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Egyptian Expeditionary Force
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Formed in the British protectorate of the <a href="/facts/Sultanate_of_Egypt/ILg3jcls">Sultanate of Egypt</a>, the initially small force was raised to guard the <a href="/facts/Suez_Canal/1zYoNryp">Suez Canal</a> and Egypt. After the withdrawal from the <a href="/facts/Gallipoli_campaign/EDePckSo">Gallipoli campaign</a> the force grew into a large reserve to provide reinforcements for the <a href="/facts/Western_Front_(World_War_I)/RrhMPVQP">Western Front</a>, while the <a href="/facts/Western_Frontier_Force/Y6xA5zlm">Western Frontier Force</a> fought in the <a href="/facts/Senussi_campaign/WT5Wkfrx">Senussi campaign</a> from 1915 to 1917 and the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Force/a50FoQVd">Eastern Force</a> (EF) defended the canal at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Romani/tRdPFckf">Battle of Romani</a> in August 1916.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Following the victory at Romani, part of the Eastern Force pursued the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> invading force back to <a href="/facts/Palestine_(region)/HxMSPazK">Palestine</a> after the victories at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Magdhaba/BWG91YKz">Battle of Magdhaba</a> in December 1916 and the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Rafa/4Cg6hEkr">Battle of Rafa</a> in January 1917, by which time the <a href="/facts/Desert_Column/4btKG8Qo">Desert Column</a> had been formed within the EF. These victories resulted in the recapture of substantial Egyptian territory and were followed in March and April by two Eastern Force defeats on Ottoman territory, at the <a href="/facts/First_Battle_of_Gaza/S9uDNCaj">First Battle of Gaza</a> and <a href="/facts/Second_Battle_of_Gaza/jVaqLax6">Second Battle of Gaza</a> in southern Palestine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Stalemate_in_Southern_Palestine/XBbN9IKk">Stalemate in Southern Palestine</a> from April to October 1917, Murray consolidated the EF's position and in June General <a href="/facts/Edmund_Allenby/WTaRQ94M">Edmund Allenby</a> took command and began preparations to take the offensive, employing <a href="/facts/Manoeuvre_warfare/JAgeqnGn">manoeuvre warfare</a>. He reorganised the force into the <a href="/facts/XX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)/V6FR6tIs">XX Corps</a>, <a href="/facts/XXI_Corps_(United_Kingdom)/4Fja7t3v">XXI Corps</a> and <a href="/facts/Desert_Mounted_Corps/Ugv2tFGy">Desert Mounted Corps</a> (formerly the Desert Column).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> On 31 October two corps captured <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)/bd7J7FcJ">Beersheba</a> defended by the Ottoman III Corps (which had fought at Gallipoli), which weakened their defences stretching almost continually from Gaza to Beersheba. Subsequently the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Tel_el_Khuweilfe/fzt2zqG3">Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe</a>, the <a href="/facts/Third_Battle_of_Gaza/XSKFo8lL">Third Battle of Gaza</a> and the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Hareira_and_Sheria/wdmVF642">Battle of Hareira and Sheria</a> forced an Ottoman withdrawal from Gaza on the night of 6/7 November and the beginning of the pursuit to Jerusalem. During the subsequent operations, about fifty mi (80 km) of Ottoman territory, was captured as a result of the EEF victories at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge/FBR9YrIQ">Battle of Mughar Ridge</a> (10–14 November) and the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)/84AkTVhk">Battle of Jerusalem</a> (17 November – 30 December.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <p>Serious losses on the Western Front in March 1918 during the <a href="/facts/German_spring_offensive/fShURo0M">German spring offensive</a>, forced the British to divert forces from the EEF. During this time, two unsuccessful attacks were made, the <a href="/facts/First_Transjordan_attack_on_Amman/KFkH4T44">First Transjordan attack on Amman</a> and the <a href="/facts/Second_Transjordan_attack_on_Shunet_Nimrin_and_Es_Salt/tqVX9roY">Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt</a> to capture Es Salt, in March and April 1918, before Allenby's force resumed the offensive, again employing manoeuvre warfare at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)/pUopA9NE">Battle of Megiddo</a>. The successful infantry attacks of the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Tulkarm/6btsdNGM">Battle of Tulkarm</a> and the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Tabsor/03r2qkcq">Battle of Tabsor</a> created gaps in the Ottoman defences, enabling the pursuit by the Desert Mounted Corps to <a href="/facts/Encirclement/qS3fbETj">encircle</a> the Ottoman infantry fighting in the <a href="/facts/Judean_Hills/C6zQH7D2">Judean Hills</a> during the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Nazareth/bmNw0pn6">Battle of Nazareth</a>, the <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Afulah_and_Beisan/qQXIRN03">Capture of Afulah and Beisan</a>, the <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Jenin/JUDEcakN">Capture of Jenin</a>, the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Samakh/yB6PbPHt">Battle of Samakh</a> and the <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Tiberias/gEC5MFxK">capture