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VSS Unity
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p>VSS <i>Unity</i>, the second <a href="/facts/SpaceShipTwo/IAAHm6Qx">SpaceShipTwo</a> suborbital spaceplane for <a href="/facts/Virgin_Galactic/BrJavxml">Virgin Galactic</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> was the first SpaceShipTwo built by <a href="/facts/The_Spaceship_Company/YnIJU2u0">The Spaceship Company</a>. The ship's name was announced on 19 February 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Prior to the naming announcement, the craft was referred to as SpaceShipTwo, Serial Number Two.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> There was speculation in 2004 that Serial Number Two would be named VSS <i>Voyager</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> an unofficial name that was repeatedly used in media coverage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The name <i>Unity</i> was chosen by British physicist <a href="/facts/Stephen_Hawking/b7dcce7n">Stephen Hawking</a>. Hawking's eye was also used as the model for the eye logo on the side of <i>Unity</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The manufacture of <i>Unity</i> began in 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The spacecraft's registration, N202VG, was filed in September 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> As of early November 2014, the build of <i>Unity</i> was about 90 percent structurally complete, and 65 percent complete overall. As of April 2015, ground tests of <i>Unity</i> were projected to be able to begin as early as late 2015,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> after being projected as early as mid-2015 as of November 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> On 21 May 2015, <i>Unity</i> reached the milestone of bearing the weight of the airframe on its own wheels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The spaceship was unveiled on 19 February 2016,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> as Virgin Galactic founder Sir <a href="/facts/Richard_Branson/khhRPD3m">Richard Branson</a> had projected in November 2015; ground and flight testing commenced thereafter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>VSS <i>Unity</i> was the second SpaceShipTwo to be completed; the first, <a href="/facts/VSS_Enterprise/YSKlenFY">VSS <i>Enterprise</i></a>, was <a href="/facts/VSS_Enterprise_crash/0Xm5M7Se">destroyed in a crash</a> in late October 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>After rollout and unveiling, a phase of testing called "<a href="/facts/System_integration_testing/3JHUQkvz">Integrated Vehicle Ground Testing</a>" began on VSS <i>Unity</i> in February 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h3>Test flight program</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/VSS_Enterprise/YSKlenFY">VSS Enterprise § Flight test program</a></p> <p>VSS <i>Unity</i> underwent a test regimen similar to VSS <i>Enterprise</i> and then embarked on testing beyond what <i>Enterprise</i> experienced. The test flights were expected to be fewer, as <i>Enterprise</i> had already tested the design's responses under numerous conditions. For each flight test, the <a href="/facts/Scaled_Composites_White_Knight_Two/yLNJmmH8">White Knight Two</a> aircraft carried <i>Unity</i> to altitude. Testing began with captive carry flights, in which <i>Unity</i> was not released from its carrier aircraft. Testing then progressed to free-flight glide testing, and continued with powered test flights.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>On 8 September 2016, Virgin Galactic commenced flight testing of <i>Unity</i> with a captive-carry flight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> On 1 November 2016, Virgin Galactic conducted another captive-carry flight of <i>Unity</i> but cancelled the glide portion of the flight because of wind speed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> On 3 November and 30 November, additional captive-carry flights took place.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>In July 2017, Richard Branson suggested that the craft was to begin powered tests at three-week intervals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> In September 2017, CEO George Whitesides suggested that engine testing was complete, and that only a "small number of glide flights" remained before VSS <i>Unity</i> would begin powered test flights.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The first powered flight test took place on 5 April 2018 when a 30-second rocket firing accelerated <i>Unity</i> to a speed of <a href="/facts/Mach_number/Ee01MIgw">Mach</a> 1.87 and an altitude of 84,271 ft (25,686 m).