Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Laima
open-in-new
<h2 id="in-latvia">In Latvia</h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/Latvian_mythology/mYBKneIj">Latvian mythology</a>, Laima and her sisters, Kārta and Dēkla, were a trinity of fate deities, similar to the Norse <a href="/facts/Norns/THyQMYMH">Norns</a> or the Greek <a href="/facts/Moirai/GXrR5RV3">Moirai</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Laima makes the final decision on individual's fate and is considerably more popular. While all three of them had similar functions, Laima is the Goddess of luck and is more related with mothers and childbirth, Dēkla is in charge of children, and Kārta holds power over the adult's life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> In modern <a href="/facts/Dievturi/f19HJurM">Dievturi</a> these three goddesses are referred to as the three Laimas, indicating they are the same deity in three different aspects. Birth rituals at the end of the 19th century included offerings of hen, sheep, towels or other woven materials to Laima. Only women could participate in the ritual, performed in a <a href="/facts/Sauna/otbex6fW">sauna</a> (<i>pirtis</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-lithuania">In Lithuania</h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/Lithuanian_mythology/RmPx0Lkv">Lithuanian mythology</a>, Laima (fate, destiny) is often confused with Laimė (good fortune) and <a href="/facts/Laum%25C4%2597/utWzUuBH">Laumė</a> (fairy).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Other related deities include <a href="/facts/Dalia_(mythology)/RVBIhPpd">Dalia</a> (fate) and <a href="/facts/Giltin%25C4%2597/5A7adBmo">Giltinė</a> (The Reaper). Laima was first mentioned in written sources as <i>Laimelea</i> by Wilhelm Martini in the Latin prologue to Lithuanian songs, collected by <a href="/facts/Daniel_Klein_(grammarian)/1unWMzoo">Daniel Klein</a> and published in 1666.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> She was also mentioned by <a href="/facts/Matth%25C3%25A4us_Pr%25C3%25A4torius/FDdWJv0q">Matthäus Prätorius</a>, Jacob Brodowski, <a href="/facts/Philipp_Ruhig/sfU0kWn5">Philipp Ruhig</a> and others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>One of the most important duties of Laima is to prophesy (Lithuanian: <i>lemti</i>) how the life of a newborn will take place.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Sometimes there was only one Laima, while in other cases three Laimas would give often contradictory predictions. The final pronouncement would be irrevocable and not even Laima herself could change it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> While three fate goddesses have less support among academics, the concept is well-established in European religions (e.g. Greek <a href="/facts/Moirai/GXrR5RV3">Moirai</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In the earlier historiography, the example of <a href="/facts/Predestination/yd1eyA0G">predestination</a> by Laima was used to judge the Lithuanian religion as <a href="/facts/Fatalistic/F3vyPvy6">fatalistic</a>. For example, in 1837 Manfred Tietz wrote that, because Lithuanians believed in the determined fate, they were fearless warriors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas/Dg0CxRLq">Algirdas Julien Greimas</a> argued that such a view is superficial and that Laima did not determine the fate but only knew about it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> In one Lithuanian version of the <a href="/facts/Great_Flood/2jqChsva">Great Flood</a> myth, Laima participates in the birth of the humankind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Laima was related to Gegutė (<a href="/facts/Common_cuckoo/ufaVHT4l">cuckoo</a>), which Greimas considered a separate goddess<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> while others see her as an incarnation of Laima. Gegutė was responsible for time and the succession of the seasons. The number of her calls was believed to predict how long a person had left to live. In spring she would also determine how a person would spend the remainder of the year; for example, if a man had no money on him when he heard the cuckoo, he would be poor for the rest of the year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Laima's sacred tree is the <a href="/facts/Tilia/8n6lmnD7">linden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-modern-culture">In modern culture</h2> <p>The Lithuanian folk music group <a href="/facts/K%25C5%25ABlgrinda_(band)/tMVgBdlJ">Kūlgrinda</a> released an album in 2014 titled <i>Laimos Giesmės</i>, meaning "The Hymns of Laima".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Lithuanian_gods_and_mythological_figures/5A7adBmo">List of Lithuanian gods and mythological figures</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Laurinkienė, Nijolė [in Lithuanian] (2007). <a href="https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/7871">"Motina Žemyna baltų deivių kontekste: 1 d.: Tacito mater deum, trakų-frigų Σεμέλη, latvių Zemes māte, Māra, lietuvių bei latvių Laima, Laumė ir lietuvių Austėja"</a> [Mother-Goddess Žemyna in the context of Baltic deities]. <i>Liaudies kultūra</i> (in Lithuanian) (2): 9-19 [14-16]. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0236-0551">0236-0551</a>.</li> <li>Vaitkevičienė, Daiva (2002). <a href="https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/40022">"Laima gimtuvėse ir krikštynose"</a> [Laima at childbirth and christening]. <i>Tautosakos darbai</i> [<i>Folklore Studies</i>] (in Lithuanian). 23: 123–139. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1392-2831">1392-2831</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1998). Roles of the Northern Goddess. Routledge. pp. 147–148. ISBN 0-415-13610-5.[permanent dead link] <a href="0-415-13610-5" target="_blank">0-415-13610-5</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. CEU Press. p. 301. ISBN 963-9116-42-4. <a href="963-9116-42-4" target="_blank">963-9116-42-4</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. CEU Press. p. 301. ISBN 963-9116-42-4. <a href="963-9116-42-4" target="_blank">963-9116-42-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gimbutas, Marija; Miriam Robbins Dexter (2001). The Living Goddesses. University of California Press. p. 200. ISBN 0-520-22915-0. <a href="0-520-22915-0" target="_blank">0-520-22915-0</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. <a href="0-253-32652-4" target="_blank">0-253-32652-4</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Narbutas, Ignas (1997). "Senieji lietuvių tikėjimai". Darbai ir dienos (in Lithuanian). 5–7. Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ8YAQAAIAAJ&q=1666" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ8YAQAAIAAJ&q=1666</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>(in Lithuanian) Jonas Zinkus; et al., eds. (1985–1988). "Laimės". Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija. Vol. II. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. p. 467. LCCN 86232954. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. <a href="0-253-32652-4" target="_blank">0-253-32652-4</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 151. ISBN 9986-16-389-7. <a href="9986-16-389-7" target="_blank">9986-16-389-7</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. <a href="0-253-32652-4" target="_blank">0-253-32652-4</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 90. ISBN 9986-16-389-7. <a href="9986-16-389-7" target="_blank">9986-16-389-7</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. <a href="0-253-32652-4" target="_blank">0-253-32652-4</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 148. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. <a href="0-253-32652-4" target="_blank">0-253-32652-4</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. <a href="0-253-32652-4" target="_blank">0-253-32652-4</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Greimas, Algirdas Julien (1992). Of Gods and Men. Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Indiana University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-253-32652-4. <a href="0-253-32652-4" target="_blank">0-253-32652-4</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Klimka, Libertas (2005). "Žmogus ir gamta etninėje kultūroje" (PDF). Kultūros Aktualijos (in Lithuanian). 4 (45): 26.[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.lkdtc.lt/senas/files/2005/2005_4(45)/pusl23_27.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.lkdtc.lt/senas/files/2005/2005_4(45)/pusl23_27.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Kūlgrinda – Laimos Giesmės. Discogs. <a href="https://www.discogs.com/K%C5%ABlgrinda-Laimos-Giesm%C4%97s/release/6439031" target="_blank">https://www.discogs.com/K%C5%ABlgrinda-Laimos-Giesm%C4%97s/release/6439031</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>