of Tiberias</a>. The EEF destroyed three Ottoman armies during the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Sharon/D3FJ35sx">Battle of Sharon</a>, the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Nablus_(1918)/Lg548hjy">Battle of Nablus</a> and the <a href="/facts/Third_Transjordan_attack/7Hqv95NP">Third Transjordan attack</a>, capturing thousands of prisoners and large quantities of equipment. The EEF pursued the surviving German and Ottoman forces to <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Damascus_(1918)/PUy8NnFb">Damascus</a> and <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Aleppo_(1918)/hopAYWJP">Aleppo</a>, before the Ottoman Empire agreed to the <a href="/facts/Armistice_of_Mudros/jnwzDYwU">Armistice of Mudros</a> on 30 October 1918, ending the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The <a href="/facts/Mandate_for_Palestine/rTD4dAqo">British Mandate of Palestine</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon/cgLelKNn">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a> were created to administer the captured territories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Structure_of_the_Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force/nkuHWJos">Structure of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a></p> <h2 id="weapons">Weapons</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/QF_13-pounder_gun/UP4Nla69">QF 13-pounder gun</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/QF_18-pounder_gun/1mL0bYw4">QF 18-pounder gun</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign/sXxMkGFQ">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_Palestine/UI5IoA17">History of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Palestine/518dPxje">Postage stamps and postal history of Palestine</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Bruce, Anthony (2002). <i>The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7195-5432-2.</li> <li>Falls, Cyril; Becke, A. F. (maps) (1930). <i>Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War (Part I)</i>. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: <a href="/facts/HMSO/Embm7Q3b">HMSO</a>. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644354483">644354483</a>.</li> <li>Falls, Cyril; Becke, A. F. (maps) (1930a). <i>Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War (Part II)</i>. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: HMSO. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256950972">256950972</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eustace_Graham_Keogh/nHr0qTWD">Keogh, E. G.</a>; Graham, J. (1955). <i>Suez to Aleppo</i>. Melbourne: Directorate of Military Training by Wilkie. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220029983">220029983</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Archibald_Wavell%2c_1st_Earl_Wavell/we0DN5rj">Wavell, Field Marshal Earl</a> (1968) [1933]. "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). <i>A Short History of the British Army</i> (4th ed.). London: Constable. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35621223">35621223</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321182333/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/war_diaries/first_world_war/subclass.asp?levelID=1468">"1st Light Horse Brigade War Diary"</a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. March 1917. Archived from <a href="http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/war_diaries/first_world_war/subclass.asp?levelID=1468">the original</a> on 2011-03-21.</li> <li>Battaglia, Antonello (2005). <i>Da Suez ad Aleppo. La campagna Alleata e il Distaccamento italiano in Siria e Palestina (1917–1921)</i> [<i>From Suez to Aleppo. The Allied campaign and the Italian detachment in Syria and Palestine (1917–1921)</i>]. Roma: Nuova Cultura. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-88-6812-560-8.</li> <li>Bowman–Manifold, M. G. E. (1923). <i>An Outline of the Egyptian and Palestine Campaigns, 1914 to 1918</i> (2nd ed.). Chatham: W. & J. Mackay for The Institution of Royal Engineers. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224893679">224893679</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_Carver/NJ3K28E0">Carver, Michael</a> (2003). <i>The National Army Museum Book of The Turkish Front 1914–1918 The Campaigns at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia and in Palestine</i>. London: Pan Macmillan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-283-07347-2.</li> <li>Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). <i>Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles</i>. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-86448-611-2.</li> <li>Cutlack, Frederic Morley (1941). <a href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069925/"><i>The Australian Flying Corps in the Western and Eastern Theatres of War, 1914–1918</i></a> (online scan). Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. VIII (11th ed.). Canberra, ACT: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220900299">220900299</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/war_diaries/first_world_war/subclass.asp?levelID=1362">"General Staff General Headquarters Egyptian Expeditionary Force"</a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. February 1918.