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Meteoric iron
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<h2 id="mineralogy">Mineralogy</h2> <p>The bulk of meteoric iron consists of <a href="/facts/Taenite/jwevbgJw">taenite</a> and <a href="/facts/Kamacite/9JHfxXsL">kamacite</a>. Taenite is a face-centered cubic and kamacite a body-centered cubic iron-nickel <a href="/facts/Alloy/I7w7WQWR">alloy</a>. </p><p>Meteoric iron can be distinguished from <a href="/facts/Telluric_iron/xYgwowV9">telluric iron</a> by its microstructure and perhaps by its chemical composition also, since meteoritic iron contains more nickel and less carbon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>Trace amounts of <a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">gallium</a> and <a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">germanium</a> in meteoric iron can be used to distinguish different meteorite types. The meteoric iron in <a href="/facts/Stony_Iron_Meteorite/DlPI6HN3">stony iron meteorites</a> is identical to the "gallium-germanium group" of the <a href="/facts/Iron_meteorite/rjgT7fec">iron meteorites</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> Overview over meteoric iron mineral phases<table><tbody><tr><th>Mineral</th><th>Formula</th><th>Nickel (Mass-% Ni)</th><th>Crystal structure</th><th>Notes & references</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Antitaenite/FJzfthqw">Antitaenite</a></td><td>γLow Spin-(Ni,Fe)</td><td>20–40</td><td>face centered cubic</td><td>Only approved as a variety of taenite by the <a href="/facts/International_Mineralogical_Association/BzSmsAYQ">IMA</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kamacite/9JHfxXsL">Kamacite</a></td><td>α-(Fe,Ni); Fe0+0.9Ni0.1</td><td>5–10</td><td>body centered cubic</td><td>Same structure as <a href="/facts/Allotropes_of_iron/deRQ3dBM">ferrite</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Taenite/jwevbgJw">Taenite</a></td><td>γ-(Ni,Fe)</td><td>20–65</td><td>face centered cubic</td><td>Same structure as <a href="/facts/Austenite/Fzp52xYc">austenite</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tetrataenite/R9MlE9Hz">Tetrataenite</a></td><td>(FeNi)</td><td>48–57</td><td>tetragonal</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Structures</h3> <p>Meteoric iron forms a few different structures that can be seen by <a href="/facts/Etching/PM0FmoSb">etching</a> or in <a href="/facts/Thin_section/FygaCHxS">thin sections</a> of meteorites. The <a href="/facts/Widmanst%25C3%25A4tten_pattern/K7JCbTpb">Widmanstätten pattern</a> forms when meteoric iron cools and <a href="/facts/Kamacite/9JHfxXsL">kamacite</a> is <a href="/facts/Exsolution/Mla7z8dc">exsolved</a> from <a href="/facts/Taenite/jwevbgJw">taenite</a> in the form of lamellas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Plessite/fFFNrKjg">Plessite</a> is a more fine-grained intergrowth of the two minerals in between the lamella of the Widmanstätten pattern.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Neumann_lines/TLchC6FJ">Neumann lines</a> are fine lines running through <a href="/facts/Kamacite/9JHfxXsL">kamacite</a> crystals that form through impact-related deformation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cultural-and-historical-usage">Cultural and historical usage</h2> <p>Before the advent of iron <a href="/facts/Smelting/Ghdvhlga">smelting</a>, meteoric iron was the only source of iron metal apart from minor amounts of <a href="/facts/Telluric_iron/xYgwowV9">telluric iron</a>. Meteoric iron was already used before the beginning of the <a href="/facts/Iron_Age/mpQYShI0">Iron Age</a> to make cultural objects, tools and weapons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Bronze Age</h3> <p>Many examples of iron working from the <a href="/facts/Bronze_Age/c09qWcTt">Bronze Age</a> have been confirmed to be meteoritic in origin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>In ancient Egypt an iron metal bead was found in a graveyard near <a href="/facts/Gerzeh/kQy8uv2Y">Gerzeh</a> that contained 7.5% Ni.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Dated to around 3200 BC, <a href="/facts/Geochemistry/05094gDu">geochemical</a> analysis of the Gerzeh iron beads, based on the ratio of nickel to iron and <a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">cobalt</a>, confirms that the iron was meteoritic in origin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>Dated to around 2500 BC, an iron dagger from <a href="/facts/Alaca_H%25C3%25B6y%25C3%25BCk/E285CJ4m">Alaca Höyük</a> was confirmed to be meteoritic in origin through geochemical analysis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>Dated to around 2300 BC, an iron pendant from <a href="/facts/Umm_el-Marra/kjAsSNGE">Umm el-Marra</a> in Syria was confirmed to be meteoritic in origin through geochemical analysis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>Dated to around 1400 BC, an iron axe from <a href="/facts/Ugarit/Sf1o8AuK">Ugarit</a> in Syria was found to be meteoritic in origin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>Dated to around 1400 BC, several iron axes from <a href="/facts/Shang_dynasty/6JYKH4wP">Shang dynasty</a> China were confirmed to be meteoritic in origin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>Dated to around 1350 BC, an iron dagger, bracelet and headrest from the tomb of <a href="/facts/Tutankhamun/lD17fY2r">Tutankhamun</a> were confirmed to be meteoritic in origin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Tutankhamun%2527s_iron_dagger_blade/r60lgEB2">Tutankhamun dagger</a> consists of similar proportions of metals (<a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a>, <a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">nickel</a> and <a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">cobalt</a>) to a meteorite discovered in the area, deposited by an ancient meteor shower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>Dated to around 900 BC, an <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25B6rigen_Arrowhead/D0U1pJEP">arrowhead</a> from <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25B6rigen/0qkHwWxt">Mörigen</a> in Switzerland was confirmed to be made of meteoric iron<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> whose composition suggested that it originated from the <a href="/facts/Kaali_crater/17p7fq8D">Kaali meteorite crater</a> in <a href="/facts/Saaremaa/UWMqkdRL">Saaremaa</a>, Estonia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>The Americas</h3> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Inuit/wJaIGexN">Inuit</a> used parts of the <a href="/facts/Cape_York_meteorite/oXHeG4k6">Cape York meteorite</a> to make lance heads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Africa</h3> <ul><li>Fragments from the <a href="/facts/Gibeon_(meteorite)/MWCC8eAl">Gibeon</a> meteorite were used for centuries by the <a href="/facts/Nama_people/UfXLFHWa">Nama people</a> of Namibia.