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<h2 id="etymology-and-meanings">Etymology and meanings</h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/Platonism/0mvr2x2p">Platonism</a>, <i>dianoia</i> (<a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Greek</a>: διάνοια) is the human <a href="/facts/Cognition/ga0tSBul">cognitive</a> capacity for, process of, or result of <i><a href="/facts/Discursive_reasoning/tcBImN8J">discursive reasoning</a></i>, specifically about mathematical and technical subjects. It stands in contrast to the immediate, cognitive process of <i><a href="/facts/Intuition/Mshu0Vxb">intuitive apprehension</a></i> or <i>noesis</i> (noesis).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>Intellect and intelligence</h3> <p>As a branch of <a href="/facts/Intelligence/pRmAeRsw">intelligence</a>, intellect primarily concerns the <a href="/facts/Logical/8JnpJLtt">logical</a> and <a href="/facts/Rational/ueS0w9lk">rational</a> functions of the human mind, emphasizing <a href="/facts/Factual_knowledge/JMKfKmu7">factual knowledge</a> and <a href="/facts/Analytical_reasoning/pC5vvSeC">analytical reasoning</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Additional to the functions of <a href="/facts/Linear_logic/NmFxFRWh">linear logic</a> and the patterns of <a href="/facts/Formal_logic/SaI7Y3wN">formal logic</a> the intellect also processes the non-linear functions of <a href="/facts/Fuzzy_logic/1PvN4Att">fuzzy logic</a> and <a href="/facts/Dialectical_logic/mFFDouKC">dialectical logic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Intellect and intelligence are contrasted by etymology; derived from the Latin <a href="/facts/Present_active_participle/rYxXQKaG">present active participle</a> <i>intelligere</i>, the term <i>intelligence</i> denotes "to gather in between", whereas the term <i>intellect</i>, derived from the <a href="/facts/Past_participle/rYxXQKaG">past participle</a> of <i>intelligere</i>, denotes "what has been gathered". Therefore, intelligence relates to the creation of new categories of understanding, based upon similarities and differences, while intellect relates to understanding existing <a href="/facts/Categorization/R6rWYttP">categories</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-psychology">In psychology</h2> <p>A person's intellectual understanding of reality derives from a <a href="/facts/Conceptual_model/hgysE2kP">conceptual model</a> of reality based upon the <a href="/facts/Perception/xLK0n2q4">perception</a> and the <a href="/facts/Cognition/ga0tSBul">cognition</a> of the material world of reality. The conceptual model of <i>mind</i> is composed of the mental and emotional processes by which a person seeks, finds, and applies logical solutions to the problems of life. The full potential of the intellect is achieved when a person acquires a factually accurate understanding of the real world, which is mirrored in the <a href="/facts/Mind/Y5JhtFj4">mind</a>. The mature intellect is identified by the person's possessing the capability of emotional self-management, wherein they can encounter, face, and resolve problems of life without being overwhelmed by emotion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Real-world <a href="/facts/Experience/1LeXy1DW">experience</a> is necessary to and for the development of a person's intellect, because, in resolving the problems of life, a person can intellectually comprehend a social circumstance (a time and a place) and so adjust their social <a href="/facts/Behavior/0Y1VqmVX">behavior</a> in order to act appropriately in the society of other people. Intellect develops when a person seeks an emotionally satisfactory solution to a problem; mental development occurs from the person's search for satisfactory solutions to the problems of life. Only experience of the real world can provide <a href="/facts/Understanding/D8UXbWuJ">understanding</a> of <a href="/facts/Reality/oC1xokDB">reality</a>, which contributes to the person's intellectual development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>Jung and the four cognitive functions</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Carl_Gustav_Jung/k651RvXp">Carl Gustav Jung</a>, the Swiss psychiatrist and founder of <a href="/facts/Analytical_psychology/QDxb1bFd">analytical psychology</a>, offered a nuanced view of intellect and intuition within the human <a href="/facts/Psyche_(psychology)/PI2cpEPT">psyche</a>. He acknowledged the importance of intellectual faculties for logical reasoning and understanding but cautioned against overreliance on intellect at the expense of other vital aspects of the psyche, such as intuition and emotion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In <i><a href="/facts/Psychological_Types/fClsErMm">Psychological Types</a></i> (1923), Jung explored different modes of <a href="/facts/Consciousness/IAxmgt6c">consciousness</a>, including the role of intellect. He identified thinking as one of the <a href="/facts/Jungian_cognitive_functions/MENAGed7">primary psychological functions</a>, which, when extraverted, is oriented by objective data and often recognized as the dominant mode in scientific and philosophical endeavors. He stated:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p>In this sense it might be said that the extraverted intellect, i.e. the mind that is orientated by objective data, is actually the only one recognized.