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Computer-aided design
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p>Computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question. </p><p>CAD is one part of the whole digital product development (DPD) activity within the <a href="/facts/Product_lifecycle_management/G3U6gtBv">product lifecycle management</a> (PLM) processes, and as such is used together with other tools, which are either integrated modules or stand-alone products, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Computer-aided_engineering/dAsPLr5Y">Computer-aided engineering</a> (CAE) and <a href="/facts/Finite_element_analysis/eUcfP1vn">finite element analysis</a> (FEA, FEM)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer-aided_manufacturing/gqYHXcK9">Computer-aided manufacturing</a> (CAM) including instructions to <a href="/facts/Computer_numerical_control/B2c7UbaX">computer numerical control</a> (CNC) machines</li> <li><a href="/facts/Photorealistic_rendering/t6uL3u9T">Photorealistic rendering</a> and motion simulation</li> <li>Document management and <a href="/facts/Revision_control/pxCmFXqK">revision control</a> using <a href="/facts/Product_data_management/9ATPbmAz">product data management</a> (PDM)</li></ul> <p>CAD is also used for the accurate creation of photo simulations that are often required in the preparation of environmental impact reports, in which computer-aided designs of intended buildings are superimposed into photographs of existing environments to represent what that locale will be like, where the proposed facilities are allowed to be built. Potential blockage of view corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed through the use of CAD.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="types">Types</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Comparison_of_computer-aided_design_software/plpzfEjg">Comparison of computer-aided design software</a></p> <p>There are several different types of CAD,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> each requiring the operator to think differently about how to use them and design their virtual components in a different manner. Virtually all of CAD tools rely on <a href="/facts/Constraint_(computer-aided_design)/Vdk4lSnJ">constraint</a> concepts that are used to define geometric or non-geometric elements of a model. </p> <h3>2D CAD</h3> <p>There are many producers of the lower-end 2D sketching systems, including a number of free and open-source programs. These provide an approach to the drawing process where scale and placement on the drawing sheet can easily be adjusted in the final draft as required, unlike in hand drafting. </p> <h3>3D CAD</h3> <p><i>3D <a href="/facts/Wire-frame_model/Jly7tJrk">wireframe</a></i> is an extension of 2D drafting into a <a href="/facts/Three-dimensional_space/KAqKWUbS">three-dimensional space</a>. Each line has to be manually inserted into the drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly added to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, although many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views. </p><p><i>3D "dumb" solids</i> are created in a way analogous to manipulations of real-world objects. Basic three-dimensional geometric forms (e.g., prisms, cylinders, spheres, or rectangles) have solid volumes added or subtracted from them as if assembling or cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional projected views can easily be generated from the models. Basic 3D solids do not usually include tools to easily allow the motion of the components, set their limits to their motion, or identify interference between components. </p><p>There are several types of <i>3D <a href="/facts/Solid_modeling/12J69aud">solid modeling</a></i> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Parametric_modeling/0DC1epAX">Parametric modeling</a></i> allows the operator to use what is referred to as "design intent". The objects and features are created modifiable. Any future modifications can be made by changing on how the original part was created. If a feature was intended to be located from the center of the part, the operator should locate it from the center of the model. The feature could be located using any geometric object already available in the part, but this random placement would defeat the design intent. If the operator designs the part as it functions, the parametric modeler is able to make changes to the part while maintaining geometric and functional relationships.</li> <li><i>Direct or explicit modeling</i> provide the ability to edit geometry without a history tree. With direct modeling, once a sketch is used to create geometry it is incorporated into the new geometry, and the designer only has to modify the geometry afterward without needing the original sketch. As with parametric modeling, direct modeling has the ability to include the relationships between selected geometry (e.g., tangency, concentricity).