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SCN1A
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<h2 id="gene-location">Gene location</h2> <p>The <i>SCN1A</i> gene is located on <a href="/facts/Chromosome_2/YE9fPXKJ">chromosome 2</a> of humans, and is made up of 26 exons spanning a total length of 6030 nucleotide <a href="/facts/Base_pair/xmPpPQ9W">base pairs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Alternative splicing of exon 5 gives rise to two alternate exons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> <i>SCN1A</i> contains a <a href="/facts/Poison_exon/82vupEbG">poison exon</a> within intron 20.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The promoter has been identified 2.5 kilobase pairs upstream of the transcription start site, and the 5'- untranslated exons may enhance expression of the SCN1A gene in SH-SY5Y cells, a human <a href="/facts/Cell_culture/7Qhu13D9">cell line</a> derived from a <a href="/facts/Neuroblastoma/nzCww7nE">neuroblastoma</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>The vertebrate <a href="/facts/Sodium_channel/pXb4n2Vz">sodium channel</a> is a <a href="/facts/Voltage-gated_ion_channel/PwgWQn8s">voltage-gated ion channel</a> essential for the generation and propagation of <a href="/facts/Action_potential/Sz8yCRqx">action potentials</a>, chiefly in nerve and muscle. Voltage-sensitive sodium channels are heteromeric complexes consisting of a large central pore-forming glycosylated alpha subunit and 2 smaller auxiliary beta subunits. Functional studies have indicated that the transmembrane alpha subunit of the brain sodium channels is sufficient for expression of functional sodium channels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Brain sodium channel alpha subunits form a gene subfamily with several structurally distinct isoforms clustering on chromosome 2q24, types I, II (<a href="/facts/Nav1.2/9PR2yhMG">Nav1.2</a>), and III (<a href="/facts/SCN3A/NIurzmgX">Nav1.3</a>). There are also several distinct sodium channel alpha subunit isoforms in skeletal and cardiac muscle (<a href="/facts/Nav1.4/Ww7XqK6z">Nav1.4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Nav1.5/d5XUHsBN">Nav1.5</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> respectively). </p><p>The SCN1A gene codes for the <a href="/facts/G_protein/HKkcfgGP">alpha subunit</a> of the voltage-gated sodium ion channel making it a member of ten <a href="/facts/Sequence_homology/mCIVStrA">paralogous</a> gene families which code for the <a href="/facts/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel/pXb4n2Vz">voltage-gated sodium</a> transmembrane proteins NaV1.1. Within the family of genes which code for other portions of voltage-gated sodium channels, the SCN1A mutations were the first identified, since mutations to this gene caused epilepsy and febrile seizures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Indeed, the SCN1A gene is one of the most commonly mutated genes in the human genome associated with epilepsy, which has given it the title of a 'super culprit gene'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> There are 900 distinct mutations reported for the SCN1A gene, approximately half of the reported mutations are truncations which result in no protein.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The remaining half of mutations are <a href="/facts/Missense_mutation/uKQ9dC22">missense mutations</a>, which are predicted to either cause <a href="/facts/Loss-of-function_mutation/Ee4NnWbY">loss-of-function</a> or <a href="/facts/Gain-of-function_mutation/Ee4NnWbY">gain-of-function</a>, though very few have been tested for functionality in the lab.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Subtle differences in voltage-gated sodium ion channels can have devastating physiological effects and underlie abnormal neurological functioning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Mutations to the SCN1A gene most often result in different forms of seizure disorders, the most common forms of seizure disorders are Dravet Syndrome (DS), Intractable childhood epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (ICEGTC), and severe myoclonic epilepsy borderline (SMEB).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Clinically, 70-80% of patients with DS have identified mutations specific to the SCN1A gene, which are caused by <i><a href="/facts/De_novo_mutation/Ee4NnWbY">de novo</a></i> heterozygous mutations of the SCN1A gene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> There are currently two databases on SCN1A mutations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Mice with knock-in SCN1A mutations, who are model organisms for DS quickly develop seizures, indicative of a significant reduction in the function of NaV1.1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> It has been hypothesized that reduced sodium currents due to NaV1.1 mutations may cause hypoexcitability in <a href="/facts/GABAA_receptor/6G4rAGb3">GABAergic inhibitory interneurons</a> leading to epilepsy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Mice in both the homozygous and heterozygous states develop the seizure phenotype and ataxia. Though homozygous mice die on average during the second to third week of life and approximately 50% of heterozygous null mice survive into adulthood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="clinical-significance">Clinical significance</h2> <p>Mutations in the SCN1A gene cause inherited <a href="/facts/Febrile_seizure/KTMYwpBo">febrile seizures</a>, <a href="/facts/Generalized_epilepsy_with_febrile_seizures_plus/7EEtPt8H">GEFS+, type 