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> The first powered test flight of <i>Unity</i> exceeded the altitude of all powered test flights of its predecessor, <i>Enterprise</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/VSS_Unity_VP-03/qaGc8jG8">VSS <i>Unity</i> VP-03</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Suborbital_spaceflight/NdLRlGIq">suborbital spaceflight</a> of VSS <i>Unity</i> was successfully completed on 13 December 2018, surpassing the 50 miles (80 km) altitude considered the <a href="/facts/Outer_space/R3LRKyFs">boundary of outer space</a> by NASA and the United States Air Force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>Following its February 2019 flight to space, VSS <i>Unity</i> began to undergo modifications including installation of the commercial cabin, and changes to cockpit displays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Upon completion of these modifications, VSS <i>Unity</i> along with its carrier craft, <a href="/facts/VMS_Eve/5FDLtaM4">VMS <i>Eve</i></a>, were moved to <a href="/facts/Spaceport_America/sLWgIGvh">Spaceport America</a> in New Mexico in February 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> After completing two additional glide tests in New Mexico in May and June 2020, VSS <i>Unity</i> underwent final modifications to the commercial cabin<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> and in July 2020, Virgin Galactic first publicly showed the interior of the spacecraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p><i>Unity</i> then continued the test flight program in the years 2020–2023. A notable flight occurred in 2021 when Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson flew aboard <i>Unity</i> to space. The final test flight (defined as final flight with only Virgin Galactic personnel onboard) was <a href="/facts/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_25/jf2xSj8A">Virgin Galactic Unity 25</a> mission on 25 May 2023. The first operational flight of <i>Unity</i> (defined as the first flight flying passengers that were not Virgin Galactic employees) was <a href="/facts/Galactic_01/9pPsnI92">Galactic 01</a> on 29 June 2023. </p><p>The flights of VSS <i>Unity</i> ended mid-2024 to focus the effort on the next generation Delta-class vehicles, expected for 2025–26.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h3>List of spaceflights by VSS <i>Unity</i></h3> VSS <i>Unity</i> flights into space (above 50 miles)<table><tbody><tr><th>Flight</th><th>Date</th><th>Outcome</th><th>Top speed</th><th>Altitude</th><th>Crew</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/VSS_Unity_VP-03/qaGc8jG8">VSS <i>Unity</i> VP-03</a></td><td>13 December 2018</td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 2.9 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td>82.72 km (51.40 mi)</td><td><a href="/facts/Mark_P._Stucky/XN94HrL6">Mark P. Stucky</a> and <a href="/facts/Frederick_W._Sturckow/52mkETvA">Frederick W. Sturckow</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/VSS_Unity_VF-01/Ne1nLqma">VSS <i>Unity</i> VF-01</a></td><td>22 February 2019</td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 3.04 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td>89.9 km (55.9 mi) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/David_Mackay_(pilot)/LtV1SMS4">Dave Mackay</a>, <a href="/facts/Michael_Masucci/tc29GBVm">Michael Masucci</a>, and <a href="/facts/Beth_Moses/CAAkYz4n">Beth Moses</a> (passenger)</td></tr><tr><td>VSS <i>Unity</i> VF-02</td><td>12 December 2020, 16:15 UTC (aborted)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td>Aborted prior to ignition</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td><a href="/facts/David_Mackay_(pilot)/LtV1SMS4">Dave Mackay</a> and <a href="/facts/Frederick_W._Sturckow/52mkETvA">Frederick W. Sturckow</a>. Attempted spaceflight<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_21/QyhSsYl3">VSS <i>Unity</i> 21</a></td><td>22 May 2021, 15:26 <a href="/facts/Coordinated_Universal_Time/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a></td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 3</td><td>89.2 km (55.4 mi)</td><td><a href="/facts/David_Mackay_(pilot)/LtV1SMS4">Dave Mackay</a> and <a href="/facts/Frederick_W._Sturckow/52mkETvA">Frederick W. Sturckow</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_22/4Y5gL4pA">VSS <i>Unity</i> 22</a></td><td>11 July 2021, 15:04 <a href="/facts/Coordinated_Universal_Time/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a></td><td>Success<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td>Mach 3.2</td><td>86 km (53 mi)</td><td><a href="/facts/David_Mackay_(pilot)/LtV1SMS4">David Mackay</a>, <a href="/facts/Michael_Masucci/tc29GBVm">Michael Masucci</a>, <a href="/facts/Sirisha_Bandla/hfkr20bu">Sirisha Bandla</a>, <a href="/facts/Colin_Bennett_(astronaut)/4Y5gL4pA">Colin Bennett</a>, <a href="/facts/Beth_Moses/CAAkYz4n">Beth Moses</a> and <a href="/facts/Richard_Branson/khhRPD3m">Richard