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Rural Electrification Act
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>On May 11, 1935, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 7037, which created the <a href="/facts/Rural_Electrification_Administration/AyVqrTSF">Rural Electrification Administration</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> In 1936, the Congress endorsed Roosevelt's action by passing the Rural Electrification Act. At the time the Rural Electrification Act was passed, electricity was commonplace in cities but largely unavailable in farms, ranches, and other rural places. Representative <a href="/facts/John_E._Rankin/68oAnJmR">John E. Rankin</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and Senator <a href="/facts/George_William_Norris/mB9DS7Eg">George William Norris</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> were supporters of the Rural Electrification Act, which was signed into law by Roosevelt on May 20, 1936. </p><p>Speaker of the House <a href="/facts/Sam_Rayburn/fUqR3xBB">Sam Rayburn</a> was a major proponent of the REA, which he helped pass in 1936 as Chairman of the <a href="/facts/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce/paBSSfjf">House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee</a>. Rayburn stated in 1959 that ninety percent of farm homes in the U.S. were electrified, compared to three percent in the early 1930s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="technical-issues">Technical issues</h2> <p>In the 1930s, the provision of power to remote areas was not thought to be economically feasible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> A 2300-<a href="/facts/Volt/KF18MXP2">volt</a> distribution system was then used in cities. This relatively low voltage could be carried only about 4 miles (6.4 km) before the <a href="/facts/Voltage_drop/zR5RmLKI">voltage drop</a> became unacceptable. REA cooperatives used a 6900-volt distribution network (soon changed to the present-day 12,470/7200V 4-wire Y system), which could support much longer runs (up to about 40 mi (64 km)). Despite requiring more expensive transformers at each home, the overall system cost was manageable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="wiring-homes-and-farms">Wiring homes and farms</h2> <p>REA crews traveled through the American countryside, bringing teams of <a href="/facts/Electrician/JWGGvdY6">electricians</a> along with them. The electricians added wiring to houses and <a href="/facts/Barn/84lcw6U2">barns</a> to utilize the newly available power provided by the line crews. A standard REA installation in a house (post-World War II) consisted of: </p> <ul><li>A 60-<a href="/facts/Ampere/MScqkCgz">amp</a>, 230-volt <a href="/facts/Distribution_board/dlKaDFU8">fuse panel</a>, with:</li></ul> <ol><li>A 60-amp range circuit</li> <li>A 20-amp kitchen circuit</li> <li>Two or three 15-amp lighting circuits</li></ol> <p>A ceiling-mounted <a href="/facts/Light_fixture/vjgU4z1f">light fixture</a> was installed in each room, usually controlled by a single <a href="/facts/Switch/vqbNDgYm">switch</a> mounted near a door. At most, one <a href="/facts/Electrical_outlet/938U5dTF">outlet</a> was installed per room, since plug-connected appliances were expensive and uncommon. Wiring was performed using type <a href="/facts/Electrical_wiring_in_North_America/l095190m">NM</a> (nonmetallic sheathed cable), insulated with <a href="/facts/Asbestos/dEnjQyee">asbestos</a>-reinforced <a href="/facts/Rubber/CbsjJxhY">rubber</a> covered with <a href="/facts/Jute/33l9lhI9">jute</a> and <a href="/facts/Tar/E4tVbqyq">tar</a>. </p><p>Many of these original installations still exist today, though most have been augmented to support a greater number and variety of appliances. </p> <h2 id="later-amendments">Later amendments</h2> <p>Some amendments to the Rural Electrification Act include: </p> <ul><li>1944: loan terms increased to 35 years; the act is made permanent<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>1949: extended the act to allow loans to telephone companies wishing to extend their connections to unconnected rural areas<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>1993: provisions to restructure the direct loan programs for rural electricity, telephone cooperatives, and <a href="/facts/Energy_conservation_in_the_United_States/LKy9PBv9">energy conservation</a> market<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>December 8, 1993: <a href="/facts/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement/IdgE7ClR">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> Implementation Act—The "Buy American" provision to now include <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a> and <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>.</li> <li>2008: provisions for access to rural <a href="/facts/Broadband/nEn3A95N">broadband</a> <a href="/facts/Telecommunications_network/NFCX0STS">telecommunications network</a> and <a href="/facts/Rural_internet/8HVqEtGB">rural internet</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/facts/Pilot_experiment/MlAyYHnP">pilot program</a> for rural gigabit <a href="/facts/Broadband_networks/MwNj5jL8">broadband network</a></li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th>Date of enactment</th><th>Public law number</th><th>U.S. statute citation</th><th>U.S. legislative bill</th><th>U.S. Presidential administration</th></tr><tr><td>September 21, 1944</td><td>P.L. 78-425</td><td>58 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-58-734">734</a></td><td>H.R. 4278</td><td>Franklin D. Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><td>October 28, 1949</td><td>P.L. 81-423</td><td>63 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-63-948">948</a></td><td>H.R. 2960</td><td>Harry S. Truman</td></tr><tr><td>June 15, 1955</td><td>P.L. 84–70</td><td>69 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-69-131">131</a></td><td>S. 153</td><td>Dwight D. Eisenhower</td></tr><tr><td>October 23, 1962</td><td>P.L. 87-862</td><td>76 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-76-1140">1140</a></td><td>H.R. 10708</td><td>John F. Kennedy</td></tr><tr><td>May 7, 1971</td><td>P.L. 92–12</td><td>85 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-85-29">29</a></td><td>S. 70</td><td>Richard M. Nixon</td></tr><tr><td>June 30, 1972</td><td>P.L. 92-324</td><td>86 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-86-390">390</a></td><td>H.R. 14423</td><td>Richard M. Nixon</td></tr><tr><td>May 11, 1973</td><td>P.L. 93–32</td><td>87 