Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Libwww
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>In 1991 and 1992, <a href="/facts/Tim_Berners-Lee/JRv21mt9">Tim Berners-Lee</a> and a student at <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a> named <a href="/facts/Jean-Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Groff/c1z0VWLQ">Jean-François Groff</a> rewrote various components of the original <a href="/facts/WorldWideWeb/FlgLKla7">WorldWideWeb</a> browser for the <a href="/facts/NeXTstep/eL0bymga">NeXTstep</a> <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating system</a> in <a href="/facts/Software_portability/tWKVGCBb">portable</a> <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> code, in order to demonstrate the potential of the <a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web/wvnTrWFq">World Wide Web</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In the beginning, libwww was referred to as the <i>Common Library</i> and was not available as a separate product.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Before becoming generally available, libwww was integrated in the <a href="/facts/CERN_program_library/T9bCUSbB">CERN program library</a> (CERNLIB).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> In July 1992 the library was ported to <a href="/facts/DECnet/9wnFzPvn">DECnet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In the May 1993 World Wide Web Newsletter Berners-Lee announced that the Common Library was now called libwww and was licensed as <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a> to encourage the development of <a href="/facts/Web_browsers/2pfyymLs">web browsers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> He initially considered releasing the software under the <a href="/facts/GNU_General_Public_License/S75KhLSX">GNU General Public License</a>, rather than into the public domain, but decided against it due to concerns that large corporations such as <a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a> would be deterred from using it by the restrictions of the GPL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The rapid early development of the library caused <a href="/facts/Robert_Cailliau/5koB1vpY">Robert Cailliau</a> problems when integrating it into his <a href="/facts/MacWWW/xMfjVmEd">MacWWW</a> browser.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>From February 1994 to July 1999 (versions 2.17 to 5.2.8), <a href="/facts/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen/kLmXjtdl">Henrik Frystyk Nielsen</a> was responsible for libwww, first as a graduate student at CERN and later at the <a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web_Consortium/lGWmhF6M">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> On 21 March 1995, with the release of version 3.0, CERN transferred responsibility for libwww to the W3C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> From 1995 onwards, the <a href="/facts/Line_Mode_Browser/ALepEBYw">Line Mode Browser</a> was no longer released separately, but part of the libwww package.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>On 2 March 1997, Nielsen announced that Libwww 5.1 was expected to be the last release.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Later that year, on 24 Dec 1997, Nielsen put out an unsuccessful call for another party outside W3C to take over maintenance of the library.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Nielsen left the W3C in July 1999, and the project was thereafter headed by José Kahan as the only W3C employee involved with the project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>On 2 September 2003 the W3C (re-)stated that development had stopped, citing a lack of resources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> On 29 January 2004, the W3C once again confirmed that it would not continue development, and was seeking <a href="/facts/Open-source-software_movement/YXplsqjw">open source community</a> maintainers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>The first (and only) "community supported maintenance release" was made in 2005, after a gap of 3 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> After a further lapse of 12 years, a security patch was released in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>In 2003, Kahan claimed that "libwww is the only library that has a full implementation of the HTTP specification, including caching and pipelining."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>Libwww supports following <a href="/facts/Communication_protocol/5uady7cB">protocols</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/File_URI_scheme/tF8tPGzK">file</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/File_Transfer_Protocol/THuWgzfw">FTP</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gopher_(protocol)/G2bpDRQJ">Gopher</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol/TWtvf7JD">HTTP</a> 1.1 with a Persistent Cache Manager,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> <a href="/facts/HTTP_pipelining/0szFgxqD">pipelining</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol/YTgxGqgR">NNTP</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Telnet/hxT0e85h">Telnet</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wide_area_information_server/eEaUzhJk">WAIS</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Other features include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Transport_Layer_Security/pGy16TnA">TLS and SSL</a> can be used through <a href="/facts/OpenSSL/aXvs5fo2">OpenSSL</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gzip/H23uqvyx">gzip</a> compression and decompression through <a href="/facts/Zlib/rExIchaK">zlib</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>a <a href="/facts/HTML/sSc3fT78">HTML</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Resource_Description_Framework/WMufyukm">RDF</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language/euIKXwHV">SGML</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/XML/clNgUfWk">XML</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Parsing/nRKB01S3">parser</a> and a <a href="/facts/Style_sheet_language/sAU6MR9u">style sheet</a> manager<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li>an integration of a <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a> database (using the <a href="/facts/MySQL/QEEDNBDP">MySQL</a> server) for e.g. <a href="/facts/Web_crawler/ra7D1xyb">web crawlers</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Libwww supports <a href="/facts/Plug-in_(computing)/351Du3Wu">plug-ins</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="applications-using-libwww">Applications using libwww</h2> <p>It has been used for applications of varying sizes, including web browsers, editors, Internet bots, and batch tools. Pluggable modules provided with libwww add support for HTTP/1.1 with caching, pipelining, POST, Digest Authentication, and deflate. </p><p>The W3C created the <a href="/facts/Arena_(web_browser)/CHHLJQgm">Arena web browser</a> as a testbed and testing tool for <a href="/facts/HTML3/sSc3fT78">HTML3</a>, <a href="/facts/Cascading_Style_Sheets/tA90XBQo">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS), <a href="/facts/Portable_Network_Graphics/mwgK6xw5">Portable Network Graphics</a> (PNG) and libwww, among other technologies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Arena was later replaced in that role by <a href="/facts/Amaya_(web_browser)/uBBEQvSF">Amaya</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>According to a survey conducted in September 2003, at least 19 applications used libwww.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Agora_(web_browser)/PNw50dIU">Agora</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li>Arena<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>Amaya<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cello_(web_browser)/TvgeC06F">Cello</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CERN_httpd/Xz6L0atR">CERN httpd</a> server<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cygwin/0ANCmAgH">Cygwin</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Distributed_Oceanographic_Data_Systems/hjn57qQC">Distributed Oceanographic Data Systems</a> with the <a href="/facts/OPeNDAP/rtrBQh8m">OPeNDAP</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li> <li>GRIF Symposia, a <a href="/facts/HTML_editor/Tf82QUku">HTML editor</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lynx_(web_browser)/GxzagrX4">Lynx</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MacWWW/xMfjVmEd">MacWWW</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mosaic_(web_browser)/qrA52r1E">Mosaic</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Robot_Operating_System/vWQLMAbT">Robot Operating System</a> (ROS)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></li> <li>TkWeb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TkWWW/pLbGlvat">tkWWW</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/WorldWideWeb/FlgLKla7">WorldWideWeb</a> (later <i>Nexus</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Integrated applications in libwww are: </p> <ul><li>Command Line Tool, an application which shows how to use libwww to build simple batch mode tools to access the Web.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Line_Mode_Browser/ALepEBYw">Line Mode Browser</a>, a Spartan web browser.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li> <li>Webbot, a simple application showing how to use libwww to build robots.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li>Mini Server, a small application showing how to implement a server or a proxy using libwww.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="criticism">Criticism</h2> <p>The developers of <a href="/facts/Libcurl/01m2dW2j">libcurl</a> have criticised libwww as being not as <a href="/facts/Software_portability/tWKVGCBb">portable</a>, not <a href="/facts/Thread_safety/fx3ULqUw">thread-safe</a> and lacking several <a href="/facts/Basic_access_authentication/9N7Q1AYy">HTTP authentication</a> types.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> Neither <a href="/facts/Libcurl/01m2dW2j">libcurl</a> nor libwww are lightweight enough for some projects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Free and open-source software portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Library_for_WWW_in_Perl/nfPEXgTI">Library for WWW in Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CURL/01m2dW2j">cURL</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.w3.org/Library/">Official website</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/Collaborators.html">libwww hackers</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/User/Architecture/Overview.html">The architecture of libwww</a> <ul><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/User/Paper/LibraryPaper.html">The historic architecture of libwww</a> presented on the <i>Mosaic and the Web</i> conference in Chicago</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Petrie, Charles; Cailliau, Robert (November 1997). "Interview Robert Cailliau on the WWW Proposal: "How It Really Happened."". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Cailliau</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (22 March 1997). "ANNOUNCEMENT: Libwww 5.1a Available". www-lib (Mailing list). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kahan, José, ed. (2 September 2003). "Libwww – the W3C Protocol Library". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://www.w3.org/Library/" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/Library/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kahan, José (22 September 2000). "Starting a libwww survey". www-lib (Mailing list). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-lib/2000JulSep/0306.html" target="_blank">https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-lib/2000JulSep/0306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kahan, José, ed. (7 June 2002). "Change History of libwww". 1.41. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/libwww/Library/User/History.html?rev=1.41" target="_blank">https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/libwww/Library/User/History.html?rev=1.41</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Kahan, José (21 October 2005). "Release Notes for Libwww". World Wide Web Consortium. <a href="https://www.w3.org/Library/User/ReleaseNotes.html" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/Library/User/ReleaseNotes.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kesan, Jay P.; Shah, Rajiv C. (2004). "Deconstructing Code" (PDF). Yale Journal of Law & Technology. 