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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The medieval fiddle emerged in 10th-century Europe, deriving from the <a href="/facts/Byzantine_lira/KaxmUgGR">Byzantine lira</a> (<a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek_language/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a>: λύρα, <a href="/facts/Latin_language/pM3Kge85">Latin</a>: <i>lira</i>, English: lyre), a bowed string instrument of the <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Empire/njEELXWF">Byzantine Empire</a> and ancestor of most European bowed instruments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Lira spread widely westward to Europe; in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms <i>fiddle</i> and <i>lira</i> interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The violin in its present form emerged in early 16th-century <a href="/facts/Northern_Italy/paEuCnnf">northern Italy</a>. The earliest pictures of violins, albeit with three strings, are seen in northern Italy around 1530, at around the same time as the words "violino" and "vyollon" are seen in Italian and French documents. One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, is from the <i>Epitome musical</i> by <a href="/facts/Jambe_de_Fer/j0mG18oH">Jambe de Fer</a>, published in <a href="/facts/Lyon/hKh6EX67">Lyon</a> in 1556.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> By this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>. The fiddle proved very popular among both street musicians and the nobility; the French king <a href="/facts/Charles_IX_of_France/5aTPABkd">Charles IX</a> ordered Andrea Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> One of these instruments, the <i>Charles IX</i>, is the oldest surviving violin. </p><p>Over the centuries, Europe continued to have two distinct types of fiddles: one, relatively square-shaped, held in the arms, became known as the <a href="/facts/Viola_da_braccio_(instrument)/bcf2CyBw">viola da braccio</a> (<i>arm viol</i>) family and evolved into the violin; the other, with sloping shoulders and held between the knees, was the <a href="/facts/Viola_da_gamba/D9tPMTkd">viola da gamba</a> (<i>leg viol</i>) group. During the <a href="/facts/Renaissance/4D9Bc6KU">Renaissance</a> the gambas were important and elegant instruments; they eventually lost ground to the louder <i>viola da braccio</i> family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Etymology/18QG6y67">etymology</a> of <i>fiddle</i> is uncertain: it probably derives from the Latin <i>fidula</i>, which is the early word for <i>violin</i>, or it may be natively Germanic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>[<i>verification needed</i>] </p><p>The name appears to be related to Icelandic <i><a href="/facts/Fi%25C3%25B0la/HBn2L1nf">fiðla</a></i> and also <a href="/facts/Old_English/9rsmQG2a">Old English</a> <i>fiðele</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> A native Germanic ancestor of <i>fiddle</i> might even be the ancestor of the early Romance form of <i>violin</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>In medieval times, <i>fiddle</i> also referred to a predecessor of today's violin. Like the violin, it tended to have four strings, but came in a variety of shapes and sizes. Another family of instruments that contributed to the development of the modern fiddle are the <a href="/facts/Viol/D9tPMTkd">viols</a>, which are held between the legs and played vertically, and have fretted fingerboards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ensembles">Ensembles</h2> <p>In performance, a solo fiddler, or one or two with a group of other instrumentalists, is the norm, though twin fiddling is represented in some North American, Scandinavian, Scottish and Irish styles. Following the folk revivals of the second half of the 20th century, it became common for less formal situations to find large groups of fiddlers playing together—see for example the Calgary Fiddlers, <a href="/facts/Music_of_Sweden/Vcp8IFyz">Swedish</a> <a href="/facts/Spelmanslag/Qb5IuDQk">Spelmanslag</a> folk-musician clubs, and the worldwide phenomenon of <a href="/facts/Irish_traditional_music_session/wHm7AIrN">Irish sessions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Orchestral violins, on the other hand, are commonly grouped in sections, or <a href="/facts/Orchestra/C5Ha0d0G">"chairs"</a>. These contrasting traditions may be vestiges of historical performance settings: large concert halls where violins were