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-87-65">65</a></td><td><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/senate-bill/394">S. 394</a></td><td>Richard M. Nixon</td></tr><tr><td>November 4, 1975</td><td>P.L. 94–124</td><td>89 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-89-677">677</a></td><td><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/94th-congress/house-bill/4799">H.R. 4799</a></td><td>Gerald R. Ford</td></tr><tr><td>October 20, 1976</td><td>P.L. 94-570</td><td>90 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-90-2701">2701</a></td><td><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/94th-congress/house-bill/12207">H.R. 12207</a></td><td>Gerald R. Ford</td></tr><tr><td>May 25, 1984</td><td>P.L. 98-300</td><td>98 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-98-215">215</a></td><td><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-bill/2211">H.R. 2211</a></td><td>Ronald W. Reagan</td></tr><tr><td>October 21, 1992</td><td>P.L. 102–428</td><td>106 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-106-2183">2183</a></td><td><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/5237">H.R. 5237</a></td><td>George H.W. Bush</td></tr><tr><td>November 1, 1993</td><td>P.L. 103–129</td><td>107 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-107-1356">1356</a></td><td><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/3123">H.R. 3123</a></td><td>William J. Clinton</td></tr><tr><td>December 17, 1993</td><td>P.L. 103–201</td><td>107 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-107-2342">2342</a></td><td><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/3514">H.R. 3514</a></td><td>William J. Clinton</td></tr><tr><td>June 18, 2008</td><td>P.L. 110–246</td><td>122 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-122-1651">1651</a></td><td><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/6124">H.R. 6124</a></td><td>George W. Bush</td></tr><tr><td>February 7, 2014</td><td>P.L. 113–79</td><td>128 <a href="/facts/United_States_Statutes_at_Large/tT1dUjXo">Stat.</a> <a href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-128-649">649</a></td><td><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2642">H.R. 2642</a></td><td>Barack H. Obama II</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_utility_cooperatives/4HopPtX9">List of utility cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rural_Utilities_Service/AyVqrTSF">Rural Utilities Service</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.ccrh.org/comm/moses/primary/electrif.html">Full text of the original Rural Electrification Act of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.usda.gov/rus/regs/info/100-1/title_i.htm">Rural Electrification Act of 1936 With Amendments as Approved through December 31, 2000</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sablik, Tim (First Quarter 2020). "Electrifying Rural America". Econ Focus. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond" target="_blank">/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Rural Electrification Act". Ohio History Central. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227183437/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Rural_Electrification_Act" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20231227183437/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Rural_Electrification_Act</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Franklin D. Roosevelt: 'Executive Order 7037 Establishing the Rural Electrification Administration.,' May 11, 1935". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved July 3, 2016. <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15057" target="_blank">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15057</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Zwiers, Maarten (July 11, 2017). "John Elliott Rankin". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Center for Study of Southern Culture. Retrieved November 9, 2021. <a href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/john-elliott-rankin/" target="_blank">https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/john-elliott-rankin/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Rural Electrification Act (1936)". Living New Deal. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved November 9, 2021. <a href="https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/rural-electrification-act-1936/" target="_blank">https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/rural-electrification-act-1936/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Anderson, Paul E. "Sam Rayburn and Rural Electrification". East Texas History. Retrieved August 16, 2024. <a href="https://easttexashistory.org/items/show/73" target="_blank">https://easttexashistory.org/items/show/73</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>McBride, Brandon (May 20, 2016). "Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Rural Electrification Administration". USDA. Retrieved November 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2016/05/20/celebrating-80th-anniversary-rural-electrification-administration" target="_blank">https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2016/05/20/celebrating-80th-anniversary-rural-electrification-administration</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"The Rural Electrification Act". Harrison Rural Electrification Association, Inc. Retrieved November 9, 2021. <a href="https://www.harrisonrea.com/history.html" target="_blank">https://www.harrisonrea.com/history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Statement on Signing a Rural Electrification Bill.," September 22, 1944". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved July 3, 2016. <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16560" target="_blank">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16560</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Harry S. Truman: 'Statement by the President Upon Signing Bill Providing for Improved Rural Telephone Facilities.,' October 28, 1949". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved July 3, 2016. <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=13342" target="_blank">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=13342</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "William J. Clinton: 'Statement on Signing the Rural Electrification Loan Restructuring Act of 1993,' November 1, 1993". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved July 4, 2016. <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46049" target="_blank">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46049</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>