</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Assembly_modelling/Ndk0XCh9">Assembly modelling</a></i> is a process which incorporates results of the previous single-part modelling into a final product containing several parts. Assemblies can be hierarchical, depending on the specific CAD software vendor, and highly complex models can be achieved (e.g. in building engineering by using <a href="/facts/Computer-aided_architectural_design/IATqXcbx">computer-aided architectural design</a> software)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>: 539 </li></ul> <h4>Freeform CAD</h4> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Surface-to-surface_intersection_problem/xcE8DgBx">Surface-to-surface intersection problem</a></p> <p>Top-end CAD systems offer the capability to incorporate more organic, aesthetic and ergonomic features into the designs. <a href="/facts/Freeform_surface_modelling/GnoMsksI">Freeform surface modeling</a> is often combined with solids to allow the designer to create products that fit the human form and visual requirements as well as they interface with the machine. </p> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <p>Originally software for CAD systems was developed with computer languages such as <a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a>, <a href="/facts/ALGOL/wlFJGNEx">ALGOL</a> but with the advancement of <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object-oriented programming</a> methods this has radically changed. Typical modern parametric feature-based modeler and <a href="/facts/Freeform_surface/GnoMsksI">freeform surface</a> systems are built around a number of key <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> modules with their own <a href="/facts/Application_programming_interface/GMlN4vUr">APIs</a>. A CAD system can be seen as built up from the interaction of a <a href="/facts/Graphical_user_interface/wBlQFWDP">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) with <a href="/facts/NURBS/MA0NjmeC">NURBS</a> geometry or <a href="/facts/Boundary_representation/arfJ6TnR">boundary representation</a> (B-rep) data via a <a href="/facts/Geometric_modeling_kernel/1Grlk4M6">geometric modeling kernel</a>. A geometry constraint engine may also be employed to manage the associative relationships between geometry, such as wireframe geometry in a sketch or components in an assembly. </p><p>Unexpected capabilities of these associative relationships have led to a new form of <a href="/facts/Prototyping/q0yPLYdb">prototyping</a> called <a href="/facts/Digital_prototyping/72RFqzV6">digital prototyping</a>. In contrast to physical prototypes, which entail manufacturing time in the design. That said, CAD models can be generated by a computer after the physical prototype has been scanned using an <a href="/facts/Industrial_CT_scanning/TnvAI9GL">industrial CT scanning</a> machine. Depending on the nature of the business, digital or physical prototypes can be initially chosen according to specific needs. </p><p>Today, CAD systems exist for all the major platforms (<a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a>, <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a>, <a href="/facts/UNIX/0pNL2seI">UNIX</a> and <a href="/facts/Mac_OS_X/Y93vVpTm">Mac OS X</a>); some packages support multiple platforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Currently, no special hardware is required for most CAD software. However, some CAD systems can do graphically and computationally intensive tasks, so a modern <a href="/facts/Graphics_card/bcKfPyFt">graphics card</a>, high speed (and possibly multiple) <a href="/facts/Central_processing_unit/Jxp1bqMV">CPUs</a> and large amounts of <a href="/facts/Random-access_memory/DuD4bxh6">RAM</a> may be recommended. </p><p>The human-machine interface is generally via a <a href="/facts/Computer_mouse/fJpa1tUE">computer mouse</a> but can also be via a pen and digitizing <a href="/facts/Graphics_tablet/tydCnPqP">graphics tablet</a>. Manipulation of the view of the model on the screen is also sometimes done with the use of a <a href="/facts/3Dconnexion/Xp9JEvo6">Spacemouse/SpaceBall</a>. Some systems also support stereoscopic glasses for <a href="/facts/Scientific_visualization/p0yPc1X5">viewing the 3D model</a>. Technologies that in the past were limited to larger installations or specialist applications have become available to a wide group of users. These include the <a href="/facts/Cave_automatic_virtual_environment/0K8cNXsw">CAVE</a> or <a href="/facts/Virtual_reality/0psDGsxT">HMDs</a> and interactive <a href="/facts/Leap_Motion/MjSyMhGp">devices</a> like motion-sensing <a href="/facts/Kinect/dD5P9XDW">technology</a> </p> <h2 id="software">Software</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/History_of_CAD_software/yX4SV1hA">History of CAD software</a></p> <p>Starting with the IBM Drafting System in the mid-1960s, computer-aided design systems began to provide more capabilitties than just an ability to reproduce manual drafting with electronic drafting, and the <a href="/facts/Cost%25E2%2580%2593benefit_analysis/xjHXgIAF">cost-benefit</a> for companies to switch to CAD became apparent. The software automated many tasks that are taken for granted from computer systems today, such as automated generation of <a href="/facts/Bill_of_materials/cFFW9fga">bills of materials</a>, auto