"History of Abacus and Ancient Computing". KASS. Retrieved 2024-11-26. https://kartsci.org/kocomu/computer-history/history-abacus-ancient-computing/
Fernandes, Luis (January 11, 2015). "The Abacus: A Brief History". Retrieved 2024-09-04. https://www.ee.torontomu.ca/~elf/abacus/history.html
Poccia, Danilo (June 26, 2023). "Roman counting boards". Chronicles of computation. Retrieved 2024-09-04. https://medium.com/chronicles-of-computation/roman-counting-boards-e2ddb15c7d2f
Oliver, Jack (1997). "Calculations in Medieval Europe". Mathematics in School. 26 (3): 12–14. ISSN 0305-7259. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30215283
"Ancient Counting Boards". Archived from the original on 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2008-04-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20080103213141/http://users.ju.edu/ssundbe/salamis.html
William A. Goddard III, Donald Brenner, Sergey Edward Lyshevski, Gerald J Iafrate. Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology. CRC Press. 2002. p. 6-PA3. ISBN 978-1-4200-4062-3. 978-1-4200-4062-3