Branson</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_25/jf2xSj8A">VSS <i>Unity</i> Unity 25</a></td><td>25 May 2023, 16:23 <a href="/facts/Coordinated_Universal_Time/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 2.94<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td>87.2 km (54.2 mi)</td><td><a href="/facts/Michael_Masucci/tc29GBVm">Michael Masucci</a>, <a href="/facts/Frederick_W._Sturckow/52mkETvA">Frederick W. Sturckow</a>, <a href="/facts/Beth_Moses/CAAkYz4n">Beth Moses</a>, Luke Mays, Jamila Gilbert, Christopher Huie</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_01/9pPsnI92">Galactic 01</a></td><td>29 June 2023, 15:28 <a href="/facts/Coordinated_Universal_Time/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 2.88</td><td>85.1 km (52.9 mi)</td><td><a href="/facts/Michael_Masucci/tc29GBVm">Michael Masucci</a>, <a href="/facts/Nicola_Pecile/b1Vx78TX">Nicola Pecile</a>, <a href="/facts/Walter_Villadei/etfflDTB">Walter Villadei</a>, Angelo Landolfi, Pantaleone Carlucci and <a href="/facts/Colin_Bennett_(astronaut)/4Y5gL4pA">Colin Bennett</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_02/cDJ7qrPx">Galactic 02</a></td><td>10 August 2023, 15:17 <a href="/facts/Coordinated_Universal_Time/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 3.00</td><td>88.5 km (55.0 mi)</td><td><a href="/facts/CJ_Sturckow/52mkETvA">CJ Sturckow</a>, <a href="/facts/Kelly_Latimer/3b9YuYhW">Kelly Latimer</a>, <a href="/facts/Beth_Moses/CAAkYz4n">Beth Moses</a>, <a href="/facts/Jon_Goodwin_(canoeist)/VrLJbPmQ">Jon Goodwin</a>, <a href="/facts/Keisha_Schahaff/eNwI4s7w">Keisha Schahaff</a>, <a href="/facts/Anastatia_Mayers/eNwI4s7w">Anastatia Mayers</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_03/bkuB5gSb">Galactic 03</a></td><td>8 September 2023, 15:22 <a href="/facts/Coordinated_Universal_Time/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 2.95</td><td>88.6 km (55.1 mi)</td><td><a href="/facts/Michael_Masucci/tc29GBVm">Michael Masucci</a>, Nicola Pecile, <a href="/facts/Beth_Moses/CAAkYz4n">Beth Moses</a>, Timothy Nash, <a href="/facts/Ken_Baxter_(businessman)/CJCGDSge">Ken Baxter</a>, <a href="/facts/Adrian_Reynard/QTec0dUg">Adrian Reynard</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_04/0e3wggIL">Galactic 04</a></td><td>6 October 2023, 16:10 <a href="/facts/Coordinated_Universal_Time/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 2.95</td><td>87.4 km (54.3 mi)</td><td><a href="/facts/Kelly_Latimer/3b9YuYhW">Kelly Latimer</a>, <a href="/facts/CJ_Sturckow/52mkETvA">CJ Sturckow</a>, <a href="/facts/Beth_Moses/CAAkYz4n">Beth Moses</a>, Ron Rosano, <a href="/facts/Trevor_Beattie/2hxLjU5o">Trevor Beattie</a>, <a href="/facts/Namira_Salim/vynyLhFX">Namira Salim</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_05/l3c6Bxf3">Galactic 05</a></td><td>2 November 2023, 15:44 <a href="/facts/Coordinated_Universal_Time/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 2.96</td><td>87.2 km (54.2 mi)</td><td><a href="/facts/Michael_Masucci/tc29GBVm">Michael Masucci</a>, <a href="/facts/Kelly_Latimer/3b9YuYhW">Kelly Latimer</a>, Colin Bennett, <a href="/facts/Alan_Stern/kCKGyeIt">Alan Stern</a>, <a href="/facts/Kellie_Gerardi/V9h185gV">Kellie Gerardi</a>, Ketty Maisonrouge</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_06/yrcrHJRb">Galactic 06</a></td><td>26 January 2024, 17:42 <a href="/facts/Coordinated_Universal_Time/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 2.98</td><td>88.8 km (55.2 mi)</td><td><a href="/facts/CJ_Sturckow/52mkETvA">CJ Sturckow</a>, Nicola Pecile, Lina Borozdina, Robie Vaughn, Franz Haider, Neil Kornswiet</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_07/kW4wVTqI">Galactic 07</a></td><td>8 June 2024</td><td>Success</td><td>Mach 2.96</td><td>87.5 km (54.4 mi)</td><td>Nicola Pecile, Jameel Janjua, <a href="/facts/Tuva_Cihangir_Atasever/X4S4fnUC">Tuva Cihangir Atasever</a>, Giorgio Manenti, Irving (Yitzhak) Pergament, Andy Sadhwani Final Unity flight</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Full list of flights</h3> <p class="note">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/List_of_Virgin_Galactic_launches/ewzFc3g3">List of Virgin Galactic launches § VSS <i>Unity</i> flights</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Virgin_Galactic_launches&action=edit">edit</a>]</p> <h5>Legend</h5> <table><tbody><tr><th>Code</th><th>Detail</th></tr><tr><td>GFxx</td><td>Glide Flight</td></tr><tr><td>CCxx</td><td>Captive Carry Flight</td></tr><tr><td>CFxx</td><td>Cold Flow Flight</td></tr><tr><td>PFxx</td><td>Powered Flight</td></tr><tr><td>Fxx</td><td>Feathering deployed</td></tr></tbody></table> <h5>Flights</h5> <table><tbody><tr><th>Flight designation</th><th>Date</th><th>Duration</th><th>Maximum altitude</th><th>Top speed</th><th>Pilot / co-pilot / passengers</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td>01 / CC01</td><td>8 September 2016</td><td></td><td>15.2 km (50,000 ft)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mark_P._Stucky/XN94HrL6">Stucky</a> / <a href="/facts/David_Mackay_(pilot)/LtV1SMS4">Mackay</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>02 / CC02</td><td>1 November 2016</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Strong winds, no release during flight intended as GF01<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>03 / CC03</td><td>3 November 2016</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Strong winds, no release during second attempt at GF01</td></tr><tr><td>04 / CC04</td><td>30 November 2016</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Test of minor modifications</td></tr><tr><td>05 / GF01</td><td>3 December 2016</td><td>10 minutes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td>16.8 km (55,000 ft)</td><td>Mach 0.6</td><td>Stucky / Mackay</td><td>First Glide Flight<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>06 / GF02</td><td>22 December 2016</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Stucky / Mackay</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>07 / GF03</td><td>24 February 2017</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Frederick_W._Sturckow/52mkETvA">Sturckow</a> / Mackay</td><td>3rd Glide Flight</td></tr><tr><td>08 / GF04</td><td>1 May 2017</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Stucky / Masucci</td><td>F01<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>09 / CF01</td><td>1 June 2017</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Mackay / Sturckow</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>10 / GF06</td><td>4 August 2017</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Mackay / Sturckow</td><td>First flight with major propulsion components aboard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>11 / GF07</td><td>11 January 2018</td><td></td><td></td><td>Mach 0.9</td><td>Stucky / Masucci</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>12 / PF01</td><td>5 April 2018</td><td></td><td>25.7 km (84,300 ft)</td><td>Mach 1.87</td><td>Stucky / Mackay</td><td>F02<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>13 / PF02</td><td>29 May 2018</td><td></td><td>34.9 km (114,501 ft)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td>Mach 1.9</td><td>Mackay / Stucky</td><td>Test of changed center of gravity as passenger seats carried for first time. F03<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>14 / PF03</td><td>26 July 2018</td><td></td><td>52.1 km (170,800 ft)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td>Mach 2.47<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td>Mackay / Masucci<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td>Reached <a href="/facts/Mesosphere/JBPKmMuk">Mesosphere</a> for first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/VSS_Unity_VP-03/qaGc8jG8">15 / VP-03</a></td><td>13 December 2018</td><td></td><td>82.7 km (271,330 ft)</td><td>Mach 2.9<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td>Stucky / Sturckow</td><td>Reached <a href="/facts/Outer_space/R3LRKyFs">outer space</a> for first time according to the US definition of the <a href="/facts/Space_border/R3LRKyFs">space border</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/VSS_Unity_VF-01/Ne1nLqma">16 / VF-01</a></td><td>22 February 2019</td><td></td><td>89.9 km (295,007 ft)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></td><td>Mach 3.04 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td>Mackay / Masucci / <a href="/facts/Beth_Moses/CAAkYz4n">Moses</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td>Carried third crew member (1 in the passenger cabin) for the first time <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>17 / GF08</td><td>1 May 2020</td><td></td><td>15.24 km (50,000 ft)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td><td>Mach 0.7 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td>Mackay / Sturckow <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td>First flight from New Mexico <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>18 / GF09</td><td>25 June 2020</td><td></td><td>15.54 km (51,000 ft)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td>Mach 0.85 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td>Stucky / Masucci <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>12 December 2020</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Mackay / Sturckow</td><td>First attempted crewed spaceflight from New Mexico, aborted due to computer malfunction, engine ignited and automatically turned off.