Over-the-top media service

<h2 id="definitions">Definitions</h2>
In 2011, the <a href="/facts/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission/z1kgJQXz">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC), Canada's telecommunications regulator, stated that it "considers that Internet access to programming independent of a facility or network dedicated to its delivery (via, for example, cable or satellite) is the defining feature of what has been termed 'over-the-top' services".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
In contrast to video on demand systems offered by cable and <a href="/facts/IPTV/tHqsXX6h">IPTV</a>, which operate over managed networks where channels can be changed instantly and thus content available instantaneously, some OTT services such as iTunes require that the video be downloaded first and then played.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Relatedly, some OTT services require movie download but can start playing the content before the download completes (<a href="/facts/Streaming_media/4rPhSq0Y">streaming</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
The United States <a href="/facts/Federal_Communications_Commission/Ueghz8W0">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) categorizes OTT services into two groups: <a href="/facts/Multichannel_video_programming_distributors/5zzoDF5B">multichannel video programming distributors</a> (MVPDs) and <a href="/facts/Online_video_distributor/pVfcCWfe">online video distributors</a> (OVDs).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
Virtual MVPDs include such services such as <a href="/facts/DirecTV_Stream/KDlEBUnd">DirecTV Stream</a>, <a href="/facts/FuboTV/uLbTUqAD">FuboTV</a>, <a href="/facts/Sling_TV/0XDj46DI">Sling TV</a>, <a href="/facts/Hulu_%252B_Live_TV/BzDs7GsQ">Hulu + Live TV</a> and <a href="/facts/YouTube_TV/tSFFWmDs">YouTube TV</a>.

The FCC defined an OVD as:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><blockquote>any entity that provides video programming by means of the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP)-based transmission path where the transmission path is provided by a person other than the OVD. An OVD does not include an MVPD inside its MVPD footprint or an MVPD to the extent it is offering online video programming as a component of an MVPD subscription to customers whose homes are inside its MVPD footprint.</blockquote>
<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
In <a href="/facts/Broadcasting/AV1f3dGy">broadcasting</a>, over-the-top (OTT) content is the audio, video, and other media content delivered over the Internet, without the involvement of a <a href="/facts/Multiple-system_operator/Kp5CXdv8">multiple-system operator</a> (MSO) in the control or distribution of the content. The Internet provider may be aware of the contents of the <a href="/facts/Internet_Protocol/Qq6VeEal">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) packets and may be able to block or restrict their transit to end users (unless that internet provider operates within a jurisdiction that requires "<a href="/facts/Net_neutrality/qAy17TBH">net neutrality</a>"). However, the ISP is not responsible for the viewing abilities, copyrights, and/or other redistribution of the content from the OTT provider. This model contrasts with the purchasing or rental of video or audio content from an <a href="/facts/Internet_service_provider/dUacAxef">Internet service provider</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Pay_television/AhMoaP69">pay television</a>, <a href="/facts/Video_on_demand/jWQq1o80">video on demand</a> and internet protocol television (IPTV).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
OTT refers to content from a third party that is delivered to an end-user, with the ISP simply transporting IP packets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> OTT content is delivered via the public Internet instead of a closed, <a href="/facts/Private_network/CqVdg83c">private network</a> system that uses exclusive equipment like <a href="/facts/Set-top_box/hAsUsw67">set-top boxes</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> or through <a href="/facts/IPTV/tHqsXX6h">IPTV</a> services (such as <a href="/facts/U-verse_TV/Wa7Sqewm">U-verse TV</a>).