layout in <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuits/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuits</a>, interference checking, and many others. Eventually, CAD provided the designer with the ability to perform engineering calculations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> During this transition, calculations were still performed either by hand or by those individuals who could run computer programs. CAD was a revolutionary change in the engineering industry, where draftsman, designer, and engineer roles that had previously been separate began to merge. CAD is an example of the pervasive effect computers were beginning to have on the industry. Current computer-aided design software packages range from 2D <a href="/facts/Vector_graphics/y8ok7M2P">vector</a>-based drafting systems to 3D <a href="/facts/Solid_modeling/12J69aud">solid</a> and <a href="/facts/Freeform_surface_modelling/GnoMsksI">surface modelers</a>. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematical modeling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>CAD technology is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial structures (hospitals and factories).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>CAD is mainly used for detailed design of 3D models or 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components. It can also be used to design objects such as jewelry, furniture, appliances, etc. Furthermore, many CAD applications now offer advanced rendering and animation capabilities so engineers can better visualize their product designs. <a href="/facts/4D_BIM/VFVtPmEr">4D BIM</a> is a type of virtual construction engineering simulation incorporating time or schedule-related information for project management. </p><p>CAD has become an especially important technology within the scope of <a href="/facts/CAx/z5yTn74l">computer-aided technologies</a>, with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly shortened <a href="/facts/Systems_development_life_cycle/qo6p4j6Y">design cycle</a>. CAD enables designers to layout and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for future editing, saving time on their drawings. </p> <h3>License management software</h3> <p>In the 2000s, some CAD system software vendors shipped their distributions with a dedicated license manager software that controlled how often or how many users can utilize the CAD system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a>: 166 It could run either on a local machine (by loading from a local storage device) or a local <a href="/facts/File_server/4SFrAdHY">network fileserver</a> and was usually tied to a specific IP address in latter case.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a>: 166 </p> <h2 id="list-of-software-packages">List of software packages</h2> <p>CAD software enables engineers and architects to design, inspect and manage engineering projects within an integrated <a href="/facts/Graphical_user_interface/wBlQFWDP">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) on a <a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">personal computer</a> system. Most applications support <a href="/facts/Solid_modeling/12J69aud">solid modeling</a> with <a href="/facts/Boundary_representation/arfJ6TnR">boundary representation</a> (B-Rep) and <a href="/facts/NURBS/MA0NjmeC">NURBS</a> geometry, and enable the same to be published in a variety of formats. </p><p>Based on market statistics, <a href="/facts/Commercial_software/WLgyRFMh">commercial software</a> from Autodesk, <a href="/facts/Dassault_Syst%25C3%25A8mes/VXPYV4nM">Dassault Systems</a>, <a href="/facts/Siemens_PLM_Software/WakFThme">Siemens PLM Software</a>, and PTC dominate the CAD industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The following is a list of major CAD applications, grouped by usage statistics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h3>Commercial software</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ABViewer/lJM8PqM9">ABViewer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/AC3D/AzExoYes">AC3D</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alibre_Design/LCpJ35zH">Alibre Design</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ArchiCAD/sMJyRk7d">ArchiCAD</a> (<a href="/facts/Graphisoft/L4eFnGLm">Graphisoft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/AutoCAD/c83IAlgP">AutoCAD</a> (<a href="/facts/Autodesk/6aydGFN5">Autodesk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/AutoTURN/RTm4fKAu">AutoTURN</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/AxSTREAM/2n0bpDmq">AxSTREAM</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/BricsCAD/k406mwR1">BricsCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CATIA/l5wbF6FL">CATIA</a> (<a href="/facts/Dassault_Syst%25C3%25A8mes/VXPYV4nM">Dassault Systèmes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cobalt_(CAD_program)/5lEqsDwX">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CorelCAD/q3J8jGqH">CorelCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/EAGLE_(program)/HqpFxLIE">EAGLE</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fusion_360/6aydGFN5">Fusion 360</a> (<a