Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Malik ibn Anas
open-in-new
<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2> <p>Malik's genealogy is as follows: Mālik ibn Anas ibn Mālik ibn Abī ʿĀmir ibn ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith ibn Ghaymān ibn Khuthayn ibn ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith al-Aṣbaḥī al-Ḥumyarī al-Madanī. Malik was born as the son of Anas ibn Malik (not <a href="/facts/Anas_ibn_Malik/SvA8xRL9">the Sahabi</a> with the same name) and Aaliyah bint Shurayk al-Azdiyya in <a href="/facts/Medina/nbDykVmK">Medina</a>, c. 711. His family was originally from the al-Asbahi tribe of <a href="/facts/Yemen/eDyoh4qV">Yemen</a>, but his great grandfather Abu 'Amir relocated the family to Medina after converting to <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a> in the second year of the <a href="/facts/Islamic_calendar/7n4UBAYy">Hijri calendar</a>, or 623 CE. His grandfather Malik ibn Abi Amir was a student of the second Caliph of Islam <a href="/facts/Umar/cIfqERQW">Umar</a> and was one of those involved in the collection of the parchments upon which Quranic texts were originally written when those were collected during the Caliph <a href="/facts/Uthman/26tpuvcF">Uthman</a> era.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>Teachers</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th><ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul><a href="/facts/Early_Islamic_philosophy/QSzAKr2j">Early Islamic scholars</a></th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Prophet_Muhammad/fqeL2kAm">Muhammad, The final Messenger of God</a>(570–632 the <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_Medina/qxdDz0LY">Constitution of Medina</a>, taught the <a href="/facts/Quran/39rkStko">Quran</a>, and advised his <a href="/facts/Companions_of_the_Prophet/ev5xGHLt">companions</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Abdullah_ibn_Masud/FKXAvV9j">Abdullah ibn Masud</a> (died 653) taught</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ali/YwM7b73C">Ali</a> (607–661) fourth caliph taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aisha/k9Yhj6vj">Aisha</a>, <a href="/facts/Muhammad%2527s_wives/LtQRLbGp">Muhammad's wife</a> and <a href="/facts/Abu_Bakr/oIJ8E4fm">Abu Bakr</a>'s daughter taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ibn_Abbas/b3WtgBWh">Abd Allah ibn Abbas</a> (618–687) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Zayd_ibn_Thabit/DQGvdhT7">Zayd ibn Thabit</a> (610–660) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Umar/cIfqERQW">Umar</a> (579–644) second caliph taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Abu_Hurairah/l9dgBYNm">Abu Hurairah</a> (603–681) taught</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alqama_ibn_Qays/AhmbXVft">Alqama ibn Qays</a> (died 681) taught</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Husayn_ibn_Ali/hXoUh3Pe">Husayn ibn Ali</a> (626–680) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Qasim_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr/HmoSzFcn">Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr</a> (657–725) taught and raised by Aisha</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Urwah_ibn_Zubayr/HVGjIMdX">Urwah ibn Zubayr</a> (died 713) taught by Aisha, he then taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Said_ibn_al-Musayyib/0RUuukXj">Said ibn al-Musayyib</a> (637–715) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab/TjgolgyQ">Abdullah ibn Umar</a> (614–693) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr/da3rYo9H">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a> (624–692) taught by Aisha, he then taught</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ibrahim_al-Nakha%2527i/FWMhG54E">Ibrahim al-Nakha’i</a> taught</td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin/cThvjxtx">Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin</a> (659–712) taught</td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hisham_ibn_Urwah/aprPLHNp">Hisham ibn Urwah</a> (667–772) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri/rL0kltAl">Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a> (died 741) taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Salim_ibn_Abd-Allah/8gHrhIMz">Salim ibn Abd-Allah</a> ibn Umar taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Umar_II/tV4ud9vz">Umar ibn Abdul Aziz</a> (682–720) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hammad_ibn_Abi_Sulayman/jxyxK3eh">Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman</a> taught</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Muhammad_al-Baqir/Xr55YdqJ">Muhammad al-Baqir</a> (676–733) taught</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Farwah_bint_al-Qasim/Pl7veLKQ">Farwah bint al-Qasim</a> Jafar's mother</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Abu_Hanifa/Ij7MdbW5">Abu Hanifa</a> (699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by <a href="/facts/Sunni_Islam/WYo0zeq0">Sunni</a>, <a href="/facts/Sufism/NFcCu5gP">Sunni Sufi</a>, <a href="/facts/Barelvi/Fpcx0hIz">Barelvi</a>, <a href="/facts/Deobandi/amIAQIgM">Deobandi</a>, <a href="/facts/Zaidiyyah/YjNdclfp">Zaidiyyah</a> and originally by the <a href="/facts/Fatimid_Caliphate/jgmF2I5C">Fatimid</a> and taught</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Zayd_ibn_Ali/1p8rLgbU">Zayd ibn