OTT television signals are received over the Internet or through a cell phone network, as opposed to receiving television signals from terrestrial broadcasters, cable networks, or via satellite transmission. The video distributor controls access through an app, a separate OTT dongle, or a box connected to a phone, PC, or <a href="/facts/Smart_television/JE3CHk0y">smart television</a> set.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> By mid-2017, 58 percent of US households accessed one OTT service in a given month through a streaming device, game console, or Smart TV; with 84 per cent of advertising revenues originating from OTT channels, exceeding revenues from videos playing in web browsers on desktops and laptops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>

<h2 id="progress">Progress</h2>
In 2019, the record of simultaneous users watching an OTT event was set at 18.6 million in India by <a href="/facts/Disney_Entertainment/e2fH9Acy">Disney Entertainment</a>'s video streaming platform <a href="/facts/Hotstar/zsE56kc4">Hotstar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> This was surpassed in 2023 with 59 million concurrent viewers on <a href="/facts/Disney%252B_Hotstar/zsE56kc4">Disney+ Hotstar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> In 2025, the record was broken again with 61.2 million viewers on <a href="/facts/JioHotstar/zsE56kc4">JioHotstar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
In 2023, the viewing of TV content on streaming platforms represented 38% of global television consumption with 1.8 billion subscriptions to OTT platforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> In 2024, OTT TV became the most popular content in the US.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> By 2025, it had surpassed cable and network television viewing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<h2 id="modes-of-access">Modes of access</h2>
Consumers can access OTT content through <a href="/facts/Internet_access/EMbwSrnK">Internet-connected</a> devices such as <a href="/facts/Smart_TV/JE3CHk0y">smart TVs</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> <a href="/facts/Digital_media_player/sXozrqGf">digital media players</a>, <a href="/facts/Gaming_consoles/K72D1NSS">gaming consoles</a>, <a href="/facts/Set-top_box/hAsUsw67">set-top boxes</a>, desktop and laptop computers, <a href="/facts/Tablet_computer/6pGX2I7b">tablets</a>, and <a href="/facts/Smartphones/cSIrBMWG">smartphones</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
The results of a 2018 in-house data analysis of their subscribers by Uscreen (a membership platform for video creators and entrepreneurs) reported that 45% used iOS and Android mobile devices to access their OTT content, while 39% used web browsers for streaming.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>

<h2 id="streaming-platforms">Streaming platforms</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_streaming_media_services/BCQ2rPle">List of streaming media services</a>
Examples of OTT platforms with 1m–100mm+ subscribers include:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Acorn_TV/rl9Ad3I1">Acorn TV</a> (UK-US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Amazon_Prime_Video/xyAbHsRE">Amazon Prime Video</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/AMC%252B/5KLqR7mv">AMC+</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Apple_TV%252B/mBHlcK5r">Apple TV+</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Binge_(streaming_service)/AhKugleY">Binge</a> (Australia)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/BritBox/DVaBjJql">BritBox</a> (UK)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Chorki/kMQYQU7C">Chorki</a> (Bangladesh)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Coupang_Play/LwIGjzxq">Coupang Play</a> (South Korea)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Crunchyroll/IlGkjHnU">Crunchyroll</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Curiosity_Stream/EgmUIQuc">Curiosity Stream</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Discovery%252B/IJx55z0f">Discovery+</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Disney%252B/oKWuzTvQ">Disney+</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dropout_(streaming_service)/vm58GgI6">Dropout</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/ESPN%252B/QTJLjoDY">ESPN+</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/FuboTV/uLbTUqAD">FuboTV</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hayu_(streaming_service)/NW4eny2u">Hayu</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/HBO_Max/7HNvKa8T">HBO Max</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hulu/BzDs7GsQ">Hulu</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Iflix/492HHh1Y">Iflix</a> (Malaysia)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/IQIYI/jutSCqyW">iQIYI</a> (China)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/JioHotstar/zsE56kc4">JioHotstar</a> (India)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kocowa/Wy3lRDyw">Kocowa</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/MGM%252B/fCPA1jLu">MGM+</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mubi_(streaming_service)/8GsGtsP4">Mubi</a> (UK)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Netflix/TKtlFVY9">Netflix</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/NFL%252B/rwMdwawD">NFL+</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Paramount%252B/nNntGajF">Paramount+</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peacock_(streaming_service)/zDAke6cL">Peacock</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Philo_(company)/bstG3ydd">Philo</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Plex_Inc./sKJI8fpH">Plex</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pluto_TV/GjXMf9ML">Pluto TV</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Showmax/DcjIwdnK">Showmax</a> (South Africa)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Shudder_(streaming_service)/jdUWLAQE">Shudder</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sling_TV/0XDj46DI">Sling TV</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/SonyLIV/agxfSNMR">SonyLIV</a> (India)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stan_(streaming_service)/DmYTGD64">Stan.