played required more instruments, before electronic amplification, than did more intimate dance halls and houses that fiddlers played in. </p><p>The difference was likely compounded by the different sounds expected of violin music and fiddle music. Historically, the majority of fiddle music was dance music,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> while violin music had either grown out of dance music or was something else entirely. Violin music came to value a smoothness that fiddling, with its dance-driven clear beat, did not always follow. In situations that required greater volume, a fiddler (as long as they kept the beat) could push their instrument harder than could a violinist. Various fiddle traditions have differing values. </p> <h3>Scottish, with cello</h3> <p>In the very late 20th century, a few artists successfully reconstructed the Scottish tradition of violin and "big fiddle", or cello. Notable recorded examples include Iain Fraser and Christine Hanson, Amelia Kaminski and Christine Hanson's Bonnie Lasses,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Alasdair_Fraser/YFX60bjm">Alasdair Fraser</a> and <a href="/facts/Natalie_Haas/YlPd7GXv">Natalie Haas</a>' Fire and Grace,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> and Tim Macdonald and Jeremy Ward's <i>The Wilds</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Balkan, with <i>kontra</i></h3> <p>Hungarian, Slovenian, and Romanian fiddle players are often accompanied by a three-stringed variant of the <a href="/facts/Viola/l869ofuf">viola</a>—known as the <i><a href="/facts/Kontra/GRT8BBxG">kontra</a></i>—and by <a href="/facts/Double_bass/zyyj4aay">double bass</a>, with <a href="/facts/Cimbalom/P35qNeho">cimbalom</a> and <a href="/facts/Clarinet/57a45Ia7">clarinet</a> being less standard yet still common additions to a band. In Hungary, a three-stringed viola variant with a flat bridge, called the <i><a href="/facts/Kontra/GRT8BBxG">kontra</a></i> or <i>háromhúros brácsa</i> makes up part of a traditional rhythm section in Hungarian folk music. The flat bridge lets the musician play three-string chords. A three-stringed double bass variant is also used. </p> <h2 id="styles">Styles</h2> <p>To a greater extent than classical violin playing, fiddle playing is characterized by a huge variety of ethnic or <a href="/facts/Folk_music/yFHpeE7k">folk music</a> traditions, each of which has its own distinctive sound. </p> <h3>Europe</h3> <h4>Great Britain</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Folk_music_of_England/poFjKs5P">English folk music</a> fiddling, including <ul><li><a href="/facts/Music_of_Northumbria/8fzcWGdT">Northumbrian</a> fiddle style, which features "seconding", an improvised harmony part played by a second fiddler.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lake_District/yuPLDXT8">Lakeland</a> or <a href="/facts/Cumbria/pJQ0zhrY">Cumbrian</a> fiddling has a repertoire largely based upon <a href="/facts/Hornpipe/uhxgJMtV">hornpipes</a> but also incorporates reels and jigs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scottish_fiddling/gp2hPKtD">Scottish fiddling</a>, including: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Shetland/8YfMHIlV">Shetland</a> fiddling, which includes <a href="/facts/Trow_(folklore)/prW4Cjhl">trowie</a> tunes said to come from <a href="/facts/Little_people_(mythology)/sESvweVM">peerie folk</a>. The style is characterised by "ringing strings" and syncopated rhythms.</li> <li>A North East (particularly <a href="/facts/Aberdeenshire/fXYoJksF">Aberdeenshire</a> and <a href="/facts/Moray/mIbCrRLS">Moray</a>) tradition strongly influenced by baroque violin technique with staccato and <a href="/facts/Scotch_snap/IjUoVmcQ">Scotch snap</a> bowing techniques and <a href="/facts/Double_stops/LXp9pe0Q">double stops</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Scottish_Borders/BegnB11d">Scottish Borders</a> tradition with a repertoire heavy in <a href="/facts/Hornpipe/uhxgJMtV">hornpipes</a> and with heavy use of <a href="/facts/Double_stops/LXp9pe0Q">double stops</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Scottish_Highlands/wJoWjcUe">Highland</a> tradition, highly influenced by the ornamentation and <a href="/facts/Mixolydian/4CmY3oSv">mixolydian</a> scale of the <a href="/facts/Great_Highland_Bagpipe/ag64Dq9m">Great Highland Bagpipe</a>, as well as smoother bowing than other Scottish fiddle styles and a swinging of the 6/8 <a href="/facts/Jig/VtgrGpKw">jig</a> rhythm.