Ali</a> (695–740)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ja%2527far_bin_Muhammad_Al-Baqir/nhhk87TX">Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir</a> (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by <a href="/facts/Shia_Islam/JIQl7ooz">Shia</a>, he taught</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Malik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote <a href="/facts/Muwatta_Imam_Malik/oLS5IjDg">Muwatta</a>, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taught</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Al-Waqidi/65Qqbpwd">Al-Waqidi</a> (748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn Anas</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Abu_Yusuf/8yWvd0Rx">Abu Yusuf</a> (729–798) wrote <a href="/facts/Usul_al-fiqh/qIkyBoT3">Usul al-fiqh</a></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Muhammad_al-Shaybani/F2r6wDIf">Muhammad al-Shaybani</a> (749–805)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Al-Shafi%25E2%2580%2598i/XrJ9AtcW">al-Shafi‘i</a> (767–820) wrote <a href="/facts/Al-Risala_(book)/4r382cbs">Al-Risala</a>, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and taught</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ismail_ibn_Ibrahim/CazMRxy6">Ismail ibn Ibrahim</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ali_ibn_al-Madini/4Xs4ACfm">Ali ibn al-Madini</a> (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the Companions</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ibn_Hisham/nUWzYtYD">Ibn Hisham</a> (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Isma%2527il_ibn_Ja%2527far/ophjRqR8">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a> (719–775)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Musa_al-Kadhim/KhC9y06z">Musa al-Kadhim</a> (745–799)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal/sjyTu1Mq">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> (780–855) wrote <a href="/facts/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal/nUYCbnVA">Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith books</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Muhammad_al-Bukhari/VRUqSepx">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a> (810–870) wrote <a href="/facts/Sahih_al-Bukhari/Ykjlrvh7">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> hadith books</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj/v1X6xktx">Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj</a> (815–875) wrote <a href="/facts/Sahih_Muslim/5cAVfjoX">Sahih Muslim</a> hadith books</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dawud_al-Zahiri/oUB0bnMA">Dawud al-Zahiri</a> (815–883/4) founded the <a href="/facts/Zahiri/ngKx8Elk">Zahiri</a> school</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Muhammad_ibn_Isa_at-Tirmidhi/TaEy1LL8">Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi</a> (824–892) wrote <a href="/facts/Jami%2560_at-Tirmidhi/beNbdvYe">Jami` at-Tirmidhi</a> hadith books</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Al-Baladhuri/dmQeGWjW">Al-Baladhuri</a> (died 892) wrote early history <a href="/facts/Futuh_al-Buldan/9KvsUsQQ">Futuh al-Buldan</a>, <a href="/facts/Genealogies_of_the_Nobles/3vsd6lFs">Genealogies of the Nobles</a></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ibn_Majah/B5wmWDHc">Ibn Majah</a> (824–887) wrote <a href="/facts/Sunan_ibn_Majah/orA2maK8">Sunan ibn Majah</a> hadith book</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Abu_Dawood/tI3hrLCU">Abu Dawood</a> (817–889) wrote <a href="/facts/Sunan_Abu_Dawood/YSkdtsFB">Sunan Abu Dawood</a> Hadith Book</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Muhammad_ibn_Ya%2527qub_al-Kulayni/KfdypIAR">Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni</a> (864- 941) wrote <a href="/facts/Kitab_al-Kafi/qAxG9MYM">Kitab al-Kafi</a> hadith book followed by <a href="/facts/Twelver/sUejq9pd">Twelver</a> Shia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari/cmM0W6IK">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a> (838–923) wrote <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings/6jFBW0tq">History of the Prophets and Kings</a>, <a href="/facts/Tafsir_al-Tabari/HMyLY9n5">Tafsir al-Tabari</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%2527ari/35Ubh7ut">Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari</a> (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ibn_Babawayh/4nRCjm3u">Ibn Babawayh</a> (923–991) wrote <a href="/facts/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih/3WR3YX4l">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a> jurisprudence followed by Twelver Shia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Sharif_Razi/AVukKp2P">Sharif Razi</a> (930–977) wrote <a href="/facts/Nahj_al-Balagha/rso06b27">Nahj al-Balagha</a> followed by Twelver Shia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi/BFScoqbf">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a> (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by <a href="/facts/Ismailism/e6uySs0b">Ismaili</a> and Twelver Shia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Al-Ghazali/haPCCftt">Al-Ghazali</a> (1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights, <a href="/facts/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers/7qBq1b3E">The Incoherence of the Philosophers</a>, The Alchemy of Happiness on Sufism</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rumi/GmDR4NXX">Rumi</a> (1207–1273) wrote <a