vrKUc0Wl">East Coast</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>In 1986, Doug Perry, Macon Brock, and Ray Compton started another <a href="/facts/Chain_store/GmMjjARU">chain store</a> called <i>Only $1.00</i> with five stores, one in Georgia, one in Tennessee, and three in Virginia. The expansion of dollar stores was continued alongside K&K Toys stores, mostly in enclosed malls.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>On April 27, 1989, the first “Dollar Tree”-branded store opened at the <a href="/facts/Sumter_Mall/KkgtCoLT">Jessamine Mall</a> in <a href="/facts/Sumter%2c_South_Carolina/CqLAmboU">Sumter, South Carolina</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In a May 1989 advertisement in the <a href="/facts/Sun-News/n7ubA84E">Sun-News</a>, the fledgling chain, apparently already planning 100 stores for the eastern United States, bills the dollar-pricing model as the “hottest new shopping concept in America.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h3>1990s</h3> <p>In 1991, the corporation made a decision to focus exclusively on the expansion of dollar stores after selling K&K stores to <a href="/facts/KB_Toys/EozVFrXF">KB Toys</a>, owned by <a href="/facts/Melville_Corporation/bmEy7Exy">Melville Corporation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>In 1993, the name <i>Only $1.00</i> was changed to <i>Dollar Tree Stores</i> to address what could be a multi-price-point strategy in the future, and part <a href="/facts/Equity_(finance)/K5fBPIfS">equity</a> interest was sold to SKM partners, a <a href="/facts/Private_equity_firm/A5v0nuU1">private equity firm</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>The Perrys and Brock got the idea for the company from another retailer known as Everything's A Dollar, which went bankrupt in the 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>In 1996, Dollar Tree acquired <i>Dollar Bill$, Inc.</i>, a <a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a>-based chain of 136 stores. </p><p>In 1997, the company opened its first <a href="/facts/Distribution_center/wxJrLbel">distribution center</a> and its new store support center, both located in <a href="/facts/Chesapeake%2c_Virginia/4XfqbPLA">Chesapeake, Virginia</a>. </p><p>In 1999, Dollar Tree acquired <i>Only $One</i> stores based in <a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> That same year, the company opened its second distribution center in <a href="/facts/Olive_Branch%2c_Mississippi/SdU3KPoc">Olive Branch, Mississippi</a>. </p> <h3>2000s</h3> <p>In 2000, Dollar Tree acquired <i>Dollar Express</i>, a <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a>-based company, and also built a new distribution center in <a href="/facts/Stockton%2c_California/tUa4As3A">Stockton, California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> In 2001, the company opened two additional distribution centers in <a href="/facts/Savannah%2c_Georgia/korPDPf2">Savannah, Georgia</a> and <a href="/facts/Briar_Creek%2c_Pennsylvania/VIQRYjRa">Briar Creek, Pennsylvania</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> In 2003, Dollar Tree acquired <a href="/facts/Salt_Lake_City/vDHXskTN">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/facts/Utah/te7zUyBX">Utah</a>-based <i>Greenbacks, Inc.</i>, and opened a new distribution center in <a href="/facts/Marietta%2c_Oklahoma/zygyeCBp">Marietta, Oklahoma</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>In 2004, Dollar Tree opened its first store in North Dakota which marked its operation of stores in all 48 contiguous states. The company also opened new distribution centers in <a href="/facts/Joliet%2c_Illinois/k6lBlBd0">Joliet, Illinois</a> and <a href="/facts/Ridgefield%2c_Washington/sA8VCobg">Ridgefield, Washington</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>In 2006, Dollar Tree celebrated its 20th year of retailing at a $1.00 price point, opened its 3,000th store, and acquired 138 <i><a href="/facts/Deals/g427YnQN">DEAL$</a></i> stores, previously owned by SUPERVALU INC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In 2007, Dollar Tree expanded its Briar Creek Distribution Center and crossed the $4 billion sales threshold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> In 2008, Dollar Tree earned a place in the Fortune 500. By the close of 2009, the company opened a store in <a href="/facts/Washington%2c_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, and purchased a new distribution center in <a href="/facts/San_Bernardino%2c_California/mb7fb9nd">San Bernardino, California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>In 2009, Dollar Tree redesigned its website with a new e-commerce platform. DollarTree.com sells Dollar Tree merchandise in larger quantities to individuals, small businesses, and organizations. The company also advertises in-store events, specials, seasonal promotions, and featured products through the site, and users can locate a retail store, research