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Evolutionary robotics
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>In the early 1990s, two separate European groups demonstrated different approaches to the evolution of robot control systems. <a href="/facts/Dario_Floreano/BNKvakxu">Dario Floreano</a> and <a href="/facts/Francesco_Mondada/3ateVo16">Francesco Mondada</a> at <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique_F%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9rale_de_Lausanne/IBPANwjM">EPFL</a> evolved controllers for the <a href="/facts/Khepera_mobile_robot/0EAL8haR">Khepera robot</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Adrian Thompson, Nick Jakobi, <a href="/facts/Dave_Cliff_(professor)/II6Da1dA">Dave Cliff</a>, <a href="/facts/Inman_Harvey/DSJsk3A4">Inman Harvey</a>, and <a href="/facts/Phil_Husbands/k2QGRdKd">Phil Husbands</a> evolved controllers for a Gantry robot at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Sussex/A1DtRNal">University of Sussex</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> However the body of these robots was presupposed before evolution. </p><p>The first simulations of evolved robots were reported by <a href="/facts/Karl_Sims/v3605upw">Karl Sims</a> and Jeffrey Ventrella of the <a href="/facts/MIT_Media_Lab/Vhgn9KFE">MIT Media Lab</a>, also in the early 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> However these so-called virtual creatures never left their <a href="/facts/Physics_engine/lAsEdSA4">simulated worlds</a>. The first evolved robots to be built in reality were 3D-printed by <a href="/facts/Hod_Lipson/MWpKyBX6">Hod Lipson</a> and <a href="/facts/Jordan_Pollack/cGbUxenp">Jordan Pollack</a> at <a href="/facts/Brandeis_University/zPuA6KfV">Brandeis University</a> at the turn of the 21st century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bio-inspired_robotics/GrM27zWl">Bio-inspired robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Evolutionary_computation/qXyxPI8j">Evolutionary computation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bongard, Josh (2013). "Evolutionary Robotics". Communications of the ACM. 56 (8): 74–83. doi:10.1145/2493883. S2CID 16097970. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2493883" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2493883</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Floreano, Dario; Mondada, Francesco (1996). "Evolution of homing navigation in a real mobile robot" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. 26 (3): 396–407. doi:10.1109/3477.499791. PMID 18263042. <a href="https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/63879/files/floreano.IEEE-SMC.pdf" target="_blank">https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/63879/files/floreano.IEEE-SMC.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Cliff, Dave; Husbands, Phil; Harvey, Inman (1993). "Explorations in Evolutionary Robotics". Adaptive Behavior. 2 (1): 73–110. doi:10.1177/105971239300200104. S2CID 2979661. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229091541" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229091541</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Harvey, Inman; Husbands, Phil; Cliff, Dave; Thompson, Adrian; Jakobi, Nick (1997). "Evolutionary robotics: the Sussex approach". Robotics and Autonomous Systems. 20 (2–4): 205–224. doi:10.1016/S0921-8890(96)00067-X. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Sims, Karl (1994). "Evolving 3D morphology and behavior by competition". Artificial Life. 1 (4): 353–372. doi:10.1162/artl.1994.1.4.353. S2CID 3261121. <a href="https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/artl.1994.1.4.353" target="_blank">https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/artl.1994.1.4.353</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ventrella, Jeffrey (1994). Explorations in the emergence of morphology and locomotion behavior in animated characters. Artificial life. pp. 436–441. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lipson, Hod; Pollack, Jordan (2000). "Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms". Nature. 406 (6799): 974–978. Bibcode:2000Natur.406..974L. doi:10.1038/35023115. PMID 10984047. S2CID 4317402. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>