href="/facts/Masnavi/0Kxhw1v2">Masnavi</a>, <a href="/facts/Diwan-e_Shams-e_Tabrizi/6j7V7Sue">Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi</a> on Sufism</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Key: Some of Muhammad's Companions</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Key: Taught in Medina</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Key: Taught in Iraq</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Key: Worked in Syria</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Key: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Key: Worked in Persia</td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Living in Medina gave Malik access to some of the most learned minds of early Islam. He <a href="/facts/Hafiz_(Qur%2527an)/PhG0j3PD">memorized the Quran</a> in his youth, learning recitation from Abu Suhail Nafi' ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman, from whom he also received his <a href="/facts/Ijazah/FbQ9jPh5">Ijazah</a>, or certification and permission to teach others. He studied under various famed scholars including <a href="/facts/Hisham_ibn_Urwah/aprPLHNp">Hisham ibn Urwah</a> and <a href="/facts/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri/rL0kltAl">Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a> as well as the famed <a href="/facts/Imam_Jafar_al-Sadiq/nhhk87TX">Imam Jafar al-Sadiq</a>. </p><p>Both Malik and al Zuhri were student to <a href="/facts/Nafi_Mawla_Ibn_Umar/7SqmlXR6">Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar</a>, prestigious <a href="/facts/Tabi%2527un/4mA1Awtz">Tabi'un</a> Imam and freed slave of <a href="/facts/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab/TjgolgyQ">Abdullah ibn Umar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>Along with <a href="/facts/Abu_Hanifa/Ij7MdbW5">Abu Hanifah</a> (founder of the <a href="/facts/Hanafi_Sunni/hDlsv2jF">Hanafi Sunni</a> <a href="/facts/Madh%2527hab/NNVKbWQ1">Madh'hab</a>), Imam Malik, studied also with <a href="/facts/Imam_Jafar/nhhk87TX">Imam Jafar</a> a wellknown scholar of his time, who is regarded by <a href="/facts/Shia/JIQl7ooz">Shia</a> muslims as their <a href="/facts/Imam/RkKcu03m">Imam</a>. </p><p>Imam Malik was a teacher of <a href="/facts/Imam_Shafi/XrJ9AtcW">Imam Shafi</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> who in turn was a teacher of Imam <a href="/facts/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal/sjyTu1Mq">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>. </p> <h3>Golden Chain of Narration</h3> <p>Malik's <a href="/facts/Isnad/2sb5HFc7">chain</a> of narrators was considered the most authentic and called <i>Silsilat al-Dhahab</i> or "The Golden Chain of Narrators" by notable hadith scholars including <a href="/facts/Muhammad_al-Bukhari/VRUqSepx">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The 'Golden Chain' of narration (i.e., that considered by the scholars of Hadith to be the most authentic) consists of Malik, who narrated from <a href="/facts/Nafi_Mawla_Ibn_Umar/7SqmlXR6">Nafi‘ Mawla ibn ‘Umar</a>, who narrated from <a href="/facts/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab/TjgolgyQ">Ibn Umar</a>, who narrated from <a href="/facts/Muhammad/5VcA7XrT">Muhammad</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="views">Views</h2> <h3>Theology</h3> <p>Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr wrote that Malik was 'the furthest of all people' from dialectic theology who was the most knowledgeable of their discussions without accepting their views.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> G.F. Haddad, on the other hand, argued that Malik was not completely averse to the idea of dialectic theology; on the contrary, Haddad points to Malik having studied 'at the feet of Ibn Hurmuz', a master in dialectic theology, for 'thirteen to sixteen years'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h4>Anthropomorphism</h4> <p>Malik's unique contributions to the field of theology specifically is that he was a strict opponent of <a href="/facts/Anthropomorphism/foTf9q24">anthropomorphism</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> and deemed it absurd to compare the <a href="/facts/God/KAykGr3G">attributes of God</a>, with those of man.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> For example, when a man asked Malik about the meaning of Quran 20:5, "The Merciful made istiwa over the <a href="/facts/Throne_of_God/VUHl1vur">Throne</a>," it is related that "nothing affected Malik so much as that man's question," and the jurist fervently responded: "The 'how' of it is not existent; the 'istiwa' part is known; belief in it is obligatory; asking about it is an innovation."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h4>Beatific vision</h4> <p>Malik was a supporter of the orthodox Sunni doctrine of the <a href="/facts/Beatific_vision/53YJrvHM">beatific vision</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> and he is said to have cited Quran 75:22-23 ("That day will faces be resplendent, looking toward their Lord,") and 83:15 ("Nay! Verily, from their Lord, that day, shall they [the transgressors] be veiled,") as proof of his belief.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h4>Faith's nature</h4> <p>When he was asked about the <a href="/facts/Iman_(concept)/gtEG6MFP">nature of faith</a>, Malik defined it as "speech and works" (<i>qawlun wa-'amal</i>), which shows that Malik was averse to the rigorous separation of faith and works.