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321175713/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/war_diaries/first_world_war/subclass.asp?levelID=1338">"General Staff Headquarters Anzac Mounted Division War Diary"</a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. December 1916. Archived from <a href="http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/war_diaries/first_world_war/subclass.asp?levelID=1338">the original</a> on 2011-03-21.</li> <li>Gullett, Henry S. (1941). <a href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069924/"><i>The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine, 1914–1918</i></a> (online scan). Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. VII (11th ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220900153">220900153</a>.</li> <li>Jones, Ian (1987). <i>Australians at War: The Australian Light Horse</i>. North Sydney: Time-Life Books (Australia). <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-949118-06-6.</li> <li>Massey, William T. (1920). <a href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027811573"><i>Allenby's Final Triumph</i></a> (online scan ed.). London: Constable. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/345306">345306</a> – via Archive Foundation.</li> <li>McGuirk, Russell (2007). <i>The Sanusi's Little War: The Amazing Story of a Forgotten Conflict in the Western Desert, 1915–1917</i>. London: Arabian Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9544772-7-1.</li> <li>Powles, C. Guy; Wilkie, A. (1922). <a href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH1-Sina.html"><i>The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine</i></a> (online scan). Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War. Vol. III. Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2959465">2959465</a> – via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection.</li> <li>Preston, R. M. P. (1921). <a href="https://archive.org/details/desertmountedco00presgoog"><i>The Desert Mounted Corps: An Account of the Cavalry Operations in Palestine and Syria 1917–1918</i></a> (online scan). London: Constable. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3900439">3900439</a> – via Archive Foundation.</li> <li>Woodward, David R. (2006). <i>Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East</i>. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8131-2383-7.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bruce 2002, p. 34. - Bruce, Anthony (2002). The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-5432-2. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Keogh & Graham 1955, p. 32. - Keogh, E. G.; Graham, J. (1955). Suez to Aleppo. Melbourne: Directorate of Military Training by Wilkie. OCLC 220029983. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220029983" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220029983</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Wavell 1968, p. 41. - Wavell, Field Marshal Earl (1968) [1933]. "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). A Short History of the British Army (4th ed.). London: Constable. OCLC 35621223. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35621223" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35621223</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Falls & Becke 1930, pp. 69–204. - Falls, Cyril; Becke, A. F. (maps) (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War (Part I). Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: HMSO. OCLC 644354483. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644354483" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644354483</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Falls & Becke 1930, pp. 242–350. - Falls, Cyril; Becke, A. F. (maps) (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War (Part I). Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: HMSO. OCLC 644354483. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644354483" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644354483</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Falls & Becke 1930, pp. 351–372. - Falls, Cyril; Becke, A. F. (maps) (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War (Part I). Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: HMSO. OCLC 644354483. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644354483" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644354483</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Falls & Becke 1930a, pp. 1–43. - Falls, Cyril; Becke, A. F. (maps) (1930a). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War (Part II). Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: HMSO. OCLC 256950972. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256950972" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256950972</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Falls & Becke 1930a, pp. 44–647. - Falls, Cyril; Becke, A. F. (maps) (1930a). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War (Part II). Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: HMSO. OCLC 256950972. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256950972" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256950972</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Falls & Becke 1930a, pp. 244–647. - Falls, Cyril; Becke, A. F. (maps) (1930a). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War (Part II). Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: HMSO. OCLC 256950972. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256950972" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256950972</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>