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>21 / <a href="/facts/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_21/QyhSsYl3">VF-03</a></td><td>22 May 2021</td><td></td><td>89.23 km (55.45 mi)</td><td></td><td>Mackay / Sturckow</td><td>First crewed spaceflight (above 50 miles) from New Mexico<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_22/4Y5gL4pA">22</a></td><td>11 July 2021</td><td></td><td>86.1 km (53.5 mi)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Mackay / Masucci / Sirisha Bandla, Colin Bennett, Beth Moses, Richard Branson</td><td>First fully crewed<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> flight included Richard Branson.</td></tr><tr><td>24 / GF10</td><td>26 April 2023</td><td>9 minutes</td><td>13.5 km (47,000 ft)</td><td></td><td>Sturckow / Pecile</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_25/jf2xSj8A">25</a></td><td>25 May 2023</td><td>14 minutes</td><td>87.2 km (54.2 mi)</td><td>Mach 2.94</td><td>Masucci / Sturckow / Moses / Mays / Gilbert / Huie</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_01/9pPsnI92">Galactic 01</a></td><td>29 June 2023</td><td>13:50 minutes</td><td>85.1 km (52.9 mi)</td><td>Mach 2.88</td><td>Masucci / Pecile / Villadei / Carlucci / Pandolfi / Bennett</td><td>First VSS Unity commercial service flight, carrying members of the <a href="/facts/Italian_Air_Force/MJctnGcF">Italian Air Force</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_02/cDJ7qrPx">Galactic 02</a></td><td>10 August 2023</td><td>15:38 minutes</td><td>88.5 km (55.0 mi)</td><td>Mach 3.00</td><td>Sturckow / Latimer / Moses / Goodwin / Schahaff / Mayers</td><td>First VSS Unity flight carrying a private astronaut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_03/bkuB5gSb">Galactic 03</a></td><td>8 September 2023</td><td>12:37 minutes</td><td>88.6 km (55.1 mi)</td><td>Mach 2.95</td><td>Masucci / Pecile / Moses / Baxter / Reynard / Nash<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_04/0e3wggIL">Galactic 04</a></td><td>6 October 2023</td><td>14:23 minutes</td><td>87.4 km (54.3 mi)</td><td>Mach 2.95</td><td>Latimer / Sturckow / Moses / Rosano / Beattie / Salim<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_05/l3c6Bxf3">Galactic 05</a></td><td>2 November 2023</td><td>14:20 minutes</td><td>87.2 km (54.2 mi)</td><td>Mach 2.96</td><td>Masucci / Latimer / Bennett / Stern / Gerardi / Maisonrouge<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_06/yrcrHJRb">Galactic 06</a></td><td>26 January 2024</td><td></td><td>88.8 km (55.2 mi)</td><td>Mach 2.98</td><td>Sturckow / Pecile / Borozdina / Vaughn / Haider / Kornswiet</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galactic_07/kW4wVTqI">Galactic 07</a></td><td>8 June 2024</td><td></td><td>87.5 km (54.4 mi)</td><td>Mach 2.96</td><td>Pecile / Janjua / Atasever/ Manenti /Pergament / Sadhwani</td><td>Final Unity flight</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to VSS Unity. <ul><li><a href="/facts/Space_tourism/fMK9CcnM">Space tourism</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://flightaware.com/live/flight/N202VG">N202VG Virgin Galactic 1 Flight tracking history log</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>@virgingalactic (19 February 2016). "Virgin Galactic announces new ship name" (Tweet) – via Twitter. <a href="https://x.com/virgingalactic/status/700795235291402240" target="_blank">https://x.com/virgingalactic/status/700795235291402240</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"New SpaceShipTwo Rollout Friday". AVweb. 18 February 2016. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322112641/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/New-SpaceShipTwo-Rollout-Friday-225723-1.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160322112641/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/New-SpaceShipTwo-Rollout-Friday-225723-1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Virgin Galactic unveils new space tourism rocket plane". CBC News. 19 February 2016. 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The Telegraph (London). 21 April 2015. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11551234/Virgin-Galactic-to-test-new-craft-by-end-of-year.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11551234/Virgin-Galactic-to-test-new-craft-by-end-of-year.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Luke Villapaz (5 November 2014). "Virgin Galactic Hopes To Restart SpaceShipTwo Tests In Summer 2015". International Business Times. <a href="http://www.ibtimes.com/virgin-galactic-hopes-restart-spaceshiptwo-tests-summer-2015-1719766" target="_blank">http://www.ibtimes.com/virgin-galactic-hopes-restart-spaceshiptwo-tests-summer-2015-1719766</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Virgin Galactic CEO Sees New Spacecraft Ready Next Year". Newsweek. Reuters. 2 November 2014. 