</li> <li>A West Highland and <a href="/facts/Hebrides/zsj2EcdF">Hebridean</a> Tradition, very closely related to the Highland tradition with major influence from the <a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic/KMI4MmzJ">Gaelic</a> song tradition.</li> <li>An <a href="/facts/Orkney/CDuLIPfu">Orkney</a> tradition with simpler bowing and ornamentation but with tunes featuring <a href="/facts/Accidental_(music)/prhokUk8">accidentals</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Music_of_Wales/UIG0Yj9V">Welsh fiddling</a> (Welsh <i>Ffidil</i>; see <a href="/facts/Ar_Log/m2EsNSGP">Ar Log</a>), a recently revived tradition.</li></ul> <h4>Ireland</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Irish_traditional_music/7neq6Xdg">Irish folk music</a> fiddling including: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Donegal_fiddle_tradition/UkvSN5rX">Donegal</a> fiddling from the northwest in <a href="/facts/Ulster/K1cCQJBV">Ulster</a>, which features <a href="/facts/Mazurka/pHrG8mgI">mazurkas</a> and a Scottish-influenced repertoire including <a href="/facts/Strathspey_(dance)/yFCoBn3R">Strathspey</a> and <a href="/facts/Highland_Fling/YDhzvWIH">Highland Fling</a> dances. Fiddlers tend to play fast and make heavy use of <a href="/facts/Staccato/sJykEK2o">staccato</a> bowing and may from time to time "play the bass", meaning a second fiddler may play a melody an octave below where a first fiddler is playing it.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sligo/rm5q2Gnp">Sligo</a> fiddling from northern <a href="/facts/Connacht/rfQFugRg">Connacht</a>, which like Donegal fiddling tends to be fast, but with a bouncier feel to the bowing.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Galway/7fJ5vqJW">Galway</a> fiddling southern <a href="/facts/Connacht/rfQFugRg">Connacht</a>, which is slower than Sligo or Donegal traditions, with a heavier emphasis on ornamentation. Tunes are occasionally played in Eb or Bb to match the tonality of flat pipes.</li> <li><a href="/facts/County_Clare/X5WVnehn">Clare</a> fiddling from northern <a href="/facts/Munster/d3Ne8XxY">Munster</a>, which tends to be played near the slower Galway tempo yet with a greater emphasis on the melody itself rather than ornamentation.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sliabh_Luachra/F5wsmFsN">Sliabh Luachra</a> fiddling from the southwest in <a href="/facts/Munster/d3Ne8XxY">Munster</a>, characterized by a unique repertoire of <a href="/facts/Polka/5ow3Qwd4">polkas</a> and <a href="/facts/Slide_(tune_type)/o5HBjBdz">slides</a>, the use of <a href="/facts/Double_stop/LXp9pe0Q">double stops</a> and <a href="/facts/Drone_(music)/kFLTvxqa">drones</a>, as well as playing the melody in two octaves as in Donegal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h4>Nordic countries</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Music_of_Norway/9CbdpoIG">Norwegian fiddling</a> (including <a href="/facts/Hardanger_fiddle/27nhbCyb">Hardanger</a> fiddling; see also <a href="/facts/Bygdedans/QjL1GQs0">Bygdedans</a> and <a href="/facts/Gammaldans/vbwHQqaQ">Gammaldans</a>), including traditions from: <ul><li><a href="/facts/R%25C3%25B8ros_Municipality/rsFABuqm">Røros</a> and <a href="/facts/Nord-Noreg/gjr3JKAq">Nord-Noreg</a> styles, both using the standard fiddle.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Finnskogen/MqsrXvpa">Finnskogen</a>, using the standard fiddle, but featuring some <a href="/facts/Flat_(music)/gS2acguR">flatted notes</a> influenced by Finnish folk music.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voss_Municipality/Q0hyAWun">Voss</a> and <a href="/facts/Telemark/HqXJLMmm">Telemark</a> styles, both using the <a href="/facts/Hardanger_fiddle/27nhbCyb">Hardanger fiddle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Setesdal/yCxIWcm8">Setesdal</a>, which uses both standard and Hardanger fiddles.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Swedish_folk_music/nHmweBhs">Swedish fiddling</a> (including <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A5tfiol/5KxJlr1j">Låtfiol</a> playing; see also <a href="/facts/Spelmanslag/Qb5IuDQk">Spelmanslag</a> and <a href="/facts/Gammaldans/vbwHQqaQ">Gammaldans</a>), including traditions from: <ul><li><a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A4mtland/aUWS9VgD">Jämtland</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dalarna/3Fv6KAAe">Dalarna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Music_of_Finland/7VLQCynj">Finnish fiddling</a>, including the regional styles of: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Kaustinen/aRhV0lId">Kaustinen</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ostrobothnia_(administrative_region)/Pvbdx7zK">Ostrobothnia</a>, heavily influenced by Swedish fiddling.