2</a>, and <a href="/facts/Dravet_syndrome/H7lsoRUQ">Dravet syndrome</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="patent-controversy">Patent controversy</h2> <p>On 29 November 2008, The <a href="/facts/Sydney_Morning_Herald/YuSeY0QN">Sydney Morning Herald</a> reported the first evidence of private intellectual property rights over human DNA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> having adversely affected medical care. The Melbourne company Genetic Technologies (GTG) controls rights to the gene, and requires royalties for tests on the gene, which can help identify <a href="/facts/Dravet_syndrome/H7lsoRUQ">Dravet syndrome</a>. Doctors on the Children's Hospital in <a href="/facts/Westmead%2c_New_South_Wales/r9W8p5Gk">Westmead</a>, Australia have told journalists that they would test 50% more infants for the gene, if they could conduct the test on site. </p> <h2 id="interactions">Interactions</h2> <p>Nav1.1 has been shown to <a href="/facts/Protein-protein_interaction/etvm9Wmg">interact</a> with <a href="/facts/Syntrophin%2c_alpha_1/eARQS0l2">syntrophin, alpha 1</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Sodium_channel/pXb4n2Vz">Sodium channel</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Lerche H, Jurkat-Rott K, Lehmann-Horn F (2001). "Ion channels and epilepsy". <i>American Journal of Medical Genetics</i>. 106 (2): 146–159. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.1582">10.1002/ajmg.1582</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11579435">11579435</a>.</li> <li>Isom LL (January 2002). <a href="https://doi.org/10.2741%2Fisom">"The role of sodium channels in cell adhesion"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Bioscience</i>. 7 (1–3): 12–23. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2741%2Fisom">10.2741/isom</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11779698">11779698</a>.</li> <li>Kanai K, Hirose S, Oguni H, Fukuma G, Shirasaka Y, Miyajima T, et al. (July 2004). "Effect of localization of missense mutations in SCN1A on epilepsy phenotype severity". <i>Neurology</i>. 63 (2): 329–334. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2F01.wnl.0000129829.31179.5b">10.1212/01.wnl.0000129829.31179.5b</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15277629">15277629</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36070893">36070893</a>.</li> <li>Oguni H, Hayashi K, Osawa M, Awaya Y, Fukuyama Y, Fukuma G, et al. (2004). "Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: clinical analysis and relation to SCN1A mutations in a Japanese cohort". <i>Advances in Neurology</i>. 95: 103–117. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15508916">15508916</a>.</li> <li>Mulley JC, Scheffer IE, Petrou S, Dibbens LM, Berkovic SF, Harkin LA (June 2005). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.20178">"SCN1A mutations and epilepsy"</a>. <i>Human Mutation</i>. 25 (6): 535–542. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.20178">10.1002/humu.20178</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15880351">15880351</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19148287">19148287</a>.</li> <li>Catterall WA, Goldin AL, Waxman SG (December 2005). "International Union of Pharmacology. XLVII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated sodium channels". <i>Pharmacological Reviews</i>. 57 (4): 397–409. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.57.4.4">10.1124/pr.57.4.4</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16382098">16382098</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7332624">7332624</a>.</li> <li>Lu CM, Han J, Rado TA, Brown GB (May 1992). "Differential expression of two sodium channel subtypes in human brain". <i>FEBS Letters</i>. 303 (1): 53–58. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992FEBSL.303...53L">1992FEBSL.303...53L</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2892%2980476-W">10.1016/0014-5793(92)80476-W</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1317301">1317301</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29330026">29330026</a>.</li> <li>Goldin AL, Snutch T, Lübbert H, Dowsett A, Marshall J, Auld V, et al. (October 1986). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC386747">"Messenger RNA coding for only the alpha subunit of the rat brain Na channel is sufficient for expression of functional channels in Xenopus oocytes"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 83 (19): 7503–7507. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PNAS...83.7503G">1986PNAS...83.7503G</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.83.19.7503">10.1073/pnas.83.19.7503</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC386747">386747</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2429308">2429308</a>.</li> <li>Malo MS, Blanchard BJ, Andresen JM, Srivastava K, Chen XN, Li X, et al. (1994). "Localization of a putative human brain sodium channel gene (SCN1A) to chromosome band 2q24". <i>Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics</i>. 67 (3): 178–186. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000133818">10.1159/000133818</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8062593">8062593</a>.</li> <li>Peiffer A, Thompson J, Charlier C, Otterud B, Varvil T, Pappas C, et al. (October 1999). "A locus for febrile seizures (FEB3) maps to chromosome 2q23-24". <i>Annals of Neurology</i>. 46 (4): 671–678. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1531-8249%28199910%2946%3A4%3C671%3A%3AAID-ANA20%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5">10.1002/1531-8249(199910)46:4<671::AID-ANA20>3.0.CO;2-5</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10514109">10514109</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33638988">33638988</a>.