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SmartStax
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<h2 id="insect-spectrum">Insect Spectrum</h2> <p>SmartStax seeds control a broad spectrum of pests which includes larvae of above-ground insects such as European corn borer, black cutworm, southwestern corn borer, corn earworm, fall armyworm, western bean cutworm, and below-ground feeding larvae of western corn rootworm and northern corn rootworm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="refuge-acres">Refuge acres</h2> <p>To prevent or delay insect resistance, growers plant a refuge on their farm. This is an area of non-GM plants where insect can live. These insect will not evolve resistance to GM technology. These refuge acres ensure that rare resistant insects that feed on insect-protected varieties of corn will mate with susceptible insects and slow the development of resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="promotion-and-branding">Promotion and branding</h2> <p>Smartstax corn has been advertised and promoted on television, at farm trade shows, and online as Monsanto has geared up for widespread commercial release. Smartstax is sold under the Genuity Brand by Monsanto and the Mycogen brand by Dow, but both companies have the right to sell it under as many names with as many additional technologies as they wish. </p> <h2 id="weed-and-insect-resistance">Weed and insect resistance</h2> <p>Recently, rapid emergence of weeds thought to be resistant to <a href="/facts/Roundup_(herbicide)/y2AudgdY">Roundup</a> have been observed. <a href="/facts/Conyza/oA5xug4U">Horseweed</a>, <a href="/facts/Giant_ragweed/8y6oBJty">giant ragweed</a> and <a href="/facts/Amaranth/DbgL7rTz">pigweed</a>, among others have been found growing with crops across the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Insects including <a href="/facts/Western_corn_rootworm/S3cRD1uD">corn rootworm</a> and <a href="/facts/Bollworm/RBLLRCUA">bollworm</a> have also begun showing signs of resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> In response, Monsanto has continued to develop new products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/USDA/3PK2rx7C">USDA</a> approves use of <a href="/facts/Bacillus_thuringiensis/aVv32jHV">Bt crops</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Monsanto has denied there is a problem with their product.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="transgenic-events-genes-and-traits">Transgenic events, genes, and traits</h2> <p>SmartStax is bred from the products of four transgenic incorporation events MON89034, TC1507, MON88017, DAS59122-7, producing traits <a href="/facts/Phosphinothricin_acetyltransferase/9RS9Tv2U">phosphinothricin acetyltransferase</a>, <a href="/facts/CP4_EPSPS/52rPYMrX">CP4 EPSPS</a>, <a href="/facts/Cry1Fa2/aVv32jHV">Cry1Fa2</a>, <a href="/facts/Cry1A.105/3c5aB1pg">Cry1A.105</a>, <a href="/facts/Cry2Ab/3c5aB1pg">Cry2Ab</a>, <a href="/facts/Cry3Bb1/3c5aB1pg">Cry3Bb1</a>, <a href="/facts/Cry34Ab1/KqdM5RYp">Cry34Ab1</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cry35Ab1/aVv32jHV">Cry35Ab1</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Monsanto, Dow Agreement Paves the Way for Industry's First-Ever, Eight-Gene Stacked Offering in Corn". Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525030040/http://www.dowagro.com/newsroom/corporatenews/2007/20070914a.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090525030040/http://www.dowagro.com/newsroom/corporatenews/2007/20070914a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (2016). "Biotech Traits Annual Updates" (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Service_for_the_Acquisition_of_Agri-biotech_Applications" target="_blank">/wiki/International_Service_for_the_Acquisition_of_Agri-biotech_Applications</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Que, Qiudeng; Chilton, Mary-Dell M.; de Fontes, Cheryl M.; He, Chengkun; Nuccio, Michael; Zhu, Tong; Wu, Yuexuan; Chen, Jeng S.; Shi, Liang (2010-07-01). "Trait stacking in transgenic crops: Challenges and opportunities". GM Crops. 1 (4). T&F: 220–229. doi:10.4161/gmcr.1.4.13439. ISSN 1938-1999. PMID 21844677. S2CID 19518863. p. 221, "Monsanto..."; p. 222, "In 2009..." <a href="/wiki/GM_Crops_%26_Food" target="_blank">/wiki/GM_Crops_%26_Food</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Dow AgroSciences SmartStax". <a href="http://www.dowagro.com/en-us/usag/product-solution-finder/traits/smartstax" target="_blank">http://www.dowagro.com/en-us/usag/product-solution-finder/traits/smartstax</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Rob Korff (6 March 2009). "Corn Growers Reminded to Follow Refuge Requirements as Spring Planting Nears". <a href="http://cropwatch.unl.edu/corn-growers-reminded-follow-refuge-requirements-spring-planting-nears" target="_blank">http://cropwatch.unl.edu/corn-growers-reminded-follow-refuge-requirements-spring-planting-nears</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Invasion of the Superweeds". New York Times. 6 May 2010. <a href="https://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/invasion-of-the-superweeds/?ref=energy-environment" target="_blank">https://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/invasion-of-the-superweeds/?ref=energy-environment</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"GE Crops Benefit Farmers, But Management Needed to Maintain Effectiveness". The National Academies. <a href="http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12804" target="_blank">http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12804</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Neuman, William; Pollack, Andrew (4 May 2010). "Farmers Cope With Roundup-Resistant Weeds". New York Times. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/business/energy-environment/04weed.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/business/energy-environment/04weed.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Gassmann, AJ; Petzold-Maxwell, JL; Keweshan, RS; Dunbar, MW (2011). Meyer, Peter (ed.). "Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e22629. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...622629G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022629. PMC 3146474. PMID 21829470. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146474" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146474</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Bigger Refuges Needed to Delay Pest Resistance to Biotech Corn". Science Daily. <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120605102846.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120605102846.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"First Documented Case Of Pest Resistance To Biotech Cotton". Science Daily. <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140803.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140803.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Charles, Dan (5 December 2011). "Insects Find Crack In Biotech Corn's Armor". NPR. NPR Food Blog. <a href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2011/12/05/143141300/insects-find-crack-in-biotech-corns-armor" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2011/12/05/143141300/insects-find-crack-in-biotech-corns-armor</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"New Disease-Resistant Food Crops Under Development". Science Daily. <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101118084429.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101118084429.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Attack of the Monsanto Superinsects". Mother Jones. <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2011/08/monsanto-gm-super-insects" target="_blank">https://www.motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2011/08/monsanto-gm-super-insects</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S.: Extent of Adoption". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610043433/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/biotechcrops/adoption.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120610043433/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/biotechcrops/adoption.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Memorandum" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/files/epa-hq-opp-2011-0922-0003.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.motherjones.com/files/epa-hq-opp-2011-0922-0003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Que, Qiudeng; Chilton, Mary-Dell M.; de Fontes, Cheryl M.; He, Chengkun; Nuccio, Michael; Zhu, Tong; Wu, Yuexuan; Chen, Jeng S.; Shi, Liang (2010-07-01). "Trait stacking in transgenic crops: Challenges and opportunities". GM Crops. 1 (4). T&F: 220–229. doi:10.4161/gmcr.1.4.13439. ISSN 1938-1999. PMID 21844677. S2CID 19518863. p. 221, "Monsanto..."; p. 222, "In 2009..." <a href="/wiki/GM_Crops_%26_Food" target="_blank">/wiki/GM_Crops_%26_Food</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>