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h4>Intercession</h4> <p>Malik seems to have been a proponent of <a href="/facts/Tawassul/gacfrd5Y">intercession</a> in <a href="/facts/Dua/9G0HqvJc">personal supplication</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> For example, it is related that when the <a href="/facts/Abbasid_caliph/Fe0A4EXm">Abbasid caliph</a> <a href="/facts/Al-Mansur/8TRDzwqm">al-Mansur</a> asked Malik about whether it was preferable to face the <a href="/facts/Masjid_an-Nabawi/hGgFSt7m">Prophet's tomb</a> or the <a href="/facts/Qibla/yh7VHnjU">qibla</a> whilst doing the personal prayer or <a href="/facts/Dua/9G0HqvJc">dua</a>, Malik responded: "Why should you not face him when he is your means (<i>wasīla</i>) to God and that of your father <a href="/facts/Adam/nM1GQfk8">Adam</a> on the <a href="/facts/Day_of_Resurrection/a94fgIdV">Day of Resurrection</a>?"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Regarding this tradition, the thirteenth-century <a href="/facts/Hadith/8aKKCttq">hadith</a> <a href="/facts/Master_(form_of_address)/grqFNhxy">master</a> Ibn Jamāʿa said: "The report is related by the two hadith masters Ibn Bashkuwāl and al-Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ in <i>al-Shifā</i>, and no attention is paid to the words of those who claim that it is forged purely on the basis of their idle desires."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Historically, it is known that Malik's statements on the validity of <a href="/facts/Tawassul/gacfrd5Y">intercession</a> remained a core doctrine of the <a href="/facts/Maliki_school/yE9tPNMa">Maliki school</a>, and practically all Maliki thinkers of the classical era accepted the idea of <a href="/facts/Tawassul/gacfrd5Y">the Prophet's intercession</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> It is also known, moreover, that the classical "books of the Mālikīs are replete with the stipulation that <i>du'ā</i> [personal supplication] be made while facing the grave."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h4>Mysticism</h4> <p>On the basis of several early traditions, it is evident that Malik held the early Sufis and their practices in high regard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> It is related, moreover, that Malik was a strong proponent of combining the "inward science" ('<i>ilm al-bātin</i>) of <a href="/facts/Sufism/NFcCu5gP">mystical knowledge</a> with the "outward science" of <a href="/facts/Fiqh/YBmxekkY">jurisprudence</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> For example, the famous twelfth-century <a href="/facts/Maliki/yE9tPNMa">Maliki</a> <a href="/facts/Qadi/A4L7m5ca">jurist and judge</a> <a href="/facts/Qadi_Iyad/b6FvLoF3">Qadi Iyad</a>, later venerated as a <a href="/facts/Wali/KeqC07jv">saint</a> throughout the <a href="/facts/Iberian_Peninsula/ztFXI8zt">Iberian Peninsula</a>, narrated a tradition in which a man asked Malik "about something in the inward science," to which Malik replied: "Truly none knows the inward science except those who know the outward science! When he knows the outward science and puts it into practice, God shall open for him the inward science - and that will not take place except by the opening of his heart and its enlightenment."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> While there are a few traditions relating that Malik, while not an opponent of mysticism as a whole, was nonetheless adverse specifically to the practice of <a href="/facts/Dhikr/AHB5t8Sg">group dhikr</a>, such traditions have been graded as being <i>munkar</i> or "weak" in their <a href="/facts/Isnad/2sb5HFc7">chain of transmission</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> Furthermore, it has been argued that none of these reports - all of which relate Malik's disapproving amusement at being told about an instance of <a href="/facts/Dhikr/AHB5t8Sg">group dhikr</a> happening nearby - explicitly display any disapproval of the act as such, but rather serve as a criticism of "some people who passed for Sufis in his time [who] apparently committed certain excesses or breaches of the <a href="/facts/Shariah/H9cG0yCF">sacred law</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> As both their chains of transmission are weak and not consistent with what is related of Malik elsewhere, the traditions are rejected by many scholars, although latter-day critics of Sufism do occasionally cite them in support of their position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h3>Relics</h3> <p>Malik was a supporter of <i>tabarruk</i> or the "seeking of blessing through [the veneration of] relics."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> This is evident, for example, in the fact that Malik approvingly related the tradition of <a href="/facts/Ata_ibn_Abi_Rabah/yaecwUPQ">Atā' ibn Abī Rabāh</a>, whom he saw "enter the <a href="/facts/Masjid_an-Nabawi/hGgFSt7m">[Prophet's] Mosque</a>, then take hold of the pommel of the Pulpit, after which he faced the <i>qibla</i> [to pray]," thereby supporting the holding of the pommel for its blessings (<i>baraka</i>) by virtue of its having touched Muhammad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Furthermore, it is also recorded that "when one of the caliphs manifested his intention to replace the wooden pulpit of the Prophet with a pulpit of silver and jewels," Malik exclaimed: "I do not consider it good that people be deprived of the relics of the Messenger of God!" (<i>Lā arā yuḥrama al-nāsu āthāra rasūlillāh</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sunnah of Muhammad</h3> <p>Malik considered following the <a href="/facts/Sunnah/fmXN1E1q">sunnah</a> of Muhammad to be of capital importance for every Muslim. It is reported that he said: "The <a href="/facts/Sunnah/fmXN1E1q">sunnah</a> is <a href="/facts/Noah%2527s_Ark/gEaMFrjE">Noah's Ark</a>. Whoever boards it is saved, and whoever remains away from it perishes."