href="/facts/Autodesk/6aydGFN5">Autodesk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/IntelliCAD/UDuRgwmK">IntelliCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Autodesk_Inventor/VsbUFHsP"> Inventor</a> (<a href="/facts/Autodesk/6aydGFN5">Autodesk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/IRONCAD/5axlDMvq">IRONCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/KeyCreator/xldvfgUY">KeyCreator</a> (Kubotek)</li> <li>Landscape Express</li> <li><a href="/facts/MEDUSA4/kJ6lGbge">MEDUSA4</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MicroStation/B2ocw4xM">MicroStation</a> (<a href="/facts/Bentley_Systems/yMMg564A">Bentley Systems</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Modelur/C4EbbuPg">Modelur</a> (AgiliCity)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Onshape/pyYRItAR">Onshape</a> (<a href="/facts/PTC_(software_company)/QncuWHMl">PTC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Siemens_NX/xmq4X4xs">NX</a> (<a href="/facts/Siemens_Digital_Industries_Software/WakFThme">Siemens Digital Industries Software</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/PTC_Creo/QD9EGoHA">PTC Creo</a> (successor to <a href="/facts/Pro%2fENGINEER/NdA84tdV">Pro/ENGINEER</a>) (<a href="/facts/PTC_(software_company)/QncuWHMl">PTC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/PunchCAD/pHRjWtRq">PunchCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Remo_3D/x98clTl2">Remo 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Autodesk_Revit/xghod3p1"> Revit</a> (<a href="/facts/Autodesk/6aydGFN5">Autodesk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rhinoceros_3D/731N2qe0">Rhinoceros 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SketchUp/jNSyQW7z">SketchUp</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Solid_Edge/TX7kWne2">Solid Edge</a> (<a href="/facts/Siemens_Digital_Industries_Software/WakFThme">Siemens Digital Industries Software</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/SOLIDWORKS/TunrvoWl">SOLIDWORKS</a> (<a href="/facts/Dassault_Syst%25C3%25A8mes/VXPYV4nM">Dassault Systèmes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/SpaceClaim/6JR5Ly8M">SpaceClaim</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/T-FLEX_CAD/xx4BcwYS">T-FLEX CAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TranslateCAD/ujKwzBtL">TranslateCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TurboCAD/z6tmyVex">TurboCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vectorworks/boauIC6X">Vectorworks</a> (<a href="/facts/Nemetschek/NIpJyHYD">Nemetschek</a>)</li></ul> <h3>Open-source software</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Blender_(software)/yzuvB0fL">Blender</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/BRL-CAD/GFmxTNlM">BRL-CAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/FreeCAD/bI2ef8yj">FreeCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LibreCAD/U5T0P4rs">LibreCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LeoCAD/3jFmpPyE">LeoCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/OpenSCAD/Bk32eNy1">OpenSCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/QCAD/MBzHc8kv">QCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Salome_(software)/yw2JXRLD">Salome (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SolveSpace/fzsRfkLM">SolveSpace</a></li></ul> <h3>Freeware</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/BricsCAD/k406mwR1">BricsCAD Shape</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tinkercad/Um6lqPHJ">Tinkercad</a> (successor to <a href="/facts/Autodesk_123D/zxFUeW9k">Autodesk 123D</a>)</li></ul> <h3>CAD kernels</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ACIS/245HIIx2">ACIS</a> by (<a href="/facts/Spatial_Corp/qgIaSe9S">Spatial Corp</a> owned by <a href="/facts/Dassault_Syst%25C3%25A8mes/VXPYV4nM">Dassault Systèmes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/C3D_Toolkit/PvkteDaU">C3D Toolkit</a> by C3D Labs</li> <li><a href="/facts/Open_CASCADE/bEbtDvYk">Open CASCADE</a> Open Source</li> <li><a href="/facts/Parasolid/x5wW0Dlg">Parasolid</a> by (<a href="/facts/Siemens_Digital_Industries_Software/WakFThme">Siemens Digital Industries Software</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/ShapeManager/fst1bt4T">ShapeManager</a> by (<a href="/facts/Autodesk/6aydGFN5">Autodesk</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/3D_computer_graphics/zlWW6eaF">3D computer graphics</a> – Graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data</li> <li><a href="/facts/3D_printing/lbvWU3t0">3D printing</a> – Additive process used to make a three-dimensional object</li> <li><a href="/facts/Additive_Manufacturing_File_Format/VeuMxkxP">Additive Manufacturing File Format</a> – Open standard for describing objects for additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printingPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/facts/Algorithmic_art/a6QbRUX0">Algorithmic art</a> – Art genre</li> <li><a href="/facts/CAD_standards/p1sWkk9L">CAD standards</a> – Guidelines for the appearance of computer-aided design drawings</li> <li><a href="/facts/Library_(computing)/xRzL3P7q">CAD library</a> - <a