</a> (Australia)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Starz/3jHC7DkP">Starz</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/ThreeNow/JsK3re8S">ThreeNow</a> (New Zealand)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tubi/XHpnxDqD">Tubi</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/TVING/63NWoQgW">TVING</a> (South Korea)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/TVNZ%252B/wKQjDtnF">TVNZ+</a> (New Zealand)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/U-Next/J0GMrC18">U-Next</a> (Japan)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Vidio/STkReJ0K">Vidio</a> (Indonesia)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Viki_(streaming_service)/naE3z9v5">Viki</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Viu_(streaming_service)/d7PjUadX">Viu</a> (China)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/YouTube_TV/tSFFWmDs">YouTube TV</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/ZEE5/7Yd6Lhkw">ZEE5</a> (India)</li></ul>

<h2 id="mobile-communication">Mobile communication</h2>
The term "OTT" has also been used to describe no-carrier <a href="/facts/Mobile_phone/H3EcqD9h">cellphones</a>, for which all communications are charged as data,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> avoiding <a href="/facts/Monopolistic_competition/sxlPYG8G">monopolistic competition</a>, or apps for phones that transmit data in this manner, including both those that replace other call methods<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> and those that update software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>
OTT messaging is defined as <a href="/facts/Instant_messaging/8lwwDyjK">instant messaging</a> services or <a href="/facts/Online_chat/UXwSoP4j">online chat</a> provided by third parties, as an alternative to <a href="/facts/Text_messaging/AjCD61SD">text messaging</a> services provided by a <a href="/facts/Mobile_network_operator/6Tt5J4TF">mobile network operator</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> An example is the <a href="/facts/Meta_Platforms/ylApt16y">Meta Platforms</a>-owned mobile application <a href="/facts/WhatsApp/VMlSeFb6">WhatsApp</a>, that serves to replace text messaging on Internet connected smartphones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Other providers of OTT messaging include <a href="/facts/Viber/1zUXunk2">Viber</a>, <a href="/facts/WeChat/LasrgwaM">WeChat</a>, <a href="/facts/IMessage/0oMKq4Xq">iMessage</a>, <a href="/facts/Skype/qdKbuh23">Skype</a>, <a href="/facts/Telegram_(software)/TqaAlHwN">Telegram</a> and the now defunct <a href="/facts/Google_Allo/oJ6TaVhs">Google Allo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
OTT voice calling, usually called <a href="/facts/VoIP/5QGBbXYg">VoIP</a>, capabilities, for instance, a <a href="/facts/Softphone/4t3SvwDK">softphone</a> or as provided by <a href="/facts/FaceTime/EBzVmbfe">FaceTime</a>, <a href="/facts/Skype/qdKbuh23">Skype</a>, <a href="/facts/Viber/1zUXunk2">Viber</a>, <a href="/facts/WhatsApp/VMlSeFb6">WhatsApp</a>, <a href="/facts/WeChat/LasrgwaM">WeChat</a>, and <a href="/facts/Zoom_(software)/mp86MH0S">Zoom</a> use open internet communication protocols to replace and sometimes enhance existing operator controlled services offered by mobile phone operators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_smart_TV_platforms/RqKtIs1X">List of smart TV platforms</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Media_aggregation_platform/g7nBw4xY">Media aggregation platform</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Access-independent_services/F1d6ljr4">Access-independent services</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/TV_Everywhere/X21Xz7F9">TV Everywhere</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Multichannel_television_in_the_United_States/5zzoDF5B">Multichannel television in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Over-the-top_media_services_in_India/4MnnusRl">Over-the-top media services in India</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Content_delivery_network/SVuID7jd">Content delivery network</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Home_theater_PC/uw6HTzvv">Home theater PC</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Multi-screen_video/13tH6Tl6">Multi-screen video</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Harris, Deja; Holden, Lisa (31 January 2025). <a href="https://agoodmovietowatch.com/how-to/complete-list-streaming-services/">"The Complete List of Streaming Services in 2025 – 200+ Services"</a>. A Good Movie To Watch. <a href="https://archive.today/20250207133040/https://agoodmovietowatch.com/how-to/complete-list-streaming-services/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2025.</li>
<li>Wells, Emma K. (11 March 2011). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110618155638/http://www.payott.tv/2011/03/11/user-interface-holds-the-key-to-ott-success/">"User Interface Holds the Key to OTT Success"</a>. Pay OTT TV. <a href="/facts/Tvinci/L9Qu1j4I">Tvinci</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.payott.tv/2011/03/11/user-interface-holds-the-key-to-ott-success/">the original</a> on 18 June 2011.</li>