6: 277–389 [291–292]. SSRN 597543. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://yjolt.org/sites/default/files/kesan-6-yjolt-277.pdf" target="_blank">https://yjolt.org/sites/default/files/kesan-6-yjolt-277.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Berners-Lee, Tim (3 November 1992). "Common Library". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 3 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" target="_blank">/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"How the web began". CERN. 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2010. <a href="http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/WebStory-en.html" target="_blank">http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/WebStory-en.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Crémel, Nicole (5 April 2001). "A Little History of the World Wide Web". CERN. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219114722/http://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/www-history/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071219114722/http://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/www-history/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Berners-Lee, Tim (May 1993). "May World-Wide Web News". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 7 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" target="_blank">/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Kesan, Jay P.; Shah, Rajiv C. (2004). "Deconstructing Code" (PDF). Yale Journal of Law & Technology. 6: 277–389 [291–292]. SSRN 597543. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://yjolt.org/sites/default/files/kesan-6-yjolt-277.pdf" target="_blank">https://yjolt.org/sites/default/files/kesan-6-yjolt-277.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Berners-Lee, Tim. "Policy". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 1 September 2010. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" target="_blank">/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Petrie, Charles; Cailliau, Robert (November 1997). "Interview Robert Cailliau on the WWW Proposal: "How It Really Happened."". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Cailliau</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Kahan, José, ed. (2 September 2003). "Libwww – the W3C Protocol Library". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://www.w3.org/Library/" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/Library/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (10 August 1994). The Hypertext Transfer Protocol in the World-Wide Web Library of common code (Master's thesis). Aalborg University. p. i. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (1 August 1999). "Change of my status wrt libwww". www-lib (Mailing list). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Kahan, José, ed. (7 June 2002). "Change History of libwww". 1.41. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/libwww/Library/User/History.html?rev=1.41" target="_blank">https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/libwww/Library/User/History.html?rev=1.41</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Kreutzmann, Dr. Helge (6 January 2010). "WWW-Browsers for Linux". Retrieved 3 June 2010. <a href="http://www.helgefjell.de/browser.php" target="_blank">http://www.helgefjell.de/browser.php</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (22 March 1997). "ANNOUNCEMENT: Libwww 5.1a Available". www-lib (Mailing list). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Libwww News and Event Timeline". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://www.w3.org/Library/OldEvents.html" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/Library/OldEvents.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (1 August 1999). "Change of my status wrt libwww". www-lib (Mailing list). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Kahan, José (22 September 2000). "Starting a libwww survey". www-lib (Mailing list). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-lib/2000JulSep/0306.html" target="_blank">https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-lib/2000JulSep/0306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Kahan, José (2 September 2003). "Future of Libwww Survey". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://www.w3.org/Library/Survey2" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/Library/Survey2</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Kahan, José (29 January 2004). "Results of the future of libwww survey". www-lib (Mailing list). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-lib/2004JanMar/0007.html" target="_blank">https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-lib/2004JanMar/0007.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Kahan, José (21 October 2005). "Release Notes for Libwww". World Wide Web Consortium. <a href="https://www.w3.org/Library/User/ReleaseNotes.html" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/Library/User/ReleaseNotes.html</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"libwww 5.4.2 release". GitHub. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://github.com/w3c/libwww/releases/tag/5.4.2" target="_blank">https://github.com/w3c/libwww/releases/tag/5.4.2</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Kahan, José (2 September 2003). "Future of Libwww Survey". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://www.w3.org/Library/Survey2" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/Library/Survey2</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (12 July 2000). "W3C Library Packages and Interfaces". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (12 July 2000). "W3C Library Packages and Interfaces". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (12 July 2000). "W3C Library Packages and Interfaces". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (12 July 2000). "W3C Library Packages and Interfaces". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Kahan, José, ed. (7 June 2002). "Change History of libwww". 1.41. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/libwww/Library/User/History.html?rev=1.41" target="_blank">https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/libwww/Library/User/History.html?rev=1.41</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (12 July 2000). "W3C Library Packages and Interfaces". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (12 July 2000). "W3C Library Packages and Interfaces". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (12 July 2000). "W3C Library Packages and Interfaces". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"W3C Sample Code Library libwww SSL Transport Wrapper". World Wide Web Consortium. 9 June 2000. Retrieved 28 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/src/SSL/WWWSSL.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/src/SSL/WWWSSL.html</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>"W3C Sample Code Library libwww ZLib Streams". World Wide Web Consortium. 24 May 1998. Retrieved 28 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/src/WWWZip.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/src/WWWZip.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"Simple HTML Parser With Text Object Converter". World Wide Web Consortium. 6 January 1999. Retrieved 28 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/src/HTML.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/src/HTML.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"Declaration of W3C Sample Code HTML MODULE". World Wide Web Consortium. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 28 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/src/WWWHTML.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/src/WWWHTML.html</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>"Declaration of W3C Sample Code XML/RDF Module". World Wide Web Consortium. 18 April 1999. Retrieved 28 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/src/WWWXML.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/src/WWWXML.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"SGML Parser". World Wide Web Consortium. 2 April 1999. Retrieved 28 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/src/SGML.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/src/SGML.html</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>"Declaration of W3C Sample Code XML/RDF Module". World Wide Web Consortium. 18 April 1999. Retrieved 28 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/src/WWWXML.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/src/WWWXML.html</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>"Stylesheet Manager". World Wide Web Consortium. 6 January 1999. Retrieved 28 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/src/HTStyle.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/src/HTStyle.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>"W3C Sample Code Library libwww SQL Interface". World Wide Web Consortium. 24 May 1998. Retrieved 28 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/src/WWWSQL.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/src/WWWSQL.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (14 May 1998). "W3C Reference Library [position paper]". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Lie, Håkon Wium (15 June 1996). "Arena: Frequently Answered Questions". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie" target="_blank">/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Lafon, Yves; Lie, Håkon Wium (16 September 1996). "Welcome to Arena beta-3". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie" target="_blank">/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Kahan, José (29 January 2004). "Results of the future of libwww survey". www-lib (Mailing list). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-lib/2004JanMar/0007.html" target="_blank">https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-lib/2004JanMar/0007.html</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Secret, Arthur (12 November 1996). "Agora". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 6 June 1997. Retrieved 20 June 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970606093552/http://www.w3.org/Agora/Overview.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/19970606093552/http://www.w3.org/Agora/Overview.html</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (7 June 2002). "Libwww Hackers". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 29 May 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Kahan, José (5 August 1999). "Why Libwww?". Retrieved 15 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/Activity.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/Activity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (7 June 2002). "Libwww Hackers". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 29 May 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Kahan, José (5 August 1999). "Why Libwww?". Retrieved 15 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/Activity.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/Activity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Quint, Vincent (10 December 2009). "Amaya Release history". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 29 May 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Amaya/User/New.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Amaya/User/New.html</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"HTTP Request fields". Protocols. World Wide Web Consortium. 3 May 1994. Retrieved 28 March 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/HTRQ_Headers.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/HTRQ_Headers.html</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Kahan, José (5 August 1999). "Why Libwww?". Retrieved 15 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/Activity.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/Activity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (1 December 1998). "www-lib". Yahoo! Groups. Archived from the original on 18 April 2001. Retrieved 15 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Kahan, José (5 August 1999). "Libwww – the W3C Sample Code Library". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 15 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/Status.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/Status.html</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Gallagher, James (10 May 2002). "libwww replacement". OPeNDAP. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727145143/http://mailman.opendap.org/pipermail/opendap-tech/2002-May/000861.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110727145143/http://mailman.opendap.org/pipermail/opendap-tech/2002-May/000861.html</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Gallagher, James (19 June 2002). "libwww v versus libcurl". OPeNDAP. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727145203/http://mailman.opendap.org/pipermail/opendap-tech/2002-June/000920.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110727145203/http://mailman.opendap.org/pipermail/opendap-tech/2002-June/000920.html</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Paoli, Jean (11–14 December 1995). Rules for extending a WWW client: The Symposia API (Report). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 15 August 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Conferences/WWW4/Papers/152/" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Conferences/WWW4/Papers/152/</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Luotonen, Ari. "Ari Luotonen". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 15 August 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/People/AriL/CV.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/People/AriL/CV.html</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Kahan, José, ed. (7 June 2002). "Change History of libwww". 1.41. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/libwww/Library/User/History.html?rev=1.41" target="_blank">https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/libwww/Library/User/History.html?rev=1.41</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Kahan, José (5 August 1999). "Why Libwww?". Retrieved 15 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/Activity.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/Activity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Berners-Lee, Tim (3 November 1992). "Macintosh Browser". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" target="_blank">/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Kahan, José, ed. (7 June 2002). "Change History of libwww". 1.41. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 October 2022. <a href="https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/libwww/Library/User/History.html?rev=1.41" target="_blank">https://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/libwww/Library/User/History.html?rev=1.41</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Petrie, Charles; Cailliau, Robert (November 1997). "Interview Robert Cailliau on the WWW Proposal: "How It Really Happened."". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Cailliau</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Kahan, José (5 August 1999). "Why Libwww?". Retrieved 15 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/Library/Activity.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Library/Activity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>"libwww - ROS Wiki". Robot Operating System (ROS). Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625235402/http://www.ros.org/wiki/libwww" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100625235402/http://www.ros.org/wiki/libwww</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Ball, Steve (10–13 July 1996). SurfIt! – A WWW Browser (PostScript). Monterey, CA: USENIX. Retrieved 28 November 2010. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="https://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/tcl96/full_papers/ball/ball.ps" target="_blank">https://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/tcl96/full_papers/ball/ball.ps</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Wang, Joseph (1 May 1993). "tkWWW Version 0.7 alpha". Retrieved 16 November 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/History/1993/WWW/TkWWW/Annouce_0.7.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/History/1993/WWW/TkWWW/Annouce_0.7.html</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>"WorldWideWeb Source Files". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 21 June 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/History/1991-WWW-NeXT/Implementation/SourceFiles.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/History/1991-WWW-NeXT/Implementation/SourceFiles.html</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>"Readme". evolt.org. Retrieved 5 July 2010. <a href="http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/browsers.evolt.org/browsers/worldwideweb/NeXT/README.txt" target="_blank">http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/browsers.evolt.org/browsers/worldwideweb/NeXT/README.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (14 May 1998). "W3C Reference Library [position paper]". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (4 May 1999). "WebCon: the Libwww Command Line Tool". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Krol, Ed (September 1992). The Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog, 3rd printing (February 1993). O'Reilly & Associates. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/Ed_Krol" target="_blank">/wiki/Ed_Krol</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (14 May 1998). "W3C Reference Library [position paper]". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (4 May 1999). "Webbot – the Libwww Robot". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (14 May 1998). "W3C Reference Library [position paper]". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 27 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" target="_blank">/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Stenberg, Daniel (1 May 2010). "Notes About Libwww compared to libcurl". Haxx. Retrieved 1 June 2010. <a href="http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/libwww.html" target="_blank">http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/libwww.html</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Smith, Timothy B. (11 September 2007). "Simple HTTP Client without 'libcurl' or 'libwww'". μClinux. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027095032/http://www.ucdot.org/article.pl?sid=07%2F09%2F11%2F0411252" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071027095032/http://www.ucdot.org/article.pl?sid=07%2F09%2F11%2F0411252</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>