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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Joseph Wang announced in July 1992 that he was developing a web browser based on Tk, and made the <a href="/facts/Alpha_test/z4Q4RElA">alpha</a> version 0.1 publicly available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Version 0.4 integrated a much easier installation procedure, a better default color scheme, keyboard traversals and a history mechanism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Version 0.5, released 8 February 1993, introduced support for multiple fonts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Version 0.6 made personal annotations compatible with <a href="/facts/Mosaic_(web_browser)/qrA52r1E">xmosaic</a> and improved the GUI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>With the release of version 0.7 on 1 May 1993, tkWWW became the first WYSIWYG HTML editor for <a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> which was originally written by Nathan Torkington.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Another improvement was the ability to start in <i>iconic mode</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Version 0.8 improved the <a href="/facts/Graphical_user_interface/wBlQFWDP">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) and added a "reload" option.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>In version 0.9, the browser achieved <a href="/facts/Betaware/z4Q4RElA">beta</a> status and added support for character-styling <a href="/facts/HTML_element/s4TKzjUP">tags</a> and for version 7.0 of Tcl, as well as partial support for image tags.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>Version 0.11 worked successfully with <a href="/facts/Revision_Control_System/9rHoEV5Y">RCS</a>[<i>dubious – discuss</i>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Based on the newly released Tk 4.0, tkWWW 0.13 was an alpha release, in order to allow for wider testing. It also added full support for inline images.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>Support for <a href="/facts/HTML%252B/sSc3fT78">HTML+</a>, a proposed successor to <a href="/facts/HTML_2/sSc3fT78">HTML 2</a>, was implemented while the specification was being developed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>tkWWW was extended by the <a href="/facts/GNU_Guile/xsnGWQKV">GNU Guile</a> project, to support <a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> extensions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-development">Further development</h2> <p>The short-term agenda for tkWWW included an <a href="/facts/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language/euIKXwHV">SGML</a> <a href="/facts/Parsing/nRKB01S3">parser</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> and the separation of the browser from the editor,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> in order to simplify user experience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The long-term plan included new functions like <a href="/facts/Word_processing/qAR7lagF">word processing</a>, <a href="/facts/File_manager/t7CSQ40a">directory navigation</a>, <a href="/facts/File_transfer/9qP8HDW8">file transfer</a>, and <a href="/facts/Usenet/lYJWFBR6">news</a> and <a href="/facts/Email/6pD9GLtI">email</a> reading.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="features">Features</h2> <ul><li>With the <i>htext</i>-<a href="/facts/Widget_toolkit/v8wM8wwy">widget</a>, Tk code could be embedded into web pages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>Because the interface was written in Tk, it was easy to modify and extend the system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li>A WYSIWYG editor for HTML web pages, with all major HTML functions (character emphasis, headings, paragraph breaks, lists, anchors)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li>Support for many <a href="/facts/Internet_protocol/Qq6VeEal">protocols</a>: <a href="/facts/File_Transfer_Protocol/THuWgzfw">FTP</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Gopher_(protocol)/G2bpDRQJ">gopher</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol/TWtvf7JD">HTTP</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Telnet/hxT0e85h">telnet</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li>Multiple <a href="/facts/Font/04Q7sE8J">fonts</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> including support for Asian fonts<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li>Multimedia formats supported: <a href="/facts/Bitmap/Fr80ySnT">bitmap</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Device_independent_file_format/afmP6zeJ">DVI</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Graphics_Interchange_Format/HfIBWrIC">GIF</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group/ygmT7JBB">MPEG</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> <a href="/facts/PostScript/h2XwbcmC">PostScript</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Dump_(Unix)/0GhPTYJj">X Window dump files</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li>Automatic <a href="/facts/ZIP_(file_format)/qDrrYIB9">file unpacking</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li></ul> <p>tkWWW was developed before the advent of Safe-Tcl, to allow untrusted applications to run from non-privileged accounts. Without such a safeguard, the potential for automatically executing remote scripts was a security issue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p><p>tkWWW was criticized for not supporting the <a href="/facts/Mailto_URI_scheme/zF0frput">mailto URI scheme</a>, <a href="/facts/Rlogin/fB8rLwNJ">rlogin</a>, <a href="/facts/Wide_area_information_server/eEaUzhJk">WAIS</a>, and <a href="/facts/HTML_forms/9Ivp2peo">HTML forms</a>. A <i>stop</i>-button to interrupt the transfer of web pages was also not integrated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="extensions">Extensions</h2> <p>Because tkWWW was based on the Tk framework, it was very easy to expand its functions and to extend its capabilities. Indeed, there were several extensions and applications based on tkWWW.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p> <h3>Phoenix</h3> <p><i>Phoenix</i> was a well-known web browser and editor, created at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago/z6zRMUmV">University of Chicago</a> in the <a href="/facts/Biological_Sciences_Division_(University_of_Chicago)/z6zRMUmV">Biological Sciences Division</a>, that was built on tkWWW version 0.9.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> Development began in the summer of 1993, when there weren't any easy-to-use web-page editors available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> Development ceased in May 1995, there being a variety of similar tools available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> The main new features were: improved HTML+ support,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> deeper integration of features such as <a href="/facts/Cut%2c_copy%2c_and_paste/eksLoJ9M">copy and paste</a> and native look-and-feel,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> and support for the <a href="/facts/Kerberos_(protocol)/RMXs3P1w">Kerberos protocol</a> by modified servers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> The browser was supported on <a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a>, <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/facts/Mac_OS/EkobAhow">Mac OS</a>, and on Linux and other <a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a> systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> Further development would have added support for <a href="/facts/Berkeley_Software_Distribution/XQKcURrh">BSD</a> platforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> </p><p>The short-term plan for tkWWW was to separate the editing and browsing functions, as had already been accomplished for Phoenix.