</li></ul></li></ul> <h4>Continental Europe</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Music_of_Austria/metmmjcC">Austrian fiddling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/French_fiddling/fsY3UMhg">French fiddling</a>, including an old tradition from <a href="/facts/Corr%25C3%25A8ze/00qoScya">Corrèze</a> and a revived one from <a href="/facts/Music_of_Brittany/mzMEVxSJ">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hungarian_folk_music/aN0yDVbz">Hungarian folk music</a> traditions</li> <li><a href="/facts/Music_of_Italy/kXkfA2Wk">Italian fiddling</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Klezmer/G5JhxYtg">Klezmer</a> fiddling<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polish_fiddling/hW435pVU">Polish fiddling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Music_of_Portugal/afk9eByx">Mainland Portuguese</a> and <a href="/facts/Azores/yWF1EGs8">Azorean</a> fiddling</li> <li><a href="/facts/Romanian_fiddling/8KwVxh6A">Romanian fiddling</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Americas</h3> <h4>United States</h4> <p><a href="/facts/American_fiddling/p5R34A1o">American fiddling</a> is a broad category including traditional and modern styles: </p> <h5>Traditional</h5> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Blues/f2WSr9QQ">Blues</a> fiddling</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cajun_music/8RqPvTRI">Cajun</a> and <a href="/facts/Zydeco/1uw9u2dg">Zydeco</a> fiddling</li> <li><a href="/facts/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States/lr8Qmd6N">Native American</a> fiddling, including: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cherokee/M43yAzsu">Cherokee</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Muscogee/rh6VII7Q">Creek</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tohono_O%2527odham/Rp5N55Dx">Tohono O'odham</a> <a href="/facts/Chicken_scratch/Wa8g62Jt">waila music</a>, a style heavily influenced by Mexican fiddling<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> and featuring irregular counts and harmonies in thirds, fourths, and sixths.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Old_time_fiddle/ezF95Wgs">Old time</a> fiddling, including: <ul><li>Fiddling from <a href="/facts/Appalachia/GGjCgGyK">Appalachia</a>, the most well-known style today, featuring heavy use of droning and double-stops as well as syncopated bowing patterns.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Athabaskan_fiddling/nXy3IJYW">Athabaskan fiddling</a> of the Interior Alaska.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Midwest/VanHjkw2">Midwestern</a> fiddling, highly influenced by <a href="/facts/Scandinavian_music/M5DSYzbr">Scandinavian music</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ozarks/2Ew5n8vh">Ozarks</a> fiddling, faster and crisper bowing than Appalachia.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a> fiddling, with influences from <a href="/facts/Music_of_Mexico/ooJC7Rkg">Mexican</a> fiddling and an emphasis on competitive playing.</li> <li><a href="/facts/New_England/ufw2BmSl">New England</a> fiddling, with strong influences from <a href="/facts/Quebec/4hhNvb4t">Québécois</a>/<a href="/facts/French_Canadian/CfYF8yXT">French Canadian</a> and British repertoires.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pacific_Northwest/EjJhETXc">Northwest</a> fiddling, with influences from both Ozark and Midwestern fiddle styles, though with a strong emphasis on competitive playing like Texas fiddling.</li></ul></li></ul> <h5>Modern</h5> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bluegrass_fiddle/hRz2LIgE">Bluegrass</a> fiddling</li> <li><a href="/facts/Country_music/UJM3Un98">Country</a> fiddling</li> <li><a href="/facts/Western_swing/oIQK7wTS">Western swing</a> style fiddling<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Canada</h4> <p>Fiddling remains popular in <a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canada</a>, and the various homegrown styles of <a href="/facts/Canadian_fiddling/VFyPhQd8">Canadian fiddling</a> are seen as an important part of the country's cultural identity, as celebrated during the opening ceremony of the <a href="/facts/Vancouver_2010_Winter_Olympics/pnzlvMw0">Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cape_Breton_fiddling/hrDy0KeK">Cape Breton fiddling</a>, with a distinct Scottish influence</li> <li><a href="/facts/French_Canadian/CfYF8yXT">French Canadian</a> fiddling including "<a href="/facts/Crooked_tune/fwTUQJhJ">crooked tunes</a>", that is, tunes with irregular beat patterns.