information about Dollar Tree, and view product recalls. Dollar Tree also added customer ratings and reviews, and customer stories to the site. </p> <h3>2010s</h3> <p>In 2010, the corporation opened its 4,000th <a href="/facts/Chain_store/GmMjjARU">chain store</a> and acquired 86 Canadian <a href="/facts/Dollar_Giant/ng692TrF">Dollar Giant</a> stores which are based in <a href="/facts/Vancouver/rn2AKA1n">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>. The stores are operated in <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/facts/Alberta/PjKJFbJY">Alberta</a>, <a href="/facts/Saskatchewan/ehkUec57">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/facts/Ontario/HUkxk5Rf">Ontario</a>. These are the first <a href="/facts/Retail/unzV9sPF">retail</a> locations outside of the United States operated by Dollar Tree. </p><p>In 2011, Dollar Tree achieved total sales of $6.63 billion, opened 278 new stores, and completed a 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) expansion of its distribution center in Savannah, Georgia. </p><p>In 2012, Dollar Tree opened another 345 new stores and exceeded $7 billion in sales. </p><p>On July 28, 2014, Dollar Tree announced that it was offering $9.2 billion for the purchase of competitor chain store <a href="/facts/Family_Dollar/XpuhM5mR">Family Dollar</a>. On August 18, 2014, <a href="/facts/Dollar_General/y2Vcnv9Y">Dollar General</a> lodged a competing bid of $9.7 billion for Family Dollar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The bid was rejected on August 20, 2014, by the Family Dollar board, which said it would proceed with the deal with Dollar Tree.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>In January 2015, Dollar Tree announced plans to divest 300 stores in order to appease US regulators scrutinizing its proposed takeover of Family Dollar stores.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>In June 2015, the firm agreed to sell 330 stores to <a href="/facts/Private_equity/DpqoqjBH">private equity</a> company Sycamore Partners as part of the approval process for its $8.5 billion takeover of Family Dollar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>The company was ranked 134 on the 2018 <a href="/facts/Fortune_500/BLeHWymz">Fortune 500</a> list of the United States corporations by revenue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>In March 2019, as part of its reposition plan, Dollar Tree announced that it will close up to 390 Family Dollar stores along with renovating 1,000 other locations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>2020s</h3> <p>On March 3, 2021, it was announced that Dollar Tree had quietly introduced a combination Family Dollar/Dollar Tree store concept, with the first one opening in early 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Dollar Tree has opened and operated nearly 50 locations by the end of 2020, primarily in small towns with populations of just a few thousand people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>On September 28, 2021, CEO Michael Witynski, citing increased shipping and labor costs squeezing profit margins, announced that some prices will be rising above $1, possibly to as much as $1.50.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>On November 23, 2021, it was announced that Dollar Tree plans to raise its prices from a dollar for typical items to $1.25 in response to inflation and pressure from investors to raise prices. Some of the items sold at Dollar Tree will not have their prices increased. The retailer will introduce the new price point in more than 2,000 stores by December 2021 and complete the roll-out across most of its 8,000 stores by the first quarter of 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>On March 13, 2024, Dollar Tree reported a loss of $1.71 billion for latest quarter and announced the closure of near 1,000 stores.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> On April 28, 2024, a tornado destroyed Dollar Tree's distribution center in <a href="/facts/Marietta%2c_Oklahoma/zygyeCBp">Marietta, Oklahoma</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Dollar Tree announced on May 28, 2024, that the distribution center would close, laying off almost all of its staff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> On August 16, 2024, the dilapidated warehouse caught on fire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>In December 2024, Dollar Tree announced that its Board of Directors appointed Interim CEO Michael C. Creedon, Jr. as permanent Chief Executive Officer. Creedon had joined Dollar Tree in 2022 as Chief Operating Officer and in November 2024 he was appointed Interim Chief Executive Officer, succeeding Rick Dreiling. Creedon has responsibility for leading more than 200,000 associates and more than 16,000 stores across the Dollar Tree and Family Dollar banners.