</p></blockquote> <p>Jung also associated intellect with the thinking function in his model of psychological types. In contrast to feeling, sensation, and intuition, thinking relies on structured, rational cognition. While necessary for problem-solving and scientific inquiry, intellect alone cannot fully grasp the depths of the psyche or facilitate individuation—the process of becoming a whole and integrated self. He noted:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p>The faculty of directed thinking, I term <i>intellect:</i> the faculty of passive, or undirected, thinking, I term <i>intellectual intuition</i>.</p></blockquote> <p>This distinction reflects an influence from Platonic thought, where <i>dianoia</i> (discursive reasoning) is differentiated from <i>noesis</i> (direct apprehension or intuition). Jung expanded upon this by integrating these concepts into his psychological framework, emphasizing that both intellect and intuition are essential for a comprehensive understanding of the self and the world. For Jung, intellect had its place but needed to be balanced with intuitive and symbolic thought.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h3>Guilford and the structure of intellect</h3> <p>In 1956, the psychologist <a href="/facts/J._P._Guilford/oTthHjpK">Joy Paul Guilford</a> (1897–1987) proposed a Structural Intellect (SI) model in three dimensions: (i) Operations, (ii) Contents, and (iii) Products. Each parameter contains specific, discrete elements that are individually measured as autonomous units of the human mind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Intellectual operations are represented by <a href="/facts/Cognition/ga0tSBul">cognition</a> and <a href="/facts/Memory/zucwQIEX">memory</a>, production (by <a href="/facts/Divergent_thinking/69om2NCa">divergent thinking</a> and <a href="/facts/Convergent_thinking/G689FBNo">convergent thinking</a>), and <a href="/facts/Evaluation/AygKGGVo">evaluation</a>. Contents are figurative and <a href="/facts/Symbol/GS8mTn0h">symbolic</a>, <a href="/facts/Semantics/1L4WwLAP">semantic</a> and behavioral. Products are in units, classes, and <a href="/facts/Relation_of_Ideas/j0fx0G8d">relations</a>, systems, transformations, and implications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cognitive_development/EfY2fWLR">Cognitive development</a> – Field of study in neuroscience and psychology</li> <li><a href="/facts/Epistemology/NsDwpcYH">Epistemology</a> – Philosophical study of knowledge</li> <li><a href="/facts/Human_intelligence/vgHXwLNL">Human intelligence</a> – Human capacity or ability to acquire, apprehend and apply knowledge</li> <li><a href="/facts/Intellectualism/1oULK1aU">Intellectualism</a> – Mental perspective</li> <li><a href="/facts/Intellectualization/gMHzaCox">Intellectualization</a> – Psychological defense mechanism</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wisdom/6Pqq0nAA">Wisdom</a> – Ability to apply knowledge with good judgment</li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Works cited</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Aquinas/h2vN2VkX">Aquinas, Thomas</a> (1947). <i>Summa Theologica</i>. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Benziger Bros.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aristotle/U2bDlBFW">Aristotle</a> (1907). <i>On the Soul</i>. Translated by J. A. Smith. Clarendon Press.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henri_Bergson/CortzHrD">Bergson, Henri</a> (1911). <i>Creative Evolution</i>. Translated by Arthur Mitchell. Macmillan.</li> <li>Bishop, Paul (2022). <i>Reading Plato Through Jung: Why Must the Third Become the Fourth?</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3031168130. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |first= at position 5 (help)</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Bohm/c43gKR8Q">Bohm, David</a>; Peat, F. David (1987). <i><a href="/facts/Science%2c_Order%2c_and_Creativity/TTckBrhk">Science, Order, and Creativity</a></i>. Bantam Books.