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <h3>Ethics</h3> <h4>Differences of opinion</h4> <p>Accounts of Malik's life demonstrate that the scholar cherished differences of opinion amongst the <a href="/facts/Ulema/7vMcAgBV">ulema</a> as a mercy from God to the Islamic community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Even "in Malik's time there were those who forwarded the idea of a unified <i>madhhab</i> and the ostensive removal of all differences between the Sunni schools of law," with "three successive caliphs" having sought to "impose the <i>Muwatta</i> and Malik's school upon the entire Islamic world of their time," but "Malik refused to allow it every time ... [for he held that the differences in opinion among the jurists]" were a "mercy" for the people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> When the second <a href="/facts/Abbasid_caliph/Fe0A4EXm">Abbasid caliph</a> <a href="/facts/Al-Mansur/8TRDzwqm">al-Mansur</a> said to Malik: "I want to unify this knowledge. I shall write to the leaders of the armies and to the rulers so that they make it law, and whoever contravenes it shall be put to death," Malik is said to have responded: "Commander of the Believers, there is another way. Truly, the Prophet was present in this community, he used to send out troops or set forth in person, and he did not conquer many lands until God took back his soul. Then <a href="/facts/Abu_Bakr/oIJ8E4fm">Abu Bakr</a> arose and he also did not conquer many lands. Then <a href="/facts/Umar/cIfqERQW">Umar</a> arose after the two of them and many lands were conquered at his hands. As a result, he faced the necessity of sending out the <a href="/facts/Sahaba/ev5xGHLt">companions of Muhammad</a> as teachers and people did not cease to take from them, notable scholars from notable scholars until our time. If you now go and change them from what they know to what they do not know they shall deem it disbelief (<i>kufr</i>). Rather, confirm the people of each land with regard to whatever knowledge is there, and take this knowledge to yourself."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p><p>According to another narration, al-Mansur, after hearing Malik's answers to certain important questions, said: "I have resolved to give the order that your writings be copied and disseminated to every Muslim region on earth, so that they be put in practice exclusively of any other rulings. They will leave aside innovations and keep only this knowledge. For I consider that the source of knowledge is the narrative tradition of Medina and the knowledge of its scholars."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> To this, Malik is said to have replied: "Commander of the Believers, do not! For people have already heard different positions, heard <i>hadith</i>, and related narrations. Every group has taken whatever came to them and put it into practice, conforming to it while other people differed. To take them away from what they have been professing will cause a disaster. Therefore, leave people with whatever school they follow and whatever the people of each country chose for themselves."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p> <h4>Knowing the limits of knowledge</h4> <p>Malik is famous for declaring: "The shield of the 'alim is: 'I do not know.' If he neglects it, he will receive a mortal blow."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> Elsewhere, a certain Khālid ibn Khidāsh related: "I travelled all the way from <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a> to see Mālik about forty questions. He did not answer me except on five. Then he said: ʿIbn ʿIjlān used to say: If the 'alim bypasses 'I do not know,' he will receive a mortal blow."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> Likewise, al-Haytham ibn Jamīl said: "I saw Mālik ibn Anas being asked forty-eight questions, and he replied to thirty-two of them: 'I do not know.'"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> Later on, Malik's disciple, Ibn Wahb, related: "I heard ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yazīd ibn Hurmuz say: 'The 'ulema must instill in those who sit with him the phrase 'I do not know' until it becomes a foundational principle (<i>asl</i>) before them and they seek refuge in it from danger."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p> <h4>Religious disputation</h4> <p>Malik is said to have detested disputing in matters of religion, saying: "Disputation (<i>al-jidāl)</i> in the religion fosters self-display, does away with the light of the heart and hardens it, and produces aimless wandering."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> Needless argument, therefore, was disapproved of by Malik, and he also chose to keep silent about religious matters in general unless he felt obliged to speak in fear of "the spread of misguidance or some similar danger."