href="/facts/Cloud_computing/guhg0FGV">cloud</a> based <a href="/facts/Software_repository/TlX4RM8Y">repository</a> of <a href="/facts/3D_modeling/6V3Ry9AJ">3D models</a> or parts</li> <li><a href="/facts/Coarse_space_(numerical_analysis)/UIpkMnY0">Coarse space (numerical analysis)</a> – reduced representation of a numerical problemPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_3D_computer_graphics_software/FB6jHk5k">Comparison of 3D computer graphics software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_CAD%2c_CAM%2c_and_CAE_file_viewers/XNDPBnvY">Comparison of CAD, CAM, and CAE file viewers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_computer-aided_design_software/plpzfEjg">Comparison of computer-aided design software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_EDA_software/uCYS0eQY">Comparison of EDA software</a> (electronic design automation)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer-aided_industrial_design/nSwb0dNA">Computer-aided industrial design</a> – Subset of computer-aided design</li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_architecture/lU3PlU2l">Digital architecture</a> – Architecture using digital technology</li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_twin/CIajYd9S">Digital twin</a> – Digital replica of a living or non-living physical entity</li> <li><a href="/facts/Electronic_design_automation/o4la3fmX">Electronic design automation</a> – Software for designing electronic systems</li> <li><a href="/facts/Engineering_optimization/vMnPQj4S">Engineering optimization</a> – Techniques for optimization</li> <li><a href="/facts/Finite_element_method/eUcfP1vn">Finite element method</a> – Numerical method for solving physical or engineering problems</li> <li><a href="/facts/Free-form_select/e41yf8fk">Free-form select</a> – Printmaking and design technique</li> <li><a href="/facts/ISO_128/L7oSDjY7">ISO 128</a> – International standard about the graphical representation of objects on technical drawings</li> <li><a href="/facts/ISO_10303/1sUvrP4t">ISO 10303</a> – ISO standard (STEP)</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_computer-aided_engineering_software/9oeU6kzs">List of computer-aided engineering software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Model-based_definition/0kFrpPML">Model-based definition</a> – Annotating computer-aided design models</li> <li><a href="/facts/Molecular_design_software/BsLuzcbr">Molecular design software</a> – CAD software for molecular-level engineering, modelling, and analysisPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/facts/Open-source_hardware/UgCHeVsm">Open-source hardware</a> – Hardware from the open-design movement</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rapid_prototyping/zYQ6ccPI">Rapid prototyping</a> – Group of techniques to quickly construct physical objects</li> <li><a href="/facts/Responsive_computer-aided_design/mBD3Ajnb">Responsive computer-aided design</a> – Approach to computer-aided design</li> <li><a href="/facts/Space_mapping/tSs6fdQf">Space mapping</a> – Design optimization methodology</li> <li><a href="/facts/Surrogate_model/6uNjvd8B">Surrogate model</a> – Engineering model</li> <li><a href="/facts/System_integration/xJKG0sHM">System integration</a> – Bringing together component sub-systems into one system</li> <li><a href="/facts/Virtual_prototyping/Pg14RSby">Virtual prototyping</a> – Computer-simulated prototype development</li> <li><a href="/facts/Virtual_reality/0psDGsxT">Virtual reality</a> – Computer-simulated experience</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer-aided design. Look up <i>computer-aided design</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgUSsXdLjvc">MIT 1982 CAD lab</a></li> <li> Learning materials related to Computer-aided design at Wikiversity</li> <li> Learning materials related to Computer-aided Geometric Design at Wikiversity</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Narayan, K. Lalit (2008). Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. ISBN 978-8120333420. <a href="978-8120333420" target="_blank">978-8120333420</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Narayan, K. Lalit (2008). Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. ISBN 978-8120333420. <a href="978-8120333420" target="_blank">978-8120333420</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Duggal, Vijay (2000). Cadd Primer: A General Guide to Computer Aided Design and Drafting-Cadd, CAD. Mailmax Pub. ISBN 978-0962916595. <a href="978-0962916595" target="_blank">978-0962916595</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Madsen, David A. (2012). Engineering Drawing & Design. Clifton Park, New York: Delmar. p. 10. ISBN 978-1111309572. <a href="978-1111309572" target="_blank">978-1111309572</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Farin, Gerald; Hoschek, Josef; Kim, Myung-Soo (2002). Handbook of computer aided geometric design [electronic resource]. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51104-1. <a href="978-0-444-51104-1" target="_blank">978-0-444-51104-1</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Schoonmaker, Stephen J. (2003). The CAD guidebook : a basic manual for understanding and improving computer-aided design. New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0871-7. OCLC 50868192. <a href="0-8247-0871-7" target="_blank">0-8247-0871-7</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Pottmann, H.; Brell-Cokcan, S. and Wallner, J. (2007) "Discrete surfaces for architectural design" Archived 2009-08-12 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 213–234 in Curve and Surface Design, Patrick Chenin, Tom Lyche and Larry L. Schumaker (eds.), Nashboro Press, ISBN 978-0-9728482-7-5. <a href="http://www.geometrie.tuwien.ac.at/ig/sn/2007/pbw_surfaces_07/pbw_surfaces_07.html" target="_blank">http://www.geometrie.tuwien.ac.at/ig/sn/2007/pbw_surfaces_07/pbw_surfaces_07.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Farin, Gerald (2002) Curves and Surfaces for CAGD: A Practical Guide, Morgan-Kaufmann, ISBN 1-55860-737-4. <a href="http://www.farinhansford.com/books/cagd/" target="_blank">http://www.farinhansford.com/books/cagd/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)". Inc.com. Retrieved 2020-04-30. <a href="https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/computer-aided-design-cad-and-computer-aided-cam.html" target="_blank">https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/computer-aided-design-cad-and-computer-aided-cam.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"3D Feature-based, Parametric Solid Modeling". EngineersHandbook.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-18. Retrieved 2012-03-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118110426/http://www.engineershandbook.com/Software/cad2.htm#3dp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121118110426/http://www.engineershandbook.com/Software/cad2.htm#3dp</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Stroud, Ian; Nagy, Hildegarde (2011). Solid modelling and CAD systems: how to survive a CAD system. London New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-85729-259-9. <a href="978-0-85729-259-9" target="_blank">978-0-85729-259-9</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"What is a CAD Workstation? Definition, Uses and More". Computer Tech Reviews. 2019-11-21. Retrieved 2020-04-30. <a href="https://www.computertechreviews.com/definition/cad-workstation/" target="_blank">https://www.computertechreviews.com/definition/cad-workstation/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Schoonmaker, Stephen J. (2003). The CAD guidebook : a basic manual for understanding and improving computer-aided design. New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0871-7. OCLC 50868192. <a href="0-8247-0871-7" target="_blank">0-8247-0871-7</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Schoonmaker, Stephen J. (2003). The CAD guidebook : a basic manual for understanding and improving computer-aided design. New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0871-7. OCLC 50868192. <a href="0-8247-0871-7" target="_blank">0-8247-0871-7</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Schoonmaker, Stephen J. (2003). The CAD guidebook : a basic manual for understanding and improving computer-aided design. New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0871-7. OCLC 50868192. <a href="0-8247-0871-7" target="_blank">0-8247-0871-7</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Jennifer Herron (2010). "3D Model-Based Design: Setting the Definitions Straight". MCADCafe. <a href="http://www10.mcadcafe.com/nbc/articles/2/867959/3D-Model-Based-Design-Setting-Definitions-Straight" target="_blank">http://www10.mcadcafe.com/nbc/articles/2/867959/3D-Model-Based-Design-Setting-Definitions-Straight</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Schoonmaker, Stephen J. (2003). The CAD guidebook : a basic manual for understanding and improving computer-aided design. New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0871-7. OCLC 50868192. <a href="0-8247-0871-7" target="_blank">0-8247-0871-7</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Schoonmaker, Stephen J. (2003). The CAD guidebook : a basic manual for understanding and improving computer-aided design. New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0871-7. OCLC 50868192. <a href="0-8247-0871-7" target="_blank">0-8247-0871-7</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>The Big 6 in CAD/CAE/PLM software industry (2011), CAEWatch, September 12, 2011 <a href="http://caewatch.com/the-big-6-in-cadcaeplm-software-industry-2011/" target="_blank">http://caewatch.com/the-big-6-in-cadcaeplm-software-industry-2011/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>van Kooten, Michel (2011-08-23). "GLOBAL SOFTWARE TOP 100 – EDITION 2011". Software Top 100. <a href="http://www.softwaretop100.org/global-software-top-100-edition-2011" target="_blank">http://www.softwaretop100.org/global-software-top-100-edition-2011</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>List of mechanical CAD softwares Archived 2020-07-28 at the Wayback Machine, BeyondMech <a href="http://www.beyondmech.com/pro-e/cad-topic-33.html" target="_blank">http://www.beyondmech.com/pro-e/cad-topic-33.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>