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Retrieved 11 November 2020. <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Foust" target="_blank">/wiki/Jeff_Foust</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>@virgingalactic (13 December 2018). "We travelled at 2.9 Mach on the way up to today. That's 2.9 times the speed of sound" (Tweet) – via Twitter. <a href="https://x.com/virgingalactic/status/1073252317598609408" target="_blank">https://x.com/virgingalactic/status/1073252317598609408</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>@virgingalactic (22 February 2019). "Mach 3.0" (Tweet) – via Twitter. <a href="https://x.com/virgingalactic/status/1098989513655742464" target="_blank">https://x.com/virgingalactic/status/1098989513655742464</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Grush, Loren (22 February 2019). "Virgin Galactic spaceplane reaches space with first passenger on board". The Verge. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. 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Retrieved 23 May 2021. <a href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/new-mexico-joins-human-spaceflight-with-unity-flight/" target="_blank">https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/new-mexico-joins-human-spaceflight-with-unity-flight/</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>"Virgin Galactic successfully makes first human spaceflight from New Mexico". 22 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021. <a href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/virgin-galactic-another-attempt-new-mexico/" target="_blank">https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/virgin-galactic-another-attempt-new-mexico/</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>The flight was initially claimed to be successful but it was later revealed Unity briefly stepped outside the airspace that had been reserved for it and the FAA were not informed as required. The FAA grounded Virgin Galactic's space planes before allowing a resumption of flights after some changes to procedures including reserving a larger volume of airspace.[49] <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>"Virgin Galactic is GO for launch". Virgin Galactic (Press release). 17 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-is-a-go-for-launch/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-is-a-go-for-launch/</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"Virgin Galactic". www.virgingalactic.com. 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Release time 1517:10 UTC and SS2 free flight time 15:38 with apogee 88.5 km" (Tweet) – via Twitter. <a href="https://x.com/planet4589/status/1689783764639961089" target="_blank">https://x.com/planet4589/status/1689783764639961089</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (8 September 2023). "Virgin Galactic few Spaceship Two mission Galactic 03 on Sep 8. VMS Eve took off at 1434 UTC and dropped VSS Unity over the usual drop point (EBR P3 in my list) at about 1522:13 UTC. Unity boosted to 88.6 km apogee and landed at Spaceport America at 1535 UTC" (Tweet) – via Twitter. <a href="https://x.com/planet4589/status/1700249597845913634" target="_blank">https://x.com/planet4589/status/1700249597845913634</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>"Core memory unlocked. Welcome to space, #Galactic03. Congratulations, 014, 015, and 016!". X (formerly Twitter). 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(1/2)" (Tweet) – via Twitter. <a href="https://x.com/planet4589/status/1750973689204764824" target="_blank">https://x.com/planet4589/status/1750973689204764824</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>"Virgin Galactic: SpaceShipTwo beginnt Flugerprobung". flugrevue.de. 13 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111190259/http://www.flugrevue.de/raumfahrt/spaceshiptwo-beginnt-flugerprobung/698732" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161111190259/http://www.flugrevue.de/raumfahrt/spaceshiptwo-beginnt-flugerprobung/698732</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>"Virgin Galactic Postpones 1st Glide Test with New SpaceShipTwo". space.com. November 2016. 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Retrieved 4 June 2018. <a href="https://www.space.com/40723-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-2nd-powered-test-flight.html" target="_blank">https://www.space.com/40723-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-2nd-powered-test-flight.html</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>"Into the Mesosphere at Mach 2". Virgin Galactic. 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/Into-the-Mesosphere-at-Mach-2" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/Into-the-Mesosphere-at-Mach-2</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>"Into the Mesosphere at Mach 2". Virgin Galactic. 26 July 2018. 