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p> <h3>Social</h3> <h4>Shaving the moustache</h4> <p>In the <i>Muwatta</i>, Malik writes: "Shaving the mustache is an innovation."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Elsewhere, it is written that he "detested and condemned" shaving of the mustache and, furthermore, "disliked inordinate length for the beard."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> While several other scholars held both the clipping (<i>qass</i>) and the removal (<i>ihfā'</i>) of the mustache to be <a href="/facts/Sunnah/fmXN1E1q">sunnah</a>, Malik only considered the former to be truly prophetically prescribed, deeming the latter an unpalatable innovation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="physical-appearance">Physical appearance</h2> <p>The available physical descriptions of Malik relate that he "was tall, heavy-set, imposing of stature, very fair, with white beard ... [and] bald ... [with] blue eyes."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> Furthermore, it is also related that "he always wore beautiful clothes, especially [those that were] white."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="death">Death</h2> <p>Imam Malik died at the age of 83 or 84 in Medina in 795 <a href="/facts/Common_Era/e5DpqUoe">CE</a>, and is buried in the cemetery of <a href="/facts/Al-Baqi/SeJceRG9">Al-Baqi</a>', across from the <a href="/facts/Masjid_al_Nabawi/hGgFSt7m">Mosque of the Prophet</a>. Although there was a small shrine constructed around his grave during the late medieval period, with many Muslims visiting it to pay their respects, the construction was razed to the ground by the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a> during their <a href="/facts/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia/2XYHpXpx">campaign of demolishing many of the traditional Islamic heritage sites</a> after the kingdom's establishment in 1932.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p><p> Malik's last words were related to one Isma'il ibn Abi Uways who said, "Malik became sick, so I asked some of our people about what he said at the time of his death. They said, "He recited the <a href="/facts/Shahadah/DH7A50mJ">testification of faith</a> and then he recited:</p><blockquote><p><i> To Allah belongs the command [i.e., decree] before and after.</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>Abbasid governor of Mecca and Medina, <a href="/facts/Abdallah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Zaynabi/y7UMsvfI">Abdallah al-Zaynabi</a> led the prayers at the funeral of Malik ibn Anas in 795.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="works">Works</h2> <p>Imam Malik wrote: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Muwatta_Imam_Malik/oLS5IjDg">Al-Muwatta</a></i>, one of the earlier Hadith collections.</li> <li><i>Al-Mudawwana al-Kubra</i>, written down by <a href="/facts/Sahnun/u6WLMaeA">Sahnun ibn Sa'id ibn Habib at-Tanukhi</a> (c. 776-7 – 854–5) after the death of Malik ibn Anas.</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Salaf/8Q50TWgx">Salaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Tabi%2527_al-Tabi%2527in/GaYXENYb">Tabi' al-Tabi'in</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Seven_Fuqaha_of_Medina/dNEuIRS4">The Seven Fuqaha of Medina</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-read">Further read</h2> <h3>Online</h3> <ul><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malik-ibn-Anas">Mālik ibn Anas: Muslim legal scholar</a>, in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>, by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aakanksha Gaur, Marco Sampaolo and Adam Zeidan</li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Ibn Anas, Malik (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUTYAQAAQBAJ"><i>Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Anas</i></a>. Taylor and francis. pp. 3, 4, 10, 14, 16, 17, 27, 29, 32, 37, 38, 49, 51, 58, 61, 67, 68, 74, 78, 87, 92, 93, 108, 114, 124, 128, 138, 139, 151, 156, 161, 171, 196, 210, 239, 245, 253, 312, 349, 410, 412. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781136150982. 9789791142199.</li></ul> <ul><li>Khallikan, Ibnu (1843). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQUVAAAAQAAJ&dq=Nafe&pg=PA556"><i>Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Vol. 3. Translated by Bn Mac-Gluckin de Slane. Paris: Benjamin Duprat.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ehsan_Yarshater/AjH4K6mg">Yarshater, Ehsan</a>, ed. (1985–2007). <i><a href="/facts/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings/6jFBW0tq">The History of al-Ṭabarī</a> (40 vols)</i>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7914-7249-1.