</li> <li>Wallace RH, Scheffer IE, Barnett S, Richards M, Dibbens L, Desai RR, et al. (April 2001). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275639">"Neuronal sodium-channel alpha1-subunit mutations in generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. 68 (4): 859–865. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F319516">10.1086/319516</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275639">1275639</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11254444">11254444</a>.</li> <li>Escayg A, Heils A, MacDonald BT, Haug K, Sander T, Meisler MH (April 2001). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275640">"A novel SCN1A mutation associated with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus--and prevalence of variants in patients with epilepsy"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. 68 (4): 866–873. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F319524">10.1086/319524</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275640">1275640</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11254445">11254445</a>.</li> <li>Whitaker WR, Faull RL, Waldvogel HJ, Plumpton CJ, Emson PC, Clare JJ (March 2001). "Comparative distribution of voltage-gated sodium channel proteins in human brain". <i>Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research</i>. 88 (1–2): 37–53. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-328X%2800%2900289-8">10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00289-8</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11295230">11295230</a>.</li> <li>Claes L, Del-Favero J, Ceulemans B, Lagae L, Van Broeckhoven C, De Jonghe P (June 2001). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1226119">"De novo mutations in the sodium-channel gene SCN1A cause severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. 68 (6): 1327–1332. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F320609">10.1086/320609</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1226119">1226119</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11359211">11359211</a>.</li> <li>Sugawara T, Mazaki-Miyazaki E, Ito M, Nagafuji H, Fukuma G, Mitsudome A, et al. (August 2001). "Nav1.1 mutations cause febrile seizures associated with afebrile partial seizures". <i>Neurology</i>. 57 (4): 703–705. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.57.4.703">10.1212/wnl.57.4.703</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11524484">11524484</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45138036">45138036</a>.</li> <li>Abou-Khalil B, Ge Q, Desai R, Ryther R, Bazyk A, Bailey R, et al. (December 2001). "Partial and generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus and a novel SCN1A mutation". <i>Neurology</i>. 57 (12): 2265–2272. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.57.12.2265">10.1212/wnl.57.12.2265</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11756608">11756608</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26448714">26448714</a>.</li> <li>Ito M, Nagafuji H, Okazawa H, Yamakawa K, Sugawara T, Mazaki-Miyazaki E, et al. (January 2002). "Autosomal dominant epilepsy with febrile seizures plus with missense mutations of the (Na+)-channel alpha 1 subunit gene, SCN1A". <i>Epilepsy Research</i>. 48 (1–2): 15–23. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0920-1211%2801%2900313-8">10.1016/S0920-1211(01)00313-8</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11823106">11823106</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25555020">25555020</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1388/">GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Familial Hemiplegic Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=gefs">GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on SCN1A-Related Seizure Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=SCN1A+protein%2C+human">SCN1A+protein,+human</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/facts/Medical_Subject_Headings/C57g2JuF">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <p><i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/facts/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine/Hzty0MCX">United States National Library of Medicine</a>, which is in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a>.</i> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Entrez Gene: SCN1A sodium channel, voltage-gated, type I, alpha subunit". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6323" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6323</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Malo MS, Blanchard BJ, Andresen JM, Srivastava K, Chen XN, Li X, et al. (1994). "Localization of a putative human brain sodium channel gene (SCN1A) to chromosome band 2q24". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 67 (3): 178–186. doi:10.1159/000133818. PMID 8062593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ito M, Nagafuji H, Okazawa H, Yamakawa K, Sugawara T, Mazaki-Miyazaki E, et al. (January 2002). "Autosomal dominant epilepsy with febrile seizures plus with missense mutations of the (Na+)-channel alpha 1 subunit gene, SCN1A". Epilepsy Research. 48 (1–2): 15–23. doi:10.1016/S0920-1211(01)00313-8. PMID 11823106. S2CID 25555020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Catterall WA, Goldin AL, Waxman SG (December 2005). "International Union of Pharmacology. XLVII. 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