</li> <li><a href="/facts/M%25C3%25A9tis_fiddle/AYCSE3nt">Métis fiddling</a>, of central and western Canada featuring strong French Canadian influence, but with even more "crooked" tunes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Newfoundland/3rdY8zvo">Newfoundland</a> fiddling, also featuring many crooked tunes, colloquially termed ‘singles’ or ‘doubles’.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Maritimes/edkHavUV">Maritimes</a>, <a href="/facts/Acadian/2lWj42q4">Acadian</a> or Downeast style of fiddling, which has many similarities to <a href="/facts/Cape_Breton_fiddling/hrDy0KeK">Cape Breton fiddling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/English_Canadian/qxdpzwS2">English Canadian</a> fiddling or Anglo-Canadian fiddling</li></ul> <h4>Mexico</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Music_of_Mexico/ooJC7Rkg">Mexican</a> fiddling includes </p> <ul><li>Danza indígena</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mariachi/TWcDPt6I">Mariachi</a></li> <li>Son arribeño</li> <li><a href="/facts/Son_calentano/66l3YEId">Son calentano</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Son_huasteco/WMzks6Fq">Son huasteco</a></li> <li>Son planeco</li> <li>Violín-tambora</li> <li>Violín tuxtleco</li> <li>Violín mixteco</li></ul> <h4>South America</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Forr%25C3%25B3/3FJs3oFx">Forró</a>, a type of music from Brazil, including the <i><a href="/facts/Rabeca/fpnYyxPk">rabeca</a></i> fiddle tradition</li> <li><a href="/facts/Music_of_Peru/qPqWbzUL">Peruvian violin</a></li></ul> <h3>Africa, Asia and Australia</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/African_fiddle/WSPpY4Xd">African fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Australian_folk_music/TaKzYj4p">Australian folk music</a> traditions</li> <li><a href="/facts/Huqin/eDu1jFPp">Huqin</a> Chinese fiddles</li> <li><a href="/facts/Morna_(music)/MWjFz7s9">Morna</a> fiddling from <a href="/facts/Cape_Verde/YCNhPVhE">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indian_fiddle/e5Rlj9an">Indian fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indian_classical_music/u74W31Gw">Indian classical music</a></li></ul> <h2 id="related-instruments">Related instruments</h2> <h3>Variants</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hardanger_fiddle/27nhbCyb">Hardanger fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stroh_violin/GIaFsV8o">Stroh violin</a> or phonofiddle, known in Romanian as <i>Vioara cu goarnă</i>.</li></ul> <h3>Near relations</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cello/IeYEXr96">Cello</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Double_bass/zyyj4aay">Double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kontra/GRT8BBxG">Kontra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A5tfiol/5KxJlr1j">Låtfiol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rebec/BzjNwcBz">Rebec</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rabeca/fpnYyxPk">Rabeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Viola/l869ofuf">Viola</a></li></ul> <h3>Distant relations</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Apache_fiddle/cpKv7z6l">Apache fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Byzantine_lyra/KaxmUgGR">Byzantine lyra</a>, the medieval bowed instrument of the Byzantine Empire</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lyra_(Cretan)/DkeodY2d">Cretan Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Crwth/ch3hkNTN">Crwth</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gadulka/S0qEdhdG">Gadulka</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gudok/4NMaS4wn">Gudok</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gusle/uGxzIacD">Gusle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hurdy-gurdy/b2xqCPrI">Hurdy-gurdy</a> also known as the wheel fiddle</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kamancheh/HYzSYLGh">Kamancheh</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lijerica/txqbudP3">Lijerica</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nyckelharpa/lRUrSjvp">Nyckelharpa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rebab/96wsMhSm">Rebab</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Erhu/FchdmFCo">Erhu</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Morin_khuur/Nz9tNGtA">morin khuur</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Music portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Fleadh_Cheoil/pDqclXnF">Fleadh Cheoil</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_All-Ireland_Champions/Phk35K1x">List of All-Ireland Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_fiddlers/9uLzX6e3">List of fiddlers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jazz_violin/4kdgHDLo">Jazz violin</a></li></ul> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li><i>The Fiddle Book</i>, by Marion Thede, (1970), Oak Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8256-0145-2.