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Shutter lag
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<h2 id="film-cameras">Film cameras</h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/Film_camera/eG3QEX9A">film cameras</a>, the delay is caused by the mechanism inside the camera that opens the <a href="/facts/Shutter_(photography)/83Y5rsB0">shutter</a>, exposing the film. Because the process is mechanical, however, and relatively brief, shutter lag in film cameras is often only noticeable (and of any concern) to professionals. <a href="/facts/Single-lens_reflex_camera/oTTVInva">SLRs</a> have a slight additional lag due to the time it takes to move the mirror out of the way.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="digital-cameras">Digital cameras</h2> <p>Shutter lag is much more of a problem with <a href="/facts/Digital_camera/LSGTserm">digital cameras</a>, although higher cost models tend to have less lag.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>The comet-tail artifact that early CCD sensors suffered from was significantly reduced by the invention of the <a href="/facts/Pinned_photodiode/152Rpk06">pinned photodiode</a> (PPD).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> It was invented by <a href="/facts/Nobukazu_Teranishi/7KW0e0FS">Nobukazu Teranishi</a>, Hiromitsu Shiraki and Yasuo Ishihara at <a href="/facts/NEC/YnlUsMBA">NEC</a> in 1980.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The "pinned photodiode" is a <a href="/facts/Photodetector/7cSkXS6s">photodetector</a> structure used in almost all charge-coupled device (CCD) and CMOS image sensors (CIS) due to its low <a href="/facts/Noise_(electronics)/Izbv38Rr">noise</a>, high <a href="/facts/Quantum_efficiency/MQw86Evj">quantum efficiency</a> and low <a href="/facts/Dark_current_(physics)/J0v3uLkV">dark current</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In 1987, the PPD began to be incorporated into most CCD devices, becoming a fixture in <a href="/facts/Consumer_electronic/cJ8g9NXh">consumer electronic</a> <a href="/facts/Video_cameras/pu84VbC7">video cameras</a> and then <a href="/facts/Digital_still_camera/LSGTserm">digital still cameras</a>. The PPD has since been used in most CCD sensors and then <a href="/facts/CMOS_sensor/6Trt4SWj">CMOS sensors</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Improvements in technology, such as the speed, <a href="/facts/Bandwidth_(computing)/lY6Tb4gX">bandwidth</a> and power consumption of <a href="/facts/Microprocessor/Fx9CaQht">processor</a> <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">chips</a> and <a href="/facts/Computer_memory/hQKVQ51J">memory</a>, as well as CCD technology and then CMOS sensors, have made shutter lag less of a problem. While digital SLRs have achieved lag times around 50 ms by the late 2000s, some <a href="/facts/Mirrorless_camera/dWbPnzRF">EVILs</a> take half as long in the 2010s. That said, the lag times of some exceptional historic devices are still unsurpassed, see table below. </p> <h2 id="examples-of-various-shutter-lag-times">Examples of various shutter lag times</h2> <p>Note that cameras offer increasingly varied choices of fully mechanical shutter, first-curtain electronic shutter (EFCS; meaning a mechanical shutter only at the end of the exposure), or fully electronic (thus silent) shutter. This is paired with either autofocus, fully manual focus, or prefocus (half-pressing the shutter button to engage autofocus and lock exposure; then holding the button half-pressed until the decisive picture-taking moment, in which the button is depressed completely). Typically, prefocus + EFCS results in the shortest shutter lag (see the following individual sources with measurements for all available modi). </p><p>This table quotes the shortest possible lag time of the respective camera. Note that variations may occur between manufacturer-claimed times and real-world measurements. In the case of follow-up versions of cameras (Mark II, -N, -s, ...), it is usually save to assume identical performance unless explicitly stated otherwise in press releases or comparisons. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Camera</th><th>Type</th><th>Shutter lag [ms]</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_Coolpix_L3/BEh7Ct03">Nikon Coolpix L3</a></td><td>Point-and-shoot (digital)</td><td>1800</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_Coolpix/PkSf8hBj">Nikon Coolpix</a> S550</td><td>Point-and-shoot (digital)</td><td>590</td></tr><tr><td>Panasonic DMC <a href="/facts/Lumix/eXNKjjl3">Lumix</a> FS20</td><td>Point-and-shoot (digital)</td><td>480</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Canon_PowerShot_A/xMN00HRH">Canon PowerShot A</a>590 IS</td><td>Point-and-shoot (digital)</td><td>350</td></tr><tr><td>Samsung Nx-Mini</td><td>SLR (digital, APS)</td><td>164<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-W80/Ulx4dC59">Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W80</a></td><td>Point-and-shoot (digital)</td><td>150</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pentax_MZ-50/IpYvbg8Q">Pentax MZ-50</a></td><td>SLR (Film)</td><td>120</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Konica_Minolta_Maxxum_7D/EQLMnzcn">Konica Minolta Maxxum 7D</a></td><td>SLR (digital, APS-C, built-in image stabilization)</td><td>117<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sony_NEX-5/EEf1TMJd">Sony