</li> <li>Collier, Graham (May 2, 2012). <a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-consciousness-question/201205/intellect-and-intelligence">"Intellect and Intelligence"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i>.</li> <li>Colman, Andrew M. (2008). <i>A Dictionary of Psychology</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0191726828.</li> <li>Corsini, Raymond J. (2016). <i>The Dictionary of Psychology</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li>Damasio, Antonio (1994). <i>Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain</i>. Putnam.</li> <li>Davidson, Herbert (1992). <i>Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Deary, Ian J. (2020). <i>Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Howard_Gardner/2fNCtELM">Gardner, Howard</a> (1983). <i>Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences</i>. Basic Books.</li> <li>Gardner, Howard (1999). <i>Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century</i>. Basic Books.</li> <li><a href="/facts/J._P._Guilford/oTthHjpK">Guilford, J. P.</a> (1956). "The Structure of Intellect". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. 53 (4): 267–293. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0040755">10.1037/h0040755</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13336196">13336196</a>.</li> <li>Guilford, J. P. (1967). <i>The Nature of Human Intelligence</i>. McGraw-Hill.</li> <li>Gutas, Dimitri (2001). <i>Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition</i>. Brill.</li> <li>Hendrix, J. S. (2015). <i>Unconscious Thought in Philosophy and Psychoanalysis</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-137-53813-0. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |first= at position 6 (help)</li> <li>Honderich, Ted (2005). <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0199264797.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carl_Jung/k651RvXp">Jung, Carl Gustav</a> (1923). <i>Psychological Types</i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Plotinus/BQDNMGDA">Plotinus</a> (1991). <i>The Enneads</i>. Translated by Stephen MacKenna. Penguin Classics.</li> <li>Rowan, John (1989). <i>The Intellect</i>. SAGE Social Science Collections.</li> <li>Singer, June (1994) [1972]. <i>Boundaries of the Soul: The Practice of Jung's Psychology</i> (Rev. and updated ed.). New York: Anchor Books.</li> <li>VandenBos, Gary R. (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/apadictionaryofp00vand"><i>APA Dictionary of Psychology</i></a> (1st ed.). Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-59147-380-0.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Chalmers, David (1996). <i>The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Dehaene, Stanislas (2014). <i>Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts</i>. Viking.</li> <li>Flusser, V. (2016). <i>Philosophy of Language</i>. Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1937561659. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |first= at position 3 (help)</li> <li>Fodor, Jerry (1983). <i>The Modularity of Mind</i>. MIT Press.</li> <li>Gazzaniga, Michael (2018). <i>The Consciousness Instinct: Unraveling the Mystery of How the Brain Makes the Mind</i>. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.</li> <li>Hegel, G. W. F. (1977). <i>The Phenomenology of Spirit</i>. Translated by A. V. Miller. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Konstantinovsky, J. (2016). <i>Evagrius Ponticus: The Making of a Gnostic</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1317138822. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |first= at position 3 (help)</li> <li>Kurzweil, Ray (2012). <i>How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed</i>. Viking.</li> <li>Oldmeadow, H. (2010). <i>Frithjof Schuon and the Perennial Philosophy</i>. World Wisdom. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1935493099. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |first= at position 3 (help)</li> <li>Paul, R.; Elder, L. (2019). <i>The Thinker's Guide to Intellectual Standards: The Words that Name Them and the Criteria that Define Them</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1538133927. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |first2= at position 3 (help)</li> <li>Piaget, Jean (1952). <i>The Origins of Intelligence in Children</i>. Norton.</li> <li>Spearman, Charles (1927). <i>The Abilities of Man: Their Nature and Measurement</i>. Macmillan.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Quotations related to Intellect at Wikiquote</li> <li> The dictionary definition of Intellect at Wiktionary</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Corsini (2016), p. 494. - Corsini, Raymond J. (2016). The Dictionary of Psychology. London: Routledge. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Aquinas (1947). - Aquinas, Thomas (1947). Summa Theologica. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Benziger Bros. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Honderich (2005); Colman (2008). - Honderich, Ted (2005). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199264797. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hendrix (2015), p. 114. - Hendrix, J. S. (2015). Unconscious Thought in Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-53813-0. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Hendrix (2015), p. 114. - Hendrix, J. S. (2015). Unconscious Thought in Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-53813-0. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Plotinus (1991). - Plotinus (1991). The Enneads. Translated by Stephen MacKenna. Penguin Classics. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Aristotle (1907). - Aristotle (1907). On the Soul. Translated by J. A. Smith. Clarendon Press. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Davidson (1992), p. 6; Gutas (2001). - Davidson, Herbert (1992). Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect. Oxford University Press. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Davidson (1992), p. 6; Gutas (2001). - Davidson, Herbert (1992). Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect. Oxford University Press. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Davidson (1992). - Davidson, Herbert (1992). Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect. Oxford University Press. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Deary (2020). - Deary, Ian J. (2020). Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Gardner (1999); Collier (2012). - Gardner, Howard (1999). Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century. Basic Books. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Hendrix (2015), p. 114. - Hendrix, J. S. (2015). Unconscious Thought in Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-53813-0. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>In pharmacology, the term dianoia refers to a rare side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors where a significant disruption occurs simultaneously in the psychological state (hallucinations, delusions, paranoia) and the lower digestive tract. <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" target="_blank">/wiki/Pharmacology</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Bergson (1911); Guilford (1967); Gardner (1983); Damasio (1994). - Bergson, Henri (1911). Creative Evolution. Translated by Arthur Mitchell. Macmillan. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Rowan (1989). - Rowan, John (1989). The Intellect. SAGE Social Science Collections. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Bohm & Peat (1987), p. 114. - Bohm, David; Peat, F. David (1987). Science, Order, and Creativity. Bantam Books. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>VandenBos (2006). - VandenBos, Gary R. (2006). APA Dictionary of Psychology (1st ed.). Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-59147-380-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/apadictionaryofp00vand" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/apadictionaryofp00vand</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Psychology of Knowledge: Development of the Intellect". augustinianparadigm.com. Retrieved 2015-11-01. <a href="http://augustinianparadigm.com/psychology_of_knowledge.htm" target="_blank">http://augustinianparadigm.com/psychology_of_knowledge.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Singer (1994). - Singer, June (1994) [1972]. Boundaries of the Soul: The Practice of Jung's Psychology (Rev. and updated ed.). New York: Anchor Books. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Jung (1923), p. 430. - Jung, Carl Gustav (1923). Psychological Types. Princeton University Press. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Jung (1923), p. 611. - Jung, Carl Gustav (1923). Psychological Types. Princeton University Press. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Bishop (2022). - Bishop, Paul (2022). Reading Plato Through Jung: Why Must the Third Become the Fourth?. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3031168130. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Guilford (1956). - Guilford, J. P. (1956). "The Structure of Intellect". Psychological Bulletin. 53 (4): 267–293. doi:10.1037/h0040755. PMID 13336196. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0040755" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0040755</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Guilford (1967). - Guilford, J. P. (1967). The Nature of Human Intelligence. McGraw-Hill. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>