<li>Willcox, James K. (21 October 2022). <a href="https://www.consumerreports.org/electronics-computers/streaming-media/guide-to-streaming-video-services-a4517732799/">"Guide to Streaming Video Services"</a>. <a href="/facts/Consumer_Reports/W7LTvc1F">Consumer Reports</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611095036/https://www.consumerreports.org/electronics-computers/streaming-media/guide-to-streaming-video-services-a4517732799/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2024.</li>
<li>Yi, Whan-woo (1 May 2024). <a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/biz/2024/06/602_373799.html">"Platform subscription fee hikes weigh on consumers"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Korea_Times/UhrKtrhx">The Korea Times</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602015335/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/biz/2024/06/602_373799.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2024.</li>
<li><a href="https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-322282A1.pdf">"FCC Adopts 15th Report on the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/Federal_Communications_Commission/Ueghz8W0">Federal Communications Commission</a>. 19 July 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907174405/https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-322282A1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2018. (Announcement of adoption.)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.conviva.com/blog/the-history-and-future-of-ott-streaming/">"OTT 101: The History and Future of OTT Streaming"</a>. <a href="/facts/Conviva/52t7CQqj">Conviva</a>. 20 April 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301212958/https://www.conviva.com/blog/the-history-and-future-of-ott-streaming/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/550295867/over-the-top-ott-market-size-worth-usd-128-billion-at-cagr-of-14-by-2026-reports-and-data">"Over the top (OTT) Market Size Worth USD 128 Billion at CAGR of 14%, By 2026: Reports and Data"</a>. EIN Presswire. 1 September 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240714012206/https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/550295867/over-the-top-ott-market-size-worth-usd-128-billion-at-cagr-of-14-by-2026-reports-and-data">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2024.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.nielsen.com/data-center/the-gauge/">The Gauge</a> by <a href="/facts/Nielsen_Holdings/3kzeFfop">Nielsen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ottbusiness.com/ott-directory/ott-platform-provider-companies/">OTT Platform Providers</a> at OTTBusiness.com</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"What is OTT?". Endavo Media. 13 April 2023. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2024. <a href="https://www.endavomedia.com/what-is-ott/" target="_blank">https://www.endavomedia.com/what-is-ott/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">McDermott, John (17 March 2022). "CTV, OTT, SVOD, AVOD, BVOD, FAST…What the Tech are all these digital TV acronyms?". The Current. The Trade Desk. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. <a href="https://archive.today/20231201202818/https://www.thecurrent.com/ctv-ott-svod-avod-bvod-fast-what-the-tech-are-all-these-digital-tv-acronyms" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20231201202818/https://www.thecurrent.com/ctv-ott-svod-avod-bvod-fast-what-the-tech-are-all-these-digital-tv-acronyms</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Meier, Kimberlee (15 February 2022). "OTT TV: What is it and why is it important?". Vimeo. <a href="https://vimeo.com/blog/post/ott-tv" target="_blank">https://vimeo.com/blog/post/ott-tv</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Need to Know: What's the difference between OTT, CTV and streaming?". Nielsen Corporation. February 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024. <a href="https://www.nielsen.com/insights/2024/whats-the-difference-ott-vs-ctv/" target="_blank">https://www.nielsen.com/insights/2024/whats-the-difference-ott-vs-ctv/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Definition of smart TV". PCMag. 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024. <a href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/smart-tv" target="_blank">https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/smart-tv</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Need to Know: What's the difference between OTT, CTV and streaming?". Nielsen Corporation. February 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024. <a href="https://www.nielsen.com/insights/2024/whats-the-difference-ott-vs-ctv/" target="_blank">https://www.nielsen.com/insights/2024/whats-the-difference-ott-vs-ctv/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"What is OTT?". Endavo Media. 13 April 2023. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2024. <a href="https://www.endavomedia.com/what-is-ott/" target="_blank">https://www.endavomedia.com/what-is-ott/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Faughnder, Ryan (19 December 2023). "'Suits' showed the power of licensing. Is Hollywood's 'walled garden' strategy losing". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/newsletter/2023-12-19/six-feet-under-on-netflix-how-the-streaming-business-learned-to-love-licensing-again-the-wide-shot" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/newsletter/2023-12-19/six-feet-under-on-netflix-how-the-streaming-business-learned-to-love-licensing-again-the-wide-shot</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

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