</li></ul> <h3>Asia</h3> <ul><li>There are reports of the use of meteorites for manufacture of various items in Tibet (see <a href="/facts/Thokcha/cktLJtNr">Thokcha</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Iron_Man_(Buddhist_statue)/V6FcXuk3"><i>Iron Man</i></a>, a purported Tibetan Buddhist statue of <a href="/facts/Vai%25C5%259Brava%25E1%25B9%2587a/TCxjUVFx">Vaiśravaṇa</a>, was likely carved from an ataxite meteorite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> It has been speculated that it may be made from a fragment of the <a href="/facts/Chinga_meteorite/9I4uUNed">Chinga meteorite</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Even after the invention of <a href="/facts/Smelting/Ghdvhlga">smelting</a>, meteoric iron was sometimes used where this technology was not available or metal was scarce. A piece of the <a href="/facts/Cranbourne_meteorite/85gRtHST">Cranbourne meteorite</a> was made into a horseshoe around 1854.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>Today meteoritic iron is used in niche jewellery and knife production, but most of it is used for research, educational or <a href="/facts/Collecting/pd5WENCo">collecting</a> purposes. </p> <h2 id="atmospheric-phenomena">Atmospheric phenomena</h2> <p>Meteoric iron also has an effect on the Earth's atmosphere. When meteorites descend through the atmosphere, outer parts are <a href="/facts/Ablation/tTSHH09G">ablated</a>. Meteoric ablation is the source of many elements in the upper atmosphere. When meteoric iron is ablated, it forms a free iron atom that can react with <a href="/facts/Ozone/o0E5gn2p">ozone</a> (O3) to form <a href="/facts/Iron(II)_oxide/H9V7S3MG">FeO</a>. This FeO may be the source of the orange spectrographic bands in the spectrum of the upper atmosphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Glossary_of_meteoritics/TbTPV1Ut">Glossary of meteoritics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/gerzeh/tomb67/finds.html">Pictures of the iron beads of Gerzeh and other artifacts from tomb number 67</a></li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meteoritic iron objects. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Rehren, Thilo; Belgya, Tamás; Jambon, Albert; Káli, György; Kasztovszky, Zsolt; Kis, Zoltán; Kovács, Imre; Maróti, Boglárka; Martinón-Torres, Marcos; Miniaci, Gianluca; Pigott, Vincent C.; Radivojević, Miljana; Rosta, László; Szentmiklósi, László; Szőkefalvi-Nagy, Zoltán (2013). "5,000 years old Egyptian iron beads made from hammered meteoritic iron" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (12): 4785–4792. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002. <a href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1430496/1/Rehren_et_al_2013_Petrie_iron_beads_JAS_40.pdf" target="_blank">http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1430496/1/Rehren_et_al_2013_Petrie_iron_beads_JAS_40.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Fleming, Stuart J.; Schenck, Helen R. (1989). History of Technology: The Role of Metals. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-924171-95-6. <a href="978-0-924171-95-6" target="_blank">978-0-924171-95-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Fleming, Stuart J.; Schenck, Helen R. (1989). History of Technology: The Role of Metals. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-924171-95-6. <a href="978-0-924171-95-6" target="_blank">978-0-924171-95-6</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Lovering, John F.; Nichiporuk, Walter; Chodos, Arthur; Brown, Harrison (31 December 1956). "The distribution of gallium, germanium, cobalt, chromium, and copper in iron and stony-iron meteorites in relation to nickel content and structure". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 11 (4): 263–278. Bibcode:1957GeCoA..11..263L. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(57)90099-6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Clarke, Roy S.; Edward R. D. Scott (1980). "Tetrataenite - ordered FeNi, a new mineral in meteorites" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 65: 624–630. Bibcode:1980AmMin..65..624C. <a href="http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM65/AM65_624.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM65/AM65_624.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Yang, J.; J. I. Goldstein (2005). "The formation of the Widmanstätten structure in meteorites". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 40 (2): 239–253. Bibcode:2005M&PS...40..239Y. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00378.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2005.tb00378.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2005.tb00378.x</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Goldstein, J. I.; J. R. Michael (2006). "The formation of plessite in meteoritic metal". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 41 (4): 553–570. Bibcode:2006M&PS...41..553G. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2006.tb00482.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2006.tb00482.