NEX-5</a></td><td>EVIL (APS)</td><td>115<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fujifilm_GFX_50S/XM1oMwW6">Fujifilm GFX 50S</a></td><td>EVIL (44mm)</td><td>108<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fujifilm_GFX100/SqBcq2Wh">Fujifilm GFX 100</a></td><td>EVIL (44mm)</td><td>105<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fujifilm_GFX_50R/DV11l6I1">Fujifilm GFX 50R</a></td><td>EVIL (44mm)</td><td>102<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Minolta_Maxxum_9/w19YYkaY">Minolta Maxxum 9</a> [de]</td><td>SLR (Film)</td><td>90<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sigma_SD1/hBVFJ2ns">Sigma SD1</a></td><td>SLR (APS)</td><td>88<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Leica_M8/yE5WHnGB">Leica M8</a></td><td>Rangefinder (Digital, APS-H)</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Leica_M9/xc3nwJbg">Leica M9</a></td><td>Rangefinder (Digital, 35mm)</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sony_Alpha_850/09vz6GeD">Sony A850</a></td><td>SLR (digital, 35mm, built-in image stabilization)</td><td>74<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sony_Alpha_900/TAGFfVG2">Sony A900</a></td><td>SLR (digital, 35mm, built-in image stabilization)</td><td>72<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Minolta_XD-7/ut9yPloT">Minolta XD-7</a></td><td>SLR (Film)</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_Z_7/eE8K0YdX">Nikon Z7</a> and <a href="/facts/Nikon_Z_6/7q7swesy">Z6</a></td><td>EVIL (35mm)</td><td>59<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> and 56<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> respectively, 69-70<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> both</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Canon_EOS_5D_Mark_IV/4WgVlTy2">Canon EOS-5D Mark IV</a> and <a href="/facts/Canon_EOS_5DS/LIBctAxn">5DS</a></td><td>SLR (digital, 35mm)</td><td>57,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> 61-63<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Canon_EOS-1D_X/B2oLs9XB">Canon EOS-1D X</a></td><td>SLR (digital, 35mm)</td><td>57-58,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> 36<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_Df/lq046E9T">Nikon Df</a></td><td>SLR (digital, 35mm)</td><td>55-57<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_D300s/Bbf7GAB3">Nikon D300s</a></td><td>SLR (digital, APS)</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sony_Alpha_77/BRamTCk3">Sony Alpha SLT-A77</a></td><td>SLR (digital, APS, built-in image stabilization)</td><td>53<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Canon_EOS-1D_Mark_II/qmw6wzhJ">Canon EOS-1D Mark II</a></td><td>SLR (digital, APS-H)</td><td>53,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> 40</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Canon_EOS-1D_Mark_IV/zAaEHzHw">Canon EOS-1D Mark IV</a></td><td>SLR (digital, APS-H)</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Leica_SL_(Typ_601)/gt1YY8CB">Leica SL 601</a></td><td>EVIL (35mm)</td><td>46<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_D700/q55UwAk1">Nikon D700</a> and <a href="/facts/Nikon_D800/hD3HbJex">800</a></td><td>SLR (digital, 35mm)</td><td>44,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> less than D500, 600, 610, 750, 810, and 850.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_D3s/tsxGYmWu">Nikon D3s</a></td><td>SLR (digital, 35mm)</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_D3x/jwMzIbjh">Nikon D3x</a></td><td>SLR (digital, 35mm)</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_D5/m2v7Q6S8">Nikon D5</a></td><td>SLR (digital, 35mm)</td><td>39,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> 43-57<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Minolta_XE-1/w6lEUkDb">Minolta XE-1</a></td><td>SLR (Film)</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_D2H/6Egw6d92">Nikon D2H, D2Hs</a>, <a href="/facts/Nikon_D2X/MBdk3j8v">D2X</a></td><td>SLR (digital, APS)</td><td>37<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nikon_F6/kw3fer7J">Nikon F6</a></td><td>SLR (Film)</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>Contax RTS33</td><td>SLR (Film)</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sony_%25CE%25B17/CVDBPITd">Sony A7</a> and <a href="/facts/Sony_%25CE%25B17_III/CbKrbCNm">A7 III</a></td><td>EVIL (35mm)</td><td>21-25,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> 23<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sony_NEX-7/GQU1omNb">Sony NEX-7</a>, <a href="/facts/NEX-5N/EEf1TMJd">NEX-5N</a>, <a href="/facts/Sony_%25CE%25B16000/kll9YkD6">a6x00</a> series</td><td>EVIL (APS)</td><td>20-25,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> 22<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sony_%25CE%25B17R_II/uztTGV6z">Sony A7r II</a></td><td>EVIL (35mm)</td><td>20,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> 21-26<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> (noticeably faster than the 163 ms of Mark 1; 3 ms faster than Mark 3 and 4)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sony_%25CE%25B17/CVDBPITd">Sony A7s</a></td><td>EVIL (35mm)</td><td>20-23<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Leica_M3/zAgyqMpg">Leica M3</a></td><td>Rangefinder (Film)</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Leica_M7/zp4RfDYM">Leica M7</a></td><td>Rangefinder (Film)</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-F828/20Bxs8M6">Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-F828</a></td><td>Point-and-shoot (digital)</td><td>9<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> = manufacturer claim. Note that Sony claims the same 9 ms for models P93, T33 and W1; ImagingResource tested them at 11 ms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Canon_EOS_RT/QQ4rQcA6">Canon EOS RT</a></td><td>SLR (Film)</td><td>8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Canon_EOS-1N_RS/Kbh5FQY0">Canon EOS-1N RS</a></td><td>SLR (Film)</td><td>6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.cameras.co.uk/html/shutter-lag-comparisons.cfm">Shutter lag comparison chart for digital P&S</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.imaging-resource.com/camera-reviews">Imaging Resource camera reviews often with measured shutter lag times</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/technology/10basics.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">NY Times article on shutter lag</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.kenrockwell.com/tech/shutter-lag.htm">Photographer's Article on Shutter Lag</a></li> <li><a href="http://mypellau.com/pellaumag/what-is-zsd-on-your-mobile-camera/">What is Zero Shutter Delay (ZSD) on your mobile camera</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Hirsch, Robert (2018-03-05). Light and Lens: Photography in the Digital Age. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-37170-0. <a href="978-1-317-37170-0" target="_blank">978-1-317-37170-0</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Jones, Patrick (2011-02-10). Practical Forensic Digital Imaging: Applications and Techniques. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-040-08161-7. <a href="978-1-040-08161-7" target="_blank">978-1-040-08161-7</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Jones, Patrick (2011-02-10). Practical Forensic Digital Imaging: Applications and Techniques. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-040-08161-7. <a href="978-1-040-08161-7" target="_blank">978-1-040-08161-7</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Fossum, Eric R.; Hondongwa, D. B. (2014). "A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors". IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society. 2 (3): 33–43. doi:10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Fossum" target="_blank">/wiki/Eric_Fossum</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Fossum, Eric R.; Hondongwa, D. B. (2014). "A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors". IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society. 2 (3): 33–43. doi:10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Fossum" target="_blank">/wiki/Eric_Fossum</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>U.S. Patent 4,484,210: Solid-state imaging device having a reduced image lag <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4484210" target="_blank">https://patents.google.com/patent/US4484210</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Fossum, Eric R.; Hondongwa, D. B. (2014). "A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors". IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society. 2 (3): 33–43. doi:10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Fossum" target="_blank">/wiki/Eric_Fossum</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Fossum, Eric R.; Hondongwa, D. B. (2014). "A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors". IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society. 2 (3): 33–43. doi:10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Fossum" target="_blank">/wiki/Eric_Fossum</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Samsung NX Mini Review - Performance". Imaging Resource. Retrieved 2022-02-19. <a href="https://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/samsung-nx-mini/samsung-nx-miniA6.HTM" target="_blank">https://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/samsung-nx-mini/samsung-nx-miniA6.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Imaging-Resource Preview Konica Minolta Dynax/Maxxum/Alpha 7D <a href="http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/MAX7/D7A7.HTM" target="_blank">http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/MAX7/D7A7.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Imaging-Resource Preview Sony Alpha NEX-5 <a href="http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/NEX5/NEX5A6.HTM" target="_blank">http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/NEX5/NEX5A6.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Fujifilm GFX 50S Review - Performance". Imaging Resource. Retrieved 2022-02-19. <a href="https://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/fuji-gfx/fuji-gfxA6.HTM" target="_blank">https://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/fuji-gfx/fuji-gfxA6.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Fujifilm GFX 100 Review - Performance". Imaging Resource. Retrieved 2022-02-19. <a href="https://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/fuji-gfx-100/fuji-gfx-100A6.HTM" target="_blank">https://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/fuji-gfx-100/fuji-gfx-100A6.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Fujifilm GFX 50R Review - Performance". Imaging Resource. 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