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Arabic <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: Malik ibn Anas <ul><li><a href="http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&ID=20001">Biodata at MuslimScholars.info</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.haqislam.org/imam-malik/">Life of Imam Malik</a></li> <li><a href="http://lostislamichistory.com/the-scholar-of-madinah/">Biography of Imam Malik at Lost Islamic History</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503073301/http://www.momin.ca/biographies/Imaam%20Malik.htm">Biography of Imam Malik</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.sunnah.org/publication/khulafa_rashideen/malik.htm">A comprehensive Biography of Imam Malik</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609220703/http://www.sunnah.org/publication/khulafa_rashideen/malik.htm">Archived</a> 9 June 2011 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101118121929/http://www.sunnipath.com/Library/Hadith/H0001P0000.aspx">Al-Muwatta' of Imam Malik</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.muslimsofnorwich.org.uk">Muslims of Norwich</a>, a Maliki community</li> <li>(in French): <a href="http://ecolemalekite.com/index.php/category/imam-malik/*">[1]</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126044456/http://ecolemalekite.com/index.php/category/imam-malik/">Archived</a> 26 November 2015 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="http://ecolemalekite.com/index.php/category/imam-malik/">BIOGRAPHY OF IMAM MALIK</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126044456/http://ecolemalekite.com/index.php/category/imam-malik/">Archived</a> 26 November 2015 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>(in French) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120526103047/http://www.at-tawhid.net/article-le-mode-de-vie-de-l-imam-malik-ibn-anas-abu-zahra-104634686.html">The lifestyle of Imâm Mâlik Ibn Anas <i>(at-tawhid.net)</i></a></li> <li><a href="http://islamicencyclopedia.org/public/index/topicDetail/id/450">Malik, Imam B Anas مَالِك بن أنس</a>; A complete biography on Imam Malik bin Anas</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Schacht, J., "Mālik b. Anas", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Schacht, J., "Mālik b. Anas", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Schacht, J., "Mālik b. Anas", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Haddad, Gibril F. (2007). The Four Imams and Their Schools. London, the U.K.: Muslim Academic Trust. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/London" target="_blank">/wiki/London</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>See "Shadiliyya" and "Tijaniyyah" in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Schacht, J., "Mālik b. Anas", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Schacht, J., "Mālik b. Anas", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Schacht, J., "Mālik b. Anas", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Haddad, Gibril F. (2007). The Four Imams and Their Schools. London, the U.K.: Muslim Academic Trust. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/London" target="_blank">/wiki/London</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Haddad, Gibril F. (2007). The Four Imams and Their Schools. London, the U.K.: Muslim Academic Trust. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/London" target="_blank">/wiki/London</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Imam Malik; The leader of the Believers in Hadith". hadithanswers.com. HadithAnswers. Retrieved 21 January 2024. <a href="https://hadithanswers.com/imam-malik-the-leader-of-the-believers-in-hadith" target="_blank">https://hadithanswers.com/imam-malik-the-leader-of-the-believers-in-hadith</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Narrated by Abu Hurayrah by Ahmad, al-Tirmidhi who said it is hasan -- in some manuscripts hasan sahih -- al-Hakim (1:90-91) with three chains, declaring it sahih by Muslim's criterion, al-Bayhaqi in al-Sunan al-Kubra (1:386), etc." (Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools [London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007], p. 121, note 271). <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 122 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), pp. 122-23 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), pp. 122-23 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), pp. 179-81 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>John Renard (tr.), Knowledge of God in Classical Sufism (New York: Paulist Press, 2004), p. 131, et passim. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 158 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>M M Azami, The History of the Quranic Text, page 100-101 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Khallikan 1843, p. 521. - Khallikan, Ibnu (1843). Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 3. Translated by Bn Mac-Gluckin de Slane. Paris: Benjamin Duprat. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQUVAAAAQAAJ&dq=Nafe&pg=PA556" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=qQUVAAAAQAAJ&dq=Nafe&pg=PA556</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 158 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Dutton, Yasin, The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qurʼan, the Muwaṭṭaʼ and Madinan ʻAmal, p. 16 <a href="/wiki/Yasin_Dutton" target="_blank">/wiki/Yasin_Dutton</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>""Imaam Maalik ibn Anas" by Hassan Ahmad, <a href="http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0041.htm" target="_blank">http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0041.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Ibn Anas 2008, p. 3, 4, 10, 14, 16, 17, 27, 29, 32, 37, 38, 49, 51, 58, 61, 67, 68, 74, 78, 87, 92, 93, 108, 114, 124, 128, 138, 139, 151, 156, 161, 171, 196, 210, 239, 245, 253, 312, 349, 410, 412. - Ibn Anas, Malik (2008). Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Anas. Taylor and francis. pp. 3, 4, 10, 14, 16, 17, 27, 29, 32, 37, 38, 49, 51, 58, 61, 67, 68, 74, 78, 87, 92, 93, 108, 114, 124, 128, 138, 139, 151, 156, 161, 171, 196, 210, 239, 245, 253, 312, 349, 410, 412. ISBN 9781136150982. 9789791142199. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUTYAQAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUTYAQAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr, Al-Imam Malik, Imam Dar al-Hijrah, pg. 285, 2nd ed. Damascus: Dar al-Qalam, 1998. <a href="/wiki/Damascus" target="_blank">/wiki/Damascus</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 170 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 170 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 170 <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 167; narrated by Al-Dhahabī, Siyar, 7:415, cf. al-Bayhaqī, al-Asmā' wal-Sifāt, 2:304-305:866. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr, Al-Imam Malik, pg. 292-293. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr, Al-Imam Malik, pp. 293-294. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 181 <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr, Al-Imam Malik, pp. 294. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 176 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 181 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>al-Qādī 'Iyād, al-Shifā, pp. 520-521 and Tartīb al-Madārik 2:101, narrated "with a good, or rather sound chain" (al-Zarqānī, comment. on al-Mawāhib al-Lāduniyya); cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 181 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Hidāyat al-Sālik, 3:1381; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 182 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 182 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 182 <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Al-Zarqānī; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 182 <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 179 <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 179 <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>al-Qādī 'Iyād, Tartīb al-Madārik, 2:41, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 179 <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 180 <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 180 <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 180 <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 177 <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 177 <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 177 <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Narrated from Ibn Wahb by al-Khatīb in Tārīkh Baghdād, 7:336 and al-Suyūtī, Miftāh al-Janna, p. 162: 391, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 175 <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>From Ma'n, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), pp. 162-164 <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>From Ma'n, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), pp. 162-163 <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 163 <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Narrated from al-Wāqidī by Ibn Sa'd in the supplemental volume of his Tabaqāt (p. 440) and from al-Zubayr ibn Bakkār by Ibn 'Abd al-Barr in his al-Intiqā (p. 81). Cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 163 <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Narrated from al-Wāqidī by Ibn Sa'd in the supplemental volume of his Tabaqāt (p. 440) and from al-Zubayr ibn Bakkār by Ibn 'Abd al-Barr in his al-Intiqā (p. 81). Cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 163 <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, al-Intiqā, pp. 74-75; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 176 <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, al-Intiqā, pp. 74-75; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 176 <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, al-Intiqā, pp. 74-75; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 176 <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, al-Intiqā, pp. 74-75; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 176 <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>From Ma'n, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 170 <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>From Ma'n, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 171 <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 177 <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 177 <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 177 <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 177 <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Gibril F. Haddad, The Four Imams and Their Schools (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 177 <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>The medieval Andalusian Muslim traveler and geographer Ibn Jubayr describes seeing a small dome erected above the tomb of Malik when he visited the cemetery in the later twelfth-century. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Quran 30:4 <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Yarshater 1985–2007, v. 39: p. 263. - Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. (1985–2007). The History of al-Ṭabarī (40 vols). SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7249-1. <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>