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2006.tb00482.x</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Rosenhain, Walter; Jean McMinn (1925). "The Plastic Deformation of Iron and the Formation of Neumann Lines". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 108 (746): 231–239. Bibcode:1925RSPSA.108..231R. doi:10.1098/rspa.1925.0071. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1925.0071" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1925.0071</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Waldbaum, J. C. and James D. Muhly; The first archaeological appearance of iron and the transition to the iron age chapter in The coming of the age of iron, Theodore A. Wertme. ed., Yale University Press, 1980, ISBN 978-0300024258 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Jambon, Albert (2017). "Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 88: 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008. ISSN 0305-4403. <a href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf" target="_blank">https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Pre-Dynastic Iron Beads from Gerzeh, Egypt". ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407045128/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iams/newsletter/accordion/journals/iams_19/iams_19_1995_el_gayer" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150407045128/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iams/newsletter/accordion/journals/iams_19/iams_19_1995_el_gayer</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Rehren, Thilo; Belgya, Tamás; Jambon, Albert; Káli, György; et al. (31 July 2013). "5,000 years old Egyptian iron beads made from hammered meteoritic iron". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (12): 4785–4792. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002. hdl:11568/908268. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2013.06.002" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2013.06.002</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Jambon, Albert (2017). "Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 88: 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008. ISSN 0305-4403. <a href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf" target="_blank">https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Jambon, Albert (2017). "Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 88: 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008. ISSN 0305-4403. <a href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf" target="_blank">https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Jambon, Albert (2017). "Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 88: 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008. ISSN 0305-4403. <a href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf" target="_blank">https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Jambon, Albert (2017). "Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 88: 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008. ISSN 0305-4403. <a href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf" target="_blank">https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Jambon, Albert (2017). "Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 88: 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008. ISSN 0305-4403. <a href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf" target="_blank">https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Jambon, Albert (2017). "Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 88: 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008. ISSN 0305-4403. <a href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf" target="_blank">https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Bjorkman, Judith Kingston (1973). "Meteors and Meteorites in the ancient Near East". Meteoritics. 8 (2): 91–132. Bibcode:1973Metic...8...91B. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1973.tb00146.x. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Daniela Comelli; Massimo D'orazio; Luigi Folco; Mahmud El-Halwagy; Tommaso Frizzi; Roberto Alberti; Valentina Capogrosso; Abdelrazek Elnaggar; Hala Hassan; Austin Nevin; Franco Porcelli; Mohamed G. Rashed; Gianluca Valentini (2016). "The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamun's iron dagger blade". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 51 (7): 1301–1309. Bibcode:2016M&PS...51.1301C. doi:10.1111/maps.12664. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.12664" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.12664</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Walsh, Declan (2 June 2016). "King Tut's Dagger Made of 'Iron From the Sky,' Researchers Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ...the blade's composition of iron, nickel and cobalt was an approximate match for a meteorite that landed in northern Egypt. The result "strongly suggests an extraterrestrial origin" <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/world/middleeast/king-tuts-dagger-made-of-iron-from-the-sky-researchers-say.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/world/middleeast/king-tuts-dagger-made-of-iron-from-the-sky-researchers-say.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Guy, Jack (8 August 2023). "Arrowhead made from meteorite 3,000 years ago found near lake in Europe". CNN. Retrieved 9 August 2023. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/arrowhead-meteoritic-iron-scli-intl-scn/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/arrowhead-meteoritic-iron-scli-intl-scn/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Hofmann, Beda A.; Schreyer, Sabine Bolliger; Biswas, Sayani; Gerchow, Lars; Wiebe, Daniel; Schumann, Marc; Lindemann, Sebastian; García, Diego Ramírez; Lanari, Pierre; Gfeller, Frank; Vigo, Carlos; Das, Debarchan; Hotz, Fabian; von Schoeler, Katharina; Ninomiya, Kazuhiko (September 2023). "An arrowhead made of meteoritic iron from the late Bronze Age settlement of Mörigen, Switzerland and its possible source". Journal of Archaeological Science. 157: 105827. 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