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Retrieved 14 December 2018. <a href="https://www.space.com/41295-virgin-galactic-reaches-mesosphere-epic-test.html" target="_blank">https://www.space.com/41295-virgin-galactic-reaches-mesosphere-epic-test.html</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Grush, Lauren (13 December 2018). "Virgin Galactic's spaceplane finally makes it to space for the first time". theverge.com. Retrieved 13 December 2018. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/13/18138279/virgin-galactic-vss-unity-spaceshiptwo-space-tourism" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/13/18138279/virgin-galactic-vss-unity-spaceshiptwo-space-tourism</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>"Branson's Virgin Galactic successfully reaches space". BBC. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46550862" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46550862</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>"Virgin Galactic". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-makes-space-for-second-time-in-ten-weeks-with-three-on-board/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-makes-space-for-second-time-in-ten-weeks-with-three-on-board/</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Bartels, Meghan (22 February 2019). "Virgin Galactic Reaches Space Again, Flies Test Passenger for 1st Time". space.com. Retrieved 22 February 2018. <a href="https://www.space.com/virgin-galactic-powered-flight-february-2019.html" target="_blank">https://www.space.com/virgin-galactic-powered-flight-february-2019.html</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>"Virgin Galactic". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-makes-space-for-second-time-in-ten-weeks-with-three-on-board/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-makes-space-for-second-time-in-ten-weeks-with-three-on-board/</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>"Virgin Galactic". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-makes-space-for-second-time-in-ten-weeks-with-three-on-board/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-makes-space-for-second-time-in-ten-weeks-with-three-on-board/</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>"Virgin Galactic". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-makes-space-for-second-time-in-ten-weeks-with-three-on-board/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-makes-space-for-second-time-in-ten-weeks-with-three-on-board/</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>"Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes First Flight From Spaceport America". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-first-flight-from-spaceport-america/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-first-flight-from-spaceport-america/</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>"Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes First Flight From Spaceport America". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-first-flight-from-spaceport-america/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-first-flight-from-spaceport-america/</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>"Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes First Flight From Spaceport America". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-first-flight-from-spaceport-america/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-first-flight-from-spaceport-america/</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>"Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes First Flight From Spaceport America". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-first-flight-from-spaceport-america/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-first-flight-from-spaceport-america/</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>"Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes Second Flight From Spaceport America". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 25 June 2020. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-second-flight-from-spaceport-america/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-second-flight-from-spaceport-america/</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>"Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes Second Flight From Spaceport America". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 25 June 2020. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-second-flight-from-spaceport-america/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-second-flight-from-spaceport-america/</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>"Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes Second Flight From Spaceport America". www.virgingalactic.com. Retrieved 25 June 2020. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-second-flight-from-spaceport-america/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-second-flight-from-spaceport-america/</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>Gebhardt, Chris; Burghardt, Thomas (12 December 2020). "VSS Unity aborts after engine start, safely lands with crew back at Spaceport America". <a href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/new-mexico-joins-human-spaceflight-with-unity-flight/" target="_blank">https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/new-mexico-joins-human-spaceflight-with-unity-flight/</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>"Virgin Galactic rocket plane flies to edge of space". BBC News. 22 May 2021. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57214988" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57214988</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>"Virgin Galactic Successfully Completes First Fully Crewed Spaceflight". 11 July 2021. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-successfully-completes-first-fully-crewed-spaceflight" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-successfully-completes-first-fully-crewed-spaceflight</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>The SpaceShipTwo vehicles (like VSS Unity) were originally designed for 8 people, 6 passengers and 2 pilots, so whether this flight was fully-crewed is debatable. But it is true that at the time of this flight, only 6 seats (4 passengers, 2 pilots) were installed in VSS Unity, so in this sense this flight was fully-crewed. Also, no SpaceShipTwo vehicle, VSS Unity in particular, ever had more than 6 seats installed and never flew with more than 6 people (2 pilots, 4 passengers) onboard, so in this sense this flight was also fully-crewed. <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" target="_blank">/wiki/SpaceShipTwo</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>"Virgin Galactic completes glide flight from Spaceport America". Virgin Galactic (Press release). 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-completes-glide-flight-from-spaceport-america/" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-completes-glide-flight-from-spaceport-america/</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>"Virgin Galactic completes successful spaceflight". Virgin Galactic (Press release). 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-completes-successful-spaceflight" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-completes-successful-spaceflight</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>"Virgin Galactic completes Unity 25 spaceflight in key final test before commercial service". CNBC News. 25 May 2023. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/25/virgin-galactic-unity-25-spaceflight-final-test-before-commercial-service.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/25/virgin-galactic-unity-25-spaceflight-final-test-before-commercial-service.html</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (29 June 2023). "Galactic 01 stats: launch 1528:38 UTC, apogee 85.1 km, flight time from drop to main gear touchdown 13m50s. Drop location EBR P3 in my launch points list (107.0W 33.3N)" (Tweet) – via Twitter. <a href="https://x.com/planet4589/status/1674445777425293312" target="_blank">https://x.com/planet4589/status/1674445777425293312</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (10 August 2023). "I don't quite agree with these numbers. I have takeoff of White Knight 2 at 1429:45 UTC (in agreement with their 8.30 am MDT) but landing of SS2 at 1532:48 UTC (9.32 am MDT). Release time 1517:10 UTC and SS2 free flight time 15:38 with apogee 88.5 km" (Tweet) – via Twitter. <a href="https://x.com/planet4589/status/1689783764639961089" target="_blank">https://x.com/planet4589/status/1689783764639961089</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>"Core memory unlocked. Welcome to space, #Galactic03. Congratulations, 014, 015, and 016!". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 8 September 2023. <a href="https://twitter.com/virgingalactic/status/1700170319343112596?s=20" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/virgingalactic/status/1700170319343112596?s=20</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>"Virgin Galactic completes fifth successful flight in five months". Virgin Galactic (Press release). 6 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-completes-fifth-successful-spaceflight-in-five-months" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-completes-fifth-successful-spaceflight-in-five-months</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>"Virgin Galactic Completes Sixth Successful Spaceflight in Six Months". Virgin Galactic (Press release). 2 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023. <a href="https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-completes-sixth-successful-spaceflight-in-six-months" target="_blank">https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-completes-sixth-successful-spaceflight-in-six-months</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>