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> Inline-image support for GIFs and ISMAPs were also already integrated in the first version of Phoenix.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p><p>The ability to access Multi-user Object-Oriented (<a href="/facts/MOO/0F0Ayd9l">MOO</a>) or Multi-User Dungeon (<a href="/facts/Multi-user_dungeon/F6nLmX47">MUD</a>) servers was requested as a new package for tkWWW, and this was delivered by the Phoenix team.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> </p> <h3>The TkWWW Robot</h3> <p>Scott Spetka presented a paper at the <i>Mosaic and the Web</i> Conference in <a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a> entitled "The TkWWW Robot" in October 1994.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> TkWWW robot was one of the first <a href="/facts/Web_crawler/ra7D1xyb">web crawlers</a> and <a href="/facts/Internet_bot/yPTtRLyq">internet bots</a> based on tkWWW. It was developed over the summer at the <a href="/facts/Rome_Laboratory/SXh2mCrh">Air Force Rome Laboratory</a>, with funding from the <a href="/facts/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory/QGBMMKKa">Air Force Office of Scientific Research</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> to build HTML indexes, compile WWW statistics, collect image portfolios, etc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> TkWWW robot's major advantage was its flexibility in adapting to virtually any criteria to guide its search path and to control its selection of data for retrieval.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Search_algorithm/eJuw0nyz">search algorithm</a> worked by identifying "web neighborhoods" — finding logically related homepages. The bot returned a list of links in the form of <a href="/facts/Bookmark_(World_Wide_Web)/E4WpX0Ku">bookmarks</a>. It was limited, however, in that it could include only two links from the original homepages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="system-requirements-and-technical">System requirements and technical</h2> <p>tkWWW was originally developed for <a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a> but would run on any modern <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating system</a> where <a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a>/<a href="/facts/Tk_(framework)/Y6NBxcbF">Tk</a> is properly installed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> To display images, tkWWW requires the xli package.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> </p><p>tkWWW has two strictly separated processes: one for the GUI, and another for network interaction and for parsing HTML.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> The latter is <a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">compiled</a> <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> code based on the CERN <a href="/facts/Libwww/p6ud7zPh">libwww</a> <a href="/facts/Library_(computing)/xRzL3P7q">library</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> The front-end GUI is written in Tcl/Tk, which is interpreted at run time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Free and open-source software portal</li><li>internet portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web/6MDw5vuo">History of the World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tkhtml/85u6MsGu">Tkhtml</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to TkWWW Browser. <ul><li><a href="http://www.filewatcher.com/_/?q=tkwww">Filewatcher.com tkWWW packages on the different ftp servers</a>[<i>dead link</i>]</li> <li><a href="https://www.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/other/cdsdev/html/tk-www/help/">tkWWW help</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Red Hat Linux Unleashed rhl50.htm". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040312/http://puschin.3x.ro/RHL50.HTM" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040312/http://puschin.3x.ro/RHL50.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Cockburn, Andy; Jones, Steve (6 December 2000). "Which Way Now? Analysing and Easing Inadequacies in WWW Navigation". International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 45: 105–129. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.25.8504. doi:10.1006/ijhc.1996.0044. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1071581996900440" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1071581996900440</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Wang, Joseph. "Globewide Network Academy". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 23 November 2024. <a href="https://www.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/other/cdsdev/html/tk-www/help/uu-gna.html" target="_blank">https://www.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/other/cdsdev/html/tk-www/help/uu-gna.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Red Hat Linux Unleashed rhl50.htm". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040312/http://puschin.3x.ro/RHL50.HTM" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040312/http://puschin.3x.ro/RHL50.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Berners-Lee, Tim (May 1992). "May World-Wide Web News". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 16 November 2010. <a href="http://www.w3.org/News/9305.html" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/News/9305.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Berners-Lee, Tim; Cailliau, Robert (23–27 September 1992). "World-Wide Web" (PostScript). World Wide Web Conference. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 16 November 2010. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" target="_blank">/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>LoVerso, John R.; Mazer, Murray S. (July 1997). "Caubweb: Detaching the Web with Tcl" (PDF). Fifth Annual Tcl/Tk Workshop. Boston, Massachusetts: USENIX. Retrieved 28 November 2010. <a href="https://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/tcl97/full_papers/loverso/loverso.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/tcl97/full_papers/loverso/loverso.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Red Hat Linux Unleashed rhl50.htm". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040312/http://puschin.3x.ro/RHL50.HTM" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040312/http://puschin.3x.ro/RHL50.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Wang, Joseph. "tkWWW as a replacement for rrn". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 23 November 2024. <a href="https://www.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/other/cdsdev/html/tk-www/help/rrn.html" target="_blank">https://www.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/other/cdsdev/html/tk-www/help/rrn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Wang, Joseph. "tkWWW TODO list". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 23 November 2024. <a href="https://www.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/other/cdsdev/html/tk-www/help/todo.html" target="_blank">https://www.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/other/cdsdev/html/tk-www/help/todo.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Wang, Joseph (25 July 1992). "tkWWW-0.1". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 24 November 2010. <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JulAug/0034.html" target="_blank">http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JulAug/0034.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Wang, Joseph (18 October 1992). "Announcing tkWWW release 0.4". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 16 November 2010. <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992SepOct/0023.html" target="_blank">http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992SepOct/0023.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Wang, Joseph (8 February 1993). "Announcing tkWWW Version 0.5 Alpha". 1977.webhistory.org. 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