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/The_Fiddler%2527s_Fakebook/zJ0So3Yj">The Fiddler's Fakebook</a></i>, by David Brody, (1983), Oak Publications. US <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8256-0238-6; UK <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7119-0309-3.</li> <li><i>Oldtime Fiddling Across America</i>, by David Reiner and Peter Anick (1989), Mel Bay Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-87166-766-5. Has transcriptions (standard notation) and analysis of tunes from multiple regional and ethnic styles.</li> <li><i>The Portland Collection</i>, by Susan Songer, (1997), <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-9657476-0-3 (Vol. 2 <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-9657476-1-1)</li> <li><i>North American Fiddle Music: a research and information guide</i> by Drew Beisswenger (2011) Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-99454-5</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1hezQPoGLo">Faroese</a> fiddling</li> <li><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/fiddlers/index.html">The Fiddler's Companion</a>, an encyclopedia of historical notes on tunes from British, Celtic, and American traditions</li> <li><a href="http://www.vithefiddler.com/difference-between-fiddle-and-violin/">Differences</a> between fiddle and violin</li> <li><a href="http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/310">Polish Fiddles</a> - <a href="http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/313">mazanki</a>, <a href="http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/314">złóbcoki</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NCj2-vpkMc&index=4&list=PL-vEE7TX3aIfca1edpfKRz3Vt6HURNAMf">Złóbcoki (fiddles) - “Instruments with Soul” documentary</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.violoneux.fr">Violoneux.fr</a>, background information on fiddlers of different French regions in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. In French.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Gyles, Mary Francis (January 1947). "Nero Fiddled While Rome Burned". The Classical Journal. 42 (4): 211–17. JSTOR 3291751. <a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Journal" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Classical_Journal</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Reiner, David; Anick, Peter (1989). Mel Bay's Old-Time Fiddling Across America. Mel Bay Publications, Inc. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7866-5381-2. Double shuffle: syncopated string crossing on a chord, with the top note changing. <a href="978-0-7866-5381-2" target="_blank">978-0-7866-5381-2</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Harris, Rodger (2009). "Fiddling". Okhistory.org. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 2017-04-07. <a href="http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=FI001" target="_blank">http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=FI001</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Alison Krauss - The bluegrass rose blooms | No Depression". 29 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 21 April 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100342/http://nodepression.com/article/alison-krauss-bluegrass-rose-blooms" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100342/http://nodepression.com/article/alison-krauss-bluegrass-rose-blooms</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"fiddle". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 March 2009. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" target="_blank">/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Baines, Anthony (November 12, 1992). The Oxford Companion to Musical Instruments. Oxford University Press USA. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"fiddle". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 March 2009. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" target="_blank">/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Deverich, Robin Kay (2006). "Historical Background of the Violin". ViolinOnline.com. Retrieved 2006-09-22. <a href="http://www.violinonline.com/historicalbackgroundoftheviolin.htm" target="_blank">http://www.violinonline.com/historicalbackgroundoftheviolin.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Bartruff, William. "The History of the Violin". Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2006-09-22. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208112530/http://www.bartruff.com/history.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070208112530/http://www.bartruff.com/history.php</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Diana Poulton (1984). "Viol". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. pp. 736–741. Volume 3. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"fiddle". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2008-03-28. The ultimate origin is obscure. The [Teutonic] word bears a singular resemblance in sound to its [medieval Latin] synonym vitula, vidula, whence [Old French] viole, Pr. viula, and (by adoption from these [languages]) [Italian], [Spanish], [Portuguese] viola: see [viol]. The supposition that the early [Romance] vidula was adopted independently in more than one [Teutonic language] would account adequately for all the [Teutonic] forms; on the other hand, *fiÞulôn- may be an [Old Teutonic] word of native etymology, although no satisfactory [Teutonic] derivation has been found. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) <a href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=fiddle" target="_blank">https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=fiddle</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Bosworth and Toller". Germanic Lexicon Project. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. 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Retrieved 2018-04-09. <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/viol/hd_viol.htm" target="_blank">https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/viol/hd_viol.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"The Session: Sessions". Retrieved 28 August 2006. <a href="https://www.thesession.org/sessions/index.php" target="_blank">https://www.thesession.org/sessions/index.php</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Webster, Andy (16 March 2012). "Traditional Irish Music in New York City". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2018. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/arts/music/traditional-irish-music-in-new-york-city.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/arts/music/traditional-irish-music-in-new-york-city.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Harris, Rodger (2009). "Fiddling". Okhistory.org. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 2017-04-07. <a href="http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=FI001" target="_blank">http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=FI001</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Amelia Kaminski Productions". Willockandsaxgallery.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-14. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112125429/http://www.willockandsaxgallery.com/kaminski.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111112125429/http://www.willockandsaxgallery.com/kaminski.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Fire & Grace". Culburnie.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-11-14. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928193410/http://www.culburnie.com/albums/AlasdairFraser/fire_and_grace.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110928193410/http://www.culburnie.com/albums/AlasdairFraser/fire_and_grace.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"The Wilds". Tim Macdonald and Jeremy Ward. 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2018-08-24. <a href="http://www.timandjeremy.com/wilds" target="_blank">http://www.timandjeremy.com/wilds</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Gilchrist, Anne Geddes. "Some Old Lake Country Fiddlers and their Tune Books". <a href="http://www.cpartington.plus.com/Links/Irwin/Lake%20District%20Fiddlers.html" target="_blank">http://www.cpartington.plus.com/Links/Irwin/Lake%20District%20Fiddlers.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Joseph Lyons. "Scottish Fiddle Music". 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