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>In March 2025, the company announced the sale of the Family Dollar chain for $1 billion to <a href="/facts/Brigade_Capital/okUFdK2P">Brigade Capital</a> and Macellum Capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> The sale expects to complete in June 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="business-strategy">Business strategy</h2> <p>Dollar Tree is classified as an extreme discount store.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> It claims to be able to achieve this because their buyers "work extremely hard to find the best bargains out there,” and it has "great control over the tremendous <a href="/facts/Buying_power/VAy1veEQ">buying power</a> at the dollar price-point.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Its prices are primarily designed to attract financially disadvantaged customers, but it has also become popular within immigrant communities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h3>Family Dollar bidding</h3> <p>On July 28, 2014, Dollar Tree announced that a deal had been reached and approved by both parties to purchase <a href="/facts/Family_Dollar/XpuhM5mR">Family Dollar</a> for $8.5 billion plus acquisition of the $1 billion in debt currently held by Family Dollar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> The deal came in the month following <a href="/facts/Activist_shareholder/IhDbRQKH">activist investor</a> and major shareholder<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Carl_Icahn/xVA7M2TJ">Carl Icahn</a>'s demand that Family Dollar be promptly put up for sale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> After their reported deal had been struck, <a href="/facts/Dollar_General/y2Vcnv9Y">Dollar General</a> entered the bidding, surpassing Dollar Tree's offer, with a $9.7 billion bid on August 18, 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> On August 20, 2014, Family Dollar rejected the Dollar General bid, saying it was not a matter of price, but concerns over antitrust issues that had convinced the company and its advisers that the deal could not be concluded on the terms proposed. The Family Dollar board had been analyzing potential antitrust issues that could arise from doing a deal with Dollar General, since the start of the year a statement from CEO <a href="/facts/Howard_R._Levine/e7vESX21">Howard Levine</a> outlined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h3>Allegations of creating food deserts</h3> <p>Dollar Tree, and dollar stores in general, have been alleged by a number of studies, individuals, and organizations to proliferate <a href="/facts/Food_desert/NQgeIxY3">food deserts</a>: areas with limited access to healthy and affordable food.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> Dollar Tree has disputed this claim; it claimed that in a number of cases it created food options in food deserts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Dollar stores are alleged to outcompete local grocery stores, and end up being one of the few options available for purchasing food in some communities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> In 2023, Dollar Tree reportedly stopped selling eggs when the price of eggs increased.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> In line with these allegations, a number of states have passed restrictions on where new dollar stores can be opened.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="canada">Canada</h2> <p>On October 11, 2010, Dollar Tree announced its acquisition of Dollar Giant, incorporated in 2001 in <a href="/facts/Vancouver/rn2AKA1n">Vancouver</a>, Canada, for $52 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> At the time of the acquisition, Dollar Giant had about 85 <a href="/facts/Retail_outlet/unzV9sPF">retail outlets</a> in <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/facts/Alberta/PjKJFbJY">Alberta</a>, <a href="/facts/Saskatchewan/ehkUec57">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/facts/Ontario/HUkxk5Rf">Ontario</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Approximately 30 of its retail locations are in British Columbia, making it the second largest dollar store chain in that province. It was Canada's fourth largest operator of <a href="/facts/Dollar_store/31Ss1oua">dollar stores</a>. Dollar Tree has since rebranded all of its Dollar Giant stores to Dollar Tree; these were the first retail locations outside of the United States operated by Dollar Tree. </p><p>As of 2020, the company operates 227 stores across Canada, concentrated in Western Canada and Ontario. All Dollar Tree stores in Canada sell items for <a href="/facts/Canadian_dollar/NMSsTyIE">C$</a>1.50 or mentioned otherwise which is usually less than <a href="/facts/Canadian_dollar/NMSsTyIE">C$</a>2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p><p>Dollar Tree Canada's merchandising team is located in <a href="/facts/Mississauga/xhu6RGJp">Mississauga, Ontario</a>, while its corporate office remains in <a href="/facts/Burnaby/GkynB216">Burnaby</a> in <a href="/facts/Greater_Vancouver/kSQT5CoY">Greater Vancouver</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="recalls">Recalls</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/U.S._Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission/cun9ftPD">U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission</a> lists several recalls for products sold at Dollar Tree stores. The recalled products include salsa jars with broken glass inside them, hot-melt mini glue guns (recalled in January 2008) which could <a href="/facts/Short_circuit/r09vaaeQ">short circuit</a> and cause burns,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> and candle sets (recalled in February 2004) that could produce excessive flame.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/General_store/DcLwFgmx">General store</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/100-yen_shop/xgqnFU0W">100-yen shop</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Retail/unzV9sPF">Types of retail outlets</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dollar Tree. <ul><li><a href="https://www.dollartree.com">Official website</a></li> <li>Business data for Dollar Tree, Inc.: <ul><li><a href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/DLTR:NASDAQ">Google</a></li><li><a href="https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=935703">SEC filings</a></li><li><a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DLTR">Yahoo!</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Dollar Tree, Inc. 2017 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. March 2018. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2018. <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/935703/000093570318000013/dltr-2018x02x03x10k.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/935703/000093570318000013/dltr-2018x02x03x10k.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Shapiro, Carolyn (August 22, 2012). "Dollar Tree plans to start accepting coupons Sunday". pilotonline.com. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021. <a href="https://www.pilotonline.com/business/consumer/article_db683a5b-c4bb-5b00-abaa-6844591f880d.html" target="_blank">https://www.pilotonline.com/business/consumer/article_db683a5b-c4bb-5b00-abaa-6844591f880d.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Dollar Tree, Inc.: History". Dollartree.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014. <a href="http://www.dollartree.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?pageName=History&parentName=About" target="_blank">http://www.dollartree.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?pageName=History&parentName=About</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Dollar Tree, Inc.: History". Dollartree.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014. <a href="http://www.dollartree.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?pageName=History&parentName=About" target="_blank">http://www.dollartree.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?pageName=History&parentName=About</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Dollar Tree, Inc.: History". Dollartree.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014. <a href="http://www.dollartree.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?pageName=History&parentName=About" target="_blank">http://www.dollartree.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?pageName=History&parentName=About</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"The Item 30 Apr 1989, page 44". Retrieved August 1, 2022. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/668736391/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/image/668736391/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Sun-News 21 May 1989, page 59". Retrieved August 1, 2022. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/807793491/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/image/807793491/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Dollar Tree, Inc.: History". Dollartree.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014. <a href="http://www.dollartree.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?pageName=History&parentName=About" target="_blank">http://www.dollartree.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?pageName=History&parentName=About</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Dollar Tree, Inc.: History". Dollartree.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014. <a href="http://www.dollartree.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?pageName=History&parentName=About" target="_blank">http://www.dollartree.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?pageName=History&parentName=About</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Hagerty, James R. (December 22, 2017